土木工程专业英语第五章.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,本章内容,1,、,Words and Expressions,2,、,Translating:Road Engineering,3,、,Translating skill and exercise,Unit 5 Road Engineering,Unit 5 Road Engineering,本次课主要内容,1,、,Unit 5 words and expressions ,2,、,Sentences translation,Unit 5 Road Engineering,1,、,Words and Expressions,（,1,）,thoroughfare,rfe,n.,大道；主线道路,No thoroughfare,禁止通行,;,此路不通,busy thoroughfare,繁忙的大街,（,2,）,conveyance,knvens,n.,运送；运输；运输工具；财产让与,Conveyance speed,运输速度,Conveyance size,运输尺寸,pipeline conveyance,管道运送,absolute conveyance,无条件让度,;,无条件转让,Unit 5 Road Engineering,（,3,）,maintenance,ment()nns,n.,维修；保养；养护,maintenance man,维修工,;,维修人员,maintenance cost,维护费用；养护费用,Maintenance Management,维修管理,;,养护管理,（,4,）,begin with,从,.,开始,（,5,）,embankment,mbkm()nt,n.,路堤,embankment wall,堤墙,embankment dams,土石坝,High embankment,高填方,;,高填方路堤,Unit 5 Road Engineering,（,6,）,deforestation,di,frsten,n.,砍伐森林,（,7,）,stake out,监视；立桩标出；打桩,（,8,）,benchmark,ben(t)mk,n.,基准；标准检查程序；水准点,（,9,）,detrimental,detrment()l,adj.,不利于的，；有害的,n.,有害的人（或物）；不受欢迎的求婚者,detrimental soil,不稳定土,Unit 5 Road Engineering,CBR,：,加州承载比,CBR California bearing ratio,是美国加利福尼亚州提出的一种评定基层材料承载能力的试验方法。承载能力以材料载压入抵抗局部荷变形的能力表征，并采用标准碎石的承载能力为标准，以相对值的百分数表示,CBR,值。这种方法后来也用于评定土基的强度，即标准试件在贯入为,2.5mm,时所施加的试验荷载与标准碎石材料在相同贯入量时所施加的荷载之比值，以百分率表示。由于,CBR,的试验方法简单，设备造价低廉，在许多国家得到广泛应用。采用,CBR,法确定沥青路面厚度，有配套的图表，应用十分方便，受到工程技术人员的欢迎。,Unit 5 Road Engineering,A road is a thoroughfare,route,or way between two places,which typically has been improved to allow travel by some conveyance,including a horse,cart,or motorized vehicle.,路是通过处理后能够允许马、马车、机动车等交通工具通行的大道、路线或者连接两个不同的地方的道路,。,Unit 5 Road Engineering,Modern roads are normally smoothed,paved,or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel although historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance.,虽然历史上许多可辨认的道路都未进行任何正式的施工或养护，但是现代的道路通常是平整的，铺砌的，或者以其他方式建造以方面出行,。,Unit 5 Road Engineering,Road construction requires the creation of a continuous right-of-way,overcoming geographic obstacles and having grades low enough to permit vehicle or foot travel,and may be required to meet standards set by law or official guidelines.,为克服地理障碍，道路需要建设成为一个连续的通道，并需具有足够小的坡度以满足行车或步行需求,。,Unit 5 Road Engineering,The process is often begun with the removal of earth and rock by digging or blasting,construction or embankments,bridges and tunnels,and removal of vegetation(this may involve deforestation)and followed by the laying of pavement material.,这个过程往往开始于岩土的挖掘或爆破，填筑路堤，建造桥梁和隧道，铲除植被（这可能包括森林采伐），然后铺筑路面材料,。,Unit 5 Road Engineering,A variety of,road building equipment,is employed in road building.,多种筑路设备是用于道路建设,。,Unit 5 Road Engineering,After design,approval,planning,legal and environmental considerations have been addressed alignment of the road is set out by a surveyor.,设计、许可、规划、法律和环境方面的注意事项处理完成后，测量员开始对道路进行放线,。,Unit 5 Road Engineering,The radii and gradient are designed and staked out to best suit the natural ground levels and minimize the amount of cut and fill.Great care is taken to preserve reference benchmarks.,设计半径和坡度尽量适合自然地面线，并打桩标出，同时使填挖方量达到最小值。