土木工程专业英语第二章.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,本章内容,1,、,Words and Expressions,2,、,Translating:Tall Buildings,3,、,Translating skill and exercise,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,1,、,Words and Expressions,（,1,）,circumstance,skmstns,n.,环境，情况；事件；境遇,social circumstance,社会情况,The strategy was too dangerous in the explosive,circumstances,of the times.,（在当时爆炸性的形势下，这一战略太危险了。）,（,2,）,perception,pspn,n.,感知，看法，见解、获取、洞察力,（,3,）,lateral,lt()r()l,adj.,侧面的，侧向的，横向的；,n.,侧部，横向，外侧；,vt.,横向传球,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,1,、,Words and Expressions,（,4,）,to an extent,在某种程度上，在一定程度上,to less an extent,以较少程度,to such an extent that,到如此程度以至于,In the meantime,Americas structural injuries will deepen and,to an extent that,was unthinkable,Americas economic future will become even cloudier.,与此同时，美国的结构性创伤仍在加剧，发展到一个难以想象的程度。美国的经济前景会更加阴暗。,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,（,5,）,emerge,md,v.,出现；浮现；暴露,（,6,）,architectural,ktektrl,adj.,建筑学的，建筑上的，符合建筑发的,（,7,）,primarily,pramrli,adv.,主要的，首要的，根本上,retails primarily,零售为主,primarily because,主要原因,However,we will only have one plug-in for this exercise,primarily,to limit the scope of this article.,然而，我们将只能拥有这一运用的唯一插件，从根本上限制了这篇文章的作用域。,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,（,8,）,distinctive,dst(k)tv,adj.,有特色的，与众不同的,（,9,）,landmark,lndmrk,n.,地标、界标、里程碑、划时代的事,adj.,有重大意义或影响,（,10,）,prestige,prstid,n.,威望、声望、声誉,adj.,炫耀的，讲究排场的，摆阔气的,（,11,）,skepticism,skeptisizm,n.,怀疑论；怀疑态度,（,12,）,due to,由于，因为,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,（,18,）,be divided into,n.,被分成,;,被合成,;,分为,.;,分为,Once the total available size is determined,this area can,be divided into,different buffer pools to improve utilization.,一旦确定了总的可用大小，就可以将这个区域划分成不同的缓冲池以提高利用率。,（,19,）,interior,ntr,adj.,内部的；国内的；本质的,n.,内部；本质,Interior Division,内陆省,;,内陆区,;,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,（,20,）,exterior,kstr,adj.,外部的；表面的；外在的,exterior plywood,室外用胶合板,;,耐风化胶合板,;,室外用三合板,exterior Parts,外装品,;,外饰件,packing exterior,外部包装,（,21,）,likewise,lakwaz,adv.,同样地，照样地,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,Tallness is a relative matter and tall buildings cannot be defined in specific terms related just to height or to the number of floors.,高是一个相对的问题，高层建筑不能依据高度和楼层来明确定义。,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,The tallness of a building is a matter of a persons or communitys circumstance and their consequent perception;therefore,a measurable definition of a tall building cannot be universally applied.,建筑物的高是一个人或社会环境的感知结果；因此，高层建筑以确切的测量来定义是不可采用的。,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,From the structural engineers point of view,however,a tall building may be defined as to one that,because of its height,is affected by lateral forces due to wind or earthquake actions to an extent that they play an important role in the structural design.,从结构工程师的角度，或许一个高层建筑物可以被定义为：由于其高度较大而需要考虑风和地震所引起的侧向力作用的一类建筑物,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,The influence of these actions must therefore be considered from the very beginning of the design process.,这些侧向力在建筑结构设计中具有举足轻重的作用。,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,Tall buildings emerged in the late nineteenth century in the United States of America.They constituted a so-called“American Building Type”,meaning that most important tall buildings were built in the U.S.A.,高层建筑出现在第十九世纪后期的美国。它们构成了所谓的“美国式建筑”，意思是最重要的高层建筑在美国，,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,Today,however,they are a worldwide architectural phenomenon.Many tall buildings are built worldwide,especially in Asian countries,such as China,Korea,Japan,and Malaysia.,然而现在，他们是一个世界性的建筑现象。许多高大的建筑物是建立在世界范围内，尤其是在亚洲国家，如中国，韩国，日本，马来西亚。,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,Traditionally the function of tall buildings has been as commercial office buildings.,高层建筑的功能传统上为商业办公楼。