注意对基准点的保护,。,Unit 5 Road Engineering,Roadways are designed and built for primary use by vehicular and pedestrian traffic.Storm drainage and environmental considerations are a major concern.,道路的设计和建造主要用于车辆行驶和行人出行。雨水排水系统和环境因素是重点,。,Unit 5 Road Engineering,Erosion and sediment controls are constructed to prevent detrimental effects.,建设侵蚀和泥沙防控装置以防止病害,。,Unit 5 Road Engineering,Drainage lines are laid with sealed joints in the road easement with runoff coefficients and characteristics adequate for the land zoning and storm water system.,路中铺设封闭排水线减轻径流系数以适应当地所在分区的特点与降水,。,Unit 5 Road Engineering,Drainage systems must be capable of carrying the ultimate design flow from the upstream catchment with approval for the outfall from the appropriate authority to a watercourse,creek,river or the sea for drainage discharge.,在获得相关当局对排水口的批准（许可）后，排水系统必须能够按照极限设计流量，把上游集水区的水运送到水道、小溪、河流或大海以进行水的疏导排放,。,Unit 5 Road Engineering,A borrow pit(source for obtaining fill,gravel,and rock)and a water source should be located near or in reasonable distance to the road construction site.,取土坑（填土，碎石，和岩石的来源）和水源应位于施工现场附近或在合理的距离范围内,。,Unit 5 Road Engineering,Approval from local authorities may be required to draw water or for working(crushing and screening)of materials for construction needs.,取水或材料（破碎、筛分）等建设需要工作可能需要获得地方当局的许可,。,Unit 5 Road Engineering,The top soil and vegetation is removed from the borrow pit and stockpiled for subsequent rehabilitation of the extraction area.Side slopes in the excavation area not steeper than one vertical to two horizontal for safety reasons.,取土坑取出的表层土壤和植被贮存起来用于后续取土坑位置的复原。出于安全考虑开挖区域的边坡不能是垂直的,。,每节英语,Sometimes you gotta shut up,swallow your pride and accept that youre wrong.Its not giving up.Its called growing up.,有时候，你需要做的就是闭嘴，放下所谓的自尊，承认自己的错误。这不叫放弃，而叫成长。,Unit 5 Road Engineering,每节英语,Reserve one meter sunshine and put them in atrium.Elated wind,tap my heart window.,预定一米阳光，,装进心房。,欢畅的风，,轻敲我的心窗。,Unit 5 Road Engineering,Unit 5 Road Engineering,（,1,）,plasticity index,塑性指数,（,2,）,roller,rl,n.,压路机；滚筒；,（,3,）,traffic sign,交通标志,traffic control sign,交通管制标志,traffic warning sign,交通警示标志,（,4,）,deterioration,d,trren,恶化；退化；变坏；堕落,environment deterioration,环境恶化,;,环境变得越来越差,climatic deterioration,气候恶化,forest deterioration,森林破坏,;,森林逐渐衰败,Unit 5 Road Engineering,（,5,）,oxidation,ksde()n,n.,氧化（作用）,accelerated oxidation,加速氧化,;,加快氧化,oxidation product,氧化产物,;,氧化产品,oxidation reaction,氧化反应,;,氧化作用,（,6,）,axle,ks()l,n.,车轴；轮轴；,Axle Shaft,车轴,;,驱动轴,;,半轴,;,驱动轴半轴,Axle load,轴负荷,;,轴载荷,;,轴荷,;,轴负载,axle base,轴距,;,轴座,Live axle,主动轴,;,驱动轴,;,转动轴,;,传动轴,Unit 5 Road Engineering,（,7,）,tandem,tndm,n.,串联；两个以上前后排列的人（或物）,adj.,串联的,adv.,一前一后地，纵排地,Tandem bicycle,双人,;,协力车,;,双座自行车,（,8,）,pothole,pthl,n.,道路上的洞坑,（,9,）,bitumen,btjmn,n.,沥青,bitumen emulsion,沥青乳浊液,;,沥青乳液,modified bitumen,改性沥青,;,改良性沥青,natural bitumen,天然沥青,;,天然地沥青,petro bitumen,岩石沥青,Unit 5 Road Engineering,（,10,）,prolong,prl,vt.,延长；拖延,（,11,）,profilometer,prufilmit,n.,表面光度仪；轮廓曲线仪,（,12,）,asperity,spert,n.,（表面的）粗糙；（气候等的）严酷；艰苦的条件；（性格）粗暴,（,13,）,rut,rt,n.,惯例；凹槽,vt.,挖槽于；在,形成车辙,Unit 5 Road Engineering,（,14,）,rejuvenate,rduvnet,vt.,翻新（道路）；使年轻；恢复精神；使复原,vi.,复原；变年轻,（,15,）,infiltration,nfltren,n.,渗透；渗透物,soil infiltration,土壤渗滤,;,土壤入渗,;,土壤渗透,;,土壤水分入渗,infiltration wells,渗透井,Unit 5 Road Engineering,Old road surfaces,fences,and buildings may need to be removed before construction can begin.Trees in the road construction area may be marked for retention.,旧路面、围墙和建筑物可能需要在开工前拆除。