,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,Tall commercial buildings are primarily a response to the demand by business activities to be as close to each other,，,and to the city center,as possible,thereby putting intense pressure on the available space.,高层商业建筑由于商业活动的主要需求从而互相接近，并处于城市的中心，从而对可用的空间造成了强大的压力。,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,Also,because they form distinctive landmarks,tall commercial buildings are frequently developed in city enters as prestige symbols for corporate organizations.,同时，由于它们形成独特的标志性建筑，在城市中心高层商业建筑经常作为企业声望的象征。,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,Other usages,such as residential,mixed-use,and hotel tower developments have since rapidly increased.,如住宅、商住一体、和酒店等其他用途的发展已迅速增加。,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,There has been some skepticism regarding construction of tall buildings since September 11,2001,however,they will continue to be built due to their significant economic benefits in dense urban land use.,自,2001,年,9,月,11,日以来虽然已经有一些人对高层建筑的建设持怀疑态度的，不过由于显著的经济效益其继续将在人口密集的城市土地继续建设。,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,Tall building development involves various complex factors such as economics,aesthetics,technology,municipal regulations,and politics.Among these,economics has been the primary governing factor.,高层建筑的发展涉及到经济，美学，技术，市政法规与政治等各种复杂因素的影响。其中，经济是主要因素。,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,This new building type itself would not have been possible,however,without supporting technologies.,没有支撑技术，这种新型建筑类型本身是不可能成为现实的。,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,A structural revolution the steel skeletal structure as well as consequent glass curtain wall systems,which occurred in Chicago,has led to the present state-of-the-art skyscraper.,源自芝加哥的结构革新,钢骨架结构和随之出现的玻璃幕墙系统，促进了现代摩天大楼的出现。,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,Structural systems of tall buildings can be divided into two broad categories:interior structures and exterior structures.,高层建筑的结构体系可以分为两大类：内部结构和外部结构。,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,This classification is based on the distribution of the components of the primary lateral load-resisting system over the building.,这种分类是基于对建筑物主要的抗侧力体系构件的分布。,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,A system is categorized as an interior structure when the major part of the lateral load resisting system is located within the interior of the building.,体系为内部结构时，主要的抗侧力体系位于建筑物的内部。,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,Likewise,if the major part of the lateral load-resisting system is located at the building perimeter,a system is categorize as an exterior structure.,同样地，如果系统的抗侧向荷载的主要组成部分位于建筑物周边，则称之为外部结构。,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,It should be noted,however,that any interior structure is likely to have some minor components of the lateral load-resisting system at the building perimeter,and any exterior structure may have some minor components within the interior of the building.,值得注意的是，任何内部结构体系抗侧力的一些次要构件可能在建筑外侧，同样外部结构体系有一些次要结构可以在建筑物的内部。,每节英语,An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening.,一日之计在于晨。,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,每节英语,Life can only be understood backwards,but it must be lived forwards.,要理解生活，只有回头看；但要生活好，则须扬帆向前,./,愿逝者安息，生者坚强！,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,本次课主要内容,1,、,Unit 2 words and expressions ,2,、,sentences translation,3,、翻译的基本过程（理论）,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,（,1,）,perimeter,prmt,n.,周长；周界；边缘,（,2,）,imperative,mpertv,adj.,必要的，不可避免的；势在必行的；命令的,n.,必要的事；命令；需要；规则,Business Imperative,商业需要,（,3,）,aspect ratio,高宽比；长宽比；屏幕比例,The sufficient conditions to an instable structure are heavy mass,small stiffness and damping and tall with high,aspect ratio.,形成不稳定的充分条件是结构的质量轻、刚度小、阻尼小、或是高度（长度）大、长细比大。,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,（,4,）,optimum,ptmm,n.,最佳效果；最适宜的条件,adj.,最有利的，最佳的，最适宜的,optimum value,最佳值,;,最优值,local optimum,局部最优,;,局部最佳解,;,最佳化,Try to do some physical activity three times a week for,optimum,health.,试着每星期锻炼身体,3,次，以达到最佳的健康状态。,（,5,）,frame,frem,n.,框架；结构,vt.,设计；建造；使,适合；陷害,vi.,有成功希望,adj.,有木架的；有构架的,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,He supplied housebuilders with modern timber,frames,.,他为建房者提供了现代化的木制构架。,（,6,）,hinge,hn(d),n.,铰链；关键；转折点；中枢,v.,用铰链链接；依,为转移；给,.,安装铰链,hinge line,铰链线,（,7,）,shear wall,剪力墙；抗震墙,注：,又称抗风墙或抗震墙、结构墙。房屋或构筑物中主要承受风荷载或地震作用引起的水平荷载的墙体。防止结构剪切破坏,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,frame shear-wall structure,框剪结构,RC,（,reinforced concrete,）,shear-wall structure,钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构,thick shear-wall,厚剪力墙,The shear walls,with some new structural measures are summarized in this paper,especially a new double composite shear wall will be introduced.,本文对几种采用不同构造措施的剪力墙作了简要介绍，特别是介绍一种新型双重组合剪力墙。,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,（,8,）,tube,tjub,n.,管状物；电子管；隧道,vt.,使成管状；把,装管；用管输送,vi.,乘地铁；不及格,（,9,）,diagrid,dairid,n.,斜肋构架,diagrid floor,斜肋楼板,diagrid columns,交叉柱,The exterior tube,structure exerts radial outward forces,and the diagrid columns have significant difference in axial force.,重力荷载作用下网筒结构外鼓及交叉柱间轴力差异将使环梁受到较大的拉力。,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,（,10,）,exo-skeleton,kstrskelt()n,：外骨骼,exo,（,exterior,）：外部的,skeleton,skelt()n:,骨架，骨骼,（,11,）,truss,trs,n.,构架；,桁架,vt.,捆绑；用构架支撑,Steel truss,钢桁架,;,钢桁梁,suspended truss,悬挂式桁架,;,悬式构架,;,悬桁架,桁（,hng,）架（,ji,）：一种由杆件彼此在两端用铰链连接而成的结构。桁架由直杆组成的一般具有三角形单元的平面或空间结构，桁架杆件主要承受轴向拉力或压力，从而能充分利用材料的强度，在跨度较大时可比实腹梁节省材料，减轻自重和增大刚度。,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,（,12,）,orthogonal,g()n()l,adj.,正交的，直角的，相互垂直的,n.,正交直线,orthogonal experiments,正交实验,;,正交试验,;,orthogonal design,正交设计,;,正交试验设计,;,（,13,）,outrigger,atrg,n.,突出的梁，桁等；悬臂梁。,（,14,）,tubular,tjubjl,adj.,管状的,（,15,）,various,vers,adj.,各种各样的，各种不同的，多方面的,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,（,16,）,damping system,阻尼装置,（,17,）,passive,psv,n.,被动语态,adj.,被动的，消极的；被动语态,（,18,）,active,ktv,n.,主动语态；积极分子,adj.,积极的；活跃的；主动的；有效的；现役的,active force,：主动力,The generalized active forces of the beam are applied forces of the moving support and elastic forces of the beam.,梁的广义主动力取为动支承的作用力和弹性力。,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,（,19,）,actuator,ktjet,促动器；执行机构；激励者,（,20,）,serviceability,s:visbiliti,n.,可用性、适用性；可服务性,Pavement Serviceability,铺面服务性,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,The two basic types of lateral load-resisting systems in the category of interior structures are the moment-resisting frames and shear trusses/shear walls.,内部结构中两种基本的抗侧力体系类型为抗弯框架和剪力桁架,/,剪力墙。,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,These systems are usually arranged as planar assemblies in two principal orthogonal directions and may be employed together as a combined system in which they interact.,这些体系通常安装在两个主要的相互垂直（正交）的平面上，也可以组合成为相互影响的组合系统。,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,Another very important system in this category is the core-supported outrigger structure,which is very widely used for supertall buildings.,另一个非常重要的是悬臂梁（突出的梁）核心支撑体系，它被广泛用于超高层建筑。,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,One of the most typical exterior structures is the,tube,which can be defined as a three-dimensional structural system utilizing the entire building,perimeter,to resist lateral loads.,一个最典型的外部结构是,筒体结构,，它可以被定义为利用整个建筑周边来抵抗侧向荷载的三维结构体系。,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,The earliest application of the tubular notion is attributed to Fazlur Khan,who thought of this concept in 1961 and designed the 43-story DeWitt-Chestnut Apartment Building in Chicago,completed in 1965,the first known building designed as a framed tube.,最早采用筒体结构概念是法茨拉 卡恩，他于,1961,年想到这个概念，并在芝加哥设计了,43,层德威特板栗公寓楼，竣工于,1965,，是已知的第一个框架筒体结构。