公路建设范围内的树木可能需要标记出来进行保护（保留）。,Unit 5 Road Engineering,These protected trees should not have the topsoil within the area of the trees drip line removed and the area should be kept clear of construction material and equipment.,这些受到保护的树木滴水线范围内的表层土不应当被清除，同时这个区域内应保证建筑材料和设备便道的畅通。,Unit 5 Road Engineering,Compensation or replacement may be required if a protected tree is damaged.Much of the vegetation may be mulched and put aside for use during reinstatement.,如果受到保护的树木被损坏，则需要支付赔偿金或相应的（复位、更换）费用。大部分植被可以做护根处理搁置在一旁以备在复原期间利用。,Unit 5 Road Engineering,The topsoil is usually stripped and stockpiled nearby for rehabilitation of newly constructed embankments along the road.Stumps and roots are removed and holes filled as required before the earthwork begins.,通常挖除表层土并就近存储，用于新建沿路路堤的植被恢复。铲除树桩和树根、填充孔洞是土方工程开始前必须要做的。,Unit 5 Road Engineering,Final rehabilitation after road construction is completed will include seeding,planting,watering and other activities to reinstate the area to be consistent with the untouched surrounding areas.,公路建设完成后植被最后的复原包括播种，种植，浇水和其他活动，使该区域恢复到与周边未受影响的区域达到一致。,Unit 5 Road Engineering,Processes during earthwork include excavation,removal of material to spoil,filling,compacting,construction and trimming.,土方工程包括挖掘、铲除不合格材料、填筑、压实、建设施工（结构物）和（边坡、挡土墙等）修整。,Unit 5 Road Engineering,If rock or other unsuitable material is discovered it is removed,moisture content is managed and replaced with standard fill compacted to 90%relative compaction.,如果岩石或其他不合适的材料被铲除，需要用控制换填土方的含水率，并保证相对密实度达到,90%,。,Unit 5 Road Engineering,Generally blasting of rock is discouraged in the road bed.When a depression must be filled to come up to the road grade the native bed is compacted after the topsoil has been removed.,一般来说路基中有爆破的岩石是不利的。当洼地必须被填充以达到所需的公路坡度时，需要清除其原地表土并压实地基。,Unit 5 Road Engineering,The fill is made by the“compacted”layer method where a layer of fill is spread then compacted to specifications,the process is repeated until the desired grade is reached.,填筑采用分层填筑压实法，每一层摊铺并压实到一定的标准（设计指标），重复上述步骤直至达到预期坡度（设计坡度）。,Unit 5 Road Engineering,General fill material should be free of organics,meet minimum California bearing ratio(CBR)results and have a low plasticity index.,填充材料一般不含有机物，并且达到允许的最小加州承载比和较小的塑性指数。,Unit 5 Road Engineering,The lower fill generally comprises sand or a sand-rich mixture with fine gravel,which acts as an inhibitor to growth of plants or other vegetable matter.The compacted fill also serves as lower-stratum drainage.,下层填充物一般包括砂或者细粒砂丰富的混合物，以此来抑制植物生长,.,同时该压实层也充当下层排水系统。