,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,A few other worlds tallest buildings using this concept are the 110-story Sears Tower,the 100-story John Hancock,and the 83 story Amoco building,all in Chicago,and the 110-story World Trade Center Towers(destroyed in 2001 by a terrorist attack)in New York.,其他一些使用这个概念的世界高层建筑物，有如芝加哥的,110,层的西亚士大厦，,100,层的约翰汉考克，,83,层阿莫科大厦，以及纽约,110,层的世界贸易中心（由于恐怖袭击被破坏）。,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,Many other recent buildings in excess of 50 stories have employed the tubular concept or a variation of it.,有许多超过五十年的近代建筑采用了框架筒体结构概念或者该理论的衍生理论。,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,The introduction of tube systems has been revolutionary since for the first time the three-dimensional response of buildings was directly exploited to advantage departing from the conventional rigid frame system consisting of rigidly connected planar beam-column grids.,筒体结构系统的引入（自从建筑物的三维空间响应第一次被直接的利用于废除传统的、严格的框架系统中刚性连接平面网架所带来的获利）带来了革命性的变革。,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,Tubular forms have several types depending upon the structural efficiency that they can provide for different heights.,筒体结构的形式有几种类型，这取决于其结构强度能提供的高度。,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,Various damping strategies are employed to reduce the effect of wind loads applied to tall buildings.,各种阻尼装置应用于减少风荷载对高层建筑的影响。,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,They can be divided into two categories,passive systems and active systems.,他们可以分为两类，被动系统和主动系统。,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,Passive systems have fixed properties,and in order for them to perform as intended,they do not require energy,while active systems do need an“actuator”or“active control”mechanism relying on an energy source to modify the system properties against ever-changing loads.,被动系统有固定装置，从而有准备的来发挥性能，他们不需要能源，而主动系统需要一个“驱动器”或“主动控制”机制，依靠能源来修改系统的性能以应对不断变化的荷载。,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,Thus,active systems are,in general,more effective than passive systems.,因此，主动系统，一般来说，比被动系统更有效。,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,However,due to their economy and reliability,passive systems are more commonly used than active systems in building structures.,然而，由于其经济性和可靠性，被动系统比主动系统更常用的建筑结构。,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,With the development of increasingly taller buildings using lighter members,serviceability issues like lateral sway,floor vibration,and occupant comfort need to be given more attention.,随着越来越多的高层建筑使用轻质构件，诸如侧向摆动、楼面振动和居住者舒适度这样的舒适性问题需要给予更多的关注。,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,The damping systems can be very helpful in this regard.Future innovations in passive and cost-effective active damping systems and associated technologies highly desirable.,阻尼系统在这方面是很有帮助的。被动和效益高的主动阻尼系统的以及相关的技术在未来的发展（创新）中是相当热门的。,每节英语,Merry meet,merry part.,好聚好散！,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,每节英语,We loved with a love that was more than love.,如果爱，请深爱！,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,本次课主要内容,1,、翻译的基本过程（理论）,2,、翻译的局限性,3,、科技文章的特点及其翻译策略,4,、课堂翻译练习,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,一、翻译的过程,翻译的过程即正确的理解原文和创造性的用另一种语言再现原文的过程，大致分为理解、表达和校核三阶段。,1,、理解阶段,主要是通过原文的上下文进行。对原文作透切的理解是正确翻译的基础和关键。,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,2,、表达阶段,表达阶段就是译者把自己从原文所理解的内容用本族语重新表达出来。表达的方法与技巧较多，这里中讲两种最基本的翻译方法：,直译法,a.,定义：在译文语言条件许可时，在译文中既保留原文的内容，又保留原文的形式,原文的比喻、形象及民族色彩和语言风格,.,Unit 2 Structural Engineering:Tall Buildings,Exam.But I hated Sakamoto,and I had a feeling hed surely lead us both to our ancestors.,译文一：但是我恨坂本，并预感他肯定会领着咱们去见咱祖先。,译文二：但是我恨坂本，并预感他肯定会领着咱们去送死。,Exam.Hitler was armed to teeth when he launched the WW,but in a few years,he was completely defeated.,译文一：希特勒在发动第二次世界大战时是武装到了牙齿