,Unit 5 Road Engineering,Select second fill(sieved)should be composed of gravel,decomposed rock or broken rock below a specified particle size and be free of large lumps of clay.,第二填充层应该选用砾石、风化岩或者含泥量不大的且粒径规格的破碎料。,Unit 5 Road Engineering,Sand clay fill may also be used.The road bed must be“proof rolled”after each layer of fill is compacted.,当然也可以采用砂层填筑。在每层均被压实后，路基整体必须稳定（抗压）。,Unit 5 Road Engineering,If a roller(figure 5-1)passes over an area without creating visible deformation or spring the section is deemed to comply.,如图,5-1,，如果一个压路机所经之处没有生成明显的变形则被认为是合格的（允许的）。,Unit 5 Road Engineering,The completed road way is finished by paving or left with a gravel or other natural surface.,完工的道路（行车道）可以是铺面的，也可以是砂砾或者其他自然路面的。,Unit 5 Road Engineering,The type of road surface is dependent on economic factors and expected usage.,路面类型取决于经济因素和预期用途。,Unit 5 Road Engineering,Safety improvements like traffic signs,crash barriers,raised pavement markers,and other forms of road surface marking are installed.,安装（建设）促进安全方面的设施，如交通标志，防撞栏，路面突出标志物，以及其他路面标记等。,Unit 5 Road Engineering,Like all structures,roads deteriorate over time.Deterioration is primarily due to accumulated damage from vehicles;however environmental effect such as frost heaves,thermal cracking and oxidation often contribute.,和其他建筑物一样，道路性能也在不断衰减的。性能衰减的主要原因是车辆造成的累积损伤，此外，诸如冻胀、热氧老化等环境的影响也是（性能衰减的）常见因素。,Unit 5 Road Engineering,According to a series of experiments carried out in the late 1950s,called the AASHO Road Test,it was empirically determined that the effective damage done to the road is roughly proportional to the 4th power of axle weight.,根据,50,年代末期所进行的一系列的实验（,AASHO,实验），经验性的证明了（揭示了）道路病害与第四轴荷载（,A,轴荷载）大致成正相关。,Unit 5 Road Engineering,A typical tractor-trailer weighing 80,000 pounds(36.287t)with 8,000 pounds(3.6287t)on the steer axle and 36,000 pounds(16.329t)on both of the tandem axle groups is expected to do 7,800 times more damage than a passenger vehicle with 2,000 pounds(0.907t)on each axle.,一个典型的牵引式挂车（重量为,80000,磅（,36.287t,），其中,8000,磅（,3.6287t,）在转向轴，双轴组各承担,36000,磅（,16.329t,）的重量）作用在道路上一次所造成的损害相当于普通客车（重,2000,磅，约,0.907t,）作用,7800,次。,Unit 5 Road Engineering,Potholes on roads are caused by rain damage and vehicle braking or related construction works.,造成路面坑槽的原因有水损害、车辆制动、以及相关施工工作。,Unit 5 Road Engineering,Pavements are designed for an expected service life or design life.In some UK countries the standard deign life is 40 years for new bitumen and concrete pavement.,路面有明确的服务年限或设计寿命。在英国，沥青或水泥路面的设计寿命标准为,40,年。,Unit 5 Road Engineering,Maintenance is considered in the whole life cost of road with service at 10,20 and 30 year milestone.Roads can be and are designed for a variety of lives(8-,15-,30-,and 60-year designs).,养护被认为是道路在,10,年、,20,年、,30,年具有服务性能的全寿命周期的花费。道路能够也可以被设计为拥有不同的寿命周期（,8,年、,15,年、,30,年、,60,年）。,Unit 5 Road Engineering,When pavement lasts longer than its intended life,it may have been overbuilt,and the original costs may have been too high.,当路面比其预期寿命更长时，这可能是该路被过度建造，原来的成本可能太高。,Unit 5 Road Engineering,When a pavement fails before its intended design life,the owner may have excessive repair and rehabilitation costs.,当路面性能在预期的设计寿命之前衰减，业主或将面临较多的养护以及修缮工作。,Unit 5 Road Engineering,Many concrete pavements built since the 1950s have significantly outlived their intended design lives.Some roads like Chicago,Illinoiss“Wacker Drive”,a major two-level viaduct in downtown area are being rebuilt with a designed service life of 100 years.,许多混凝土路面自上世纪,50,年代以来已明显超过了其设计寿命。一些道路，如芝加哥市中心，伊利诺斯的威克大道，正在重建一个设计寿命为,100,年的双层高架桥。,Unit 5 Road Engineering,Virtually all roads require some form of maintenance before they come to the end of their service life.Pro-active agencies continually monitor road conditions and apply preventive maintenance treatments as needed to prolong the life span of their roads.,几乎所有道路在其使用寿命结束之前都需要某些种形式的养护。预警部门（道路巡查、养护部门）不断监视道路条件和适用的预防性养护措施来延长道路寿命。,Unit 5 Road Engineering,Technically advanced agencies monitor the road network surface condition with sophisticated equipment such as laser/inertial profilometers.,技术先进的养护机构在路网表面状况监测中采用了精密的仪器，如激光,/,惯性表面光度仪。,Unit 5 Road Engineering,These measurements include road curvature,cross slope,asperity,roughness,rutting and texture(roads).,这些检测指标包括路曲率、横向坡度、表面粗糙度、粗糙度、车辙和表面纹理等。,Unit 5 Road Engineering,This data is fed into a pavement management system,which recommends the best maintenance or construction treatment to correct the damage that has occurred.,将这些数据输入路面管理系统，系统将推荐最佳养护或施工方案来解决已经发生的病害。,Unit 5 Road Engineering,Maintenance treatments for asphalt concrete generally include crack sealing,surface rejuvenating,fog sealing,micro-milling and surface treatments.,沥青混凝土的养护措施一般包括裂缝填封、路表翻修、雾封层、微铣刨和表面处置。,Unit 5 Road Engineering,Thin surfacing preserves,protects and improves the functional condition of the road while reducing the need for routing maintenance,leading to extended service life without increasing structural capacity.,薄层罩面对道路的功能性起到了保护和提升作用，这同时也减少了道路的日常养护，并在没有结构性改善的情况下延长了道路的服务寿命。,Unit 5 Road Engineering,Failure to maintain roads properly can create significant costs to society,in a 2009 report released by the American Association of state Highway and Transportation Officials(USA)about 50%of the roads in the USA are in bad condition with urban areas worse.,失修的道路可以给社会带来重大的损失，在,2009,美国州级美国国家公路和运输管理部门发布的一份报告中显示，,50%,的美国公路情况较差，城区道路的情况更加糟糕。,Unit 5 Road Engineering,The report estimates that urban drivers pay an average of$746/year on vehicle repairs while the average US motorist pays about$335/year.,该报告估计，城市司机平均在汽车修理中支付约,746,美元,/,年，而这一数值在全美则约为,335,美元,/,年。,Unit 5 Road Engineering,In contrast,the average motorist pays about$171/year in road maintenance taxes(based on 600 gallons/year and$0.285/gallon tax).,相比之下，一般的司机支付约,171,美元,/,年的道路维修税（养路费）（上述数据是基于,600,加仑,/,年，,0.285,美元,/,加仑税计算而来）。,Unit 5 Road Engineering,Distress and serviceability loss on concrete roads can be caused by loss of support due to voids beneath the concrete pavement slabs.,混凝土道路的损害与服务性能的降低可以归咎于混凝土路面板之下存在的空隙所引起的支撑力不足。,Unit 5 Road Engineering,The voids usually occur near cracks or joints due to surface water infiltration.The most co