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,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Review of Unit 4,1.What is the relationship between language and culture according to the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis?,2.Translate the following terms:,housewarming,disinterested,Mind ones ps and qs,A nine days wonder,红糖,红茶,眼红,青天,1/42,Intercultural CommunicationUnit 5Culture and Verbal Communication,2/42,Warm Up,Please read the story on page 156.What may have been the factors contributing to the failure of the presentation?What can we learn from the story?,It is often customary for Americans to start their talk with some jokes or humorous anecdotes,but Germans have different ideas and they tend to consider telling jokes inappropriate in talks on serious matters.And in German culture,executives who occupy important positions are usually senior in age,and they had not expected the American manufacturer to send a young man as their representative to start business with them,a reputable German distributor.They may have found it difficult to trust such a young person.,3/42,Supplement:Verbal Communication,Verbal communication happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.,In intercultural communication,we use words to,communicate with the outside world,share the past,exercise some control over the present,form images of the future.,4/42,Supplement:Verbal Communication,Verbal Communication Styles(p179-183),:,Direct/Indirect,Self-enhancement/Self-effacement,Elaborate/Exacting/Succinct,Personal/Contextual,Instrumental/Affective,5/42,Supplement:Verbal Communication,1.Direct and Indirect Verbal Interaction Styles,In the direct verbal style,statements clearly reveal the speakers intentions.,Eg.U.S.Americans tend to use a straightforward form of request.,In the indirect verbal style,on the other hand,verbal statements tend to hide the speakers actual intentions.,Eg.Chinese tend to ask for a favor in a more roundabout and implicit way.,6/42,Supplement:Verbal Communication,2.Self-Enhancement and Self-Effacement,Verbal Styles,The self-enhancement verbal style emphasizes the importance of boasting about ones accomplishments and abilities.,Eg.In the classified ads,American ad might begin with,“A handsome,athletic male with a good sense of humor seeks a fun-loving partner”,The self-effacement verbal style,on the other hand,emphasizes the importance of humbling oneself via verbal restraints,hesitations and modest talk.,Eg.In the classified ads,Japanese ad might read,“Although I am not very good-looking,Im willing to try my best.”,7/42,Supplement:Verbal Communication,2.Self-Enhancement and Self-Effacement,Verbal Styles,Compare the following ways to serve tea:,Japanese:This is not very delicious,but,American:This is the best I can offer.,8/42,Supplement:Verbal Communication,3.Elaborate,Exacting and Succinct Styles,An elaborate style emphasizes,flashy and embellished language.This style of communication can be seen in many Arab,Middle Eastern,and Afro-American cultures.,An exacting style,where persons say no more or less than is needed,is used by Americans.,A succinct style is characterized by the use of concise statements,understatements,and even silence.A succinct style can be found in Japan,China,and some Native American cultures,9/42,Supplement:Verbal Communication,3.Elaborate,Exacting and Succinct Styles,Compare the followings:,Arab:#%&$%$*&%#.,American:Just the facts!,Chinese:Silence is Golden.,10/42,Supplement:Verbal Communication,4.Personal and Contextual Style,The personal communication style emphasizes the individual identity of the speaker.,Eg.English has only one form for the second person,that is,you.,The contextual style highlights ones role identity and status.,Eg.Chinese,German and French,for example,have informal and formal forms of the pronoun you(你/您;du/Sie;tu/vous).,11/42,Supplement:Verbal Communication,5.Instrumental and Affective Style,An instrumental verbal style is sender-based and goal-outcome based.The instrumental speaker uses communication to achieve some goal or outcome.The burden of understanding often rests with the speaker.,An affective communication style is receiver and process oriented.The affective speaker is concerned not so much with the outcome of the communication,but with the process.The responsibility of understanding rests with both the speaker and the listener.,12/42,Supplement:Verbal Communication,In verbal communication,LC interaction emphasizes direct talk,person-oriented focus,self-enhancement mode,and the importance of“talk”.HC interaction,in comparison,stresses indirect talk,status-oriented focus,self-effacement mode,and the importance of nonverbal signals and even silence.,13/42,Reading I,Read the article of“Understanding the Culture of Conversation”(p157-160).What are the different cultures of conversation among people from different countries?,Conversation is a rich point(a rich point is something in one culture that makes it difficult to be connected with another culture).It isnt any particular word or grammatical construction that produces the rich point;it is something about the way things are going,something about peoples ideas about how to do a conversation.To handle the rich points,old unconscious ways of doing things are dusted off,new ways are built up.To converse in the new ways,you have to experience culture and manufacture some frames.If you dont figure out the frames,you might speak grammatically correct English,but what you communicate will differ from what you intended.,14/42,Reading,I,Conversation cultures of different countries:,Mexican:,The conversation may start with one topic,and if another interesting topic seeps in you ride it around for a while.Sticking to the first topic is less important than having an interesting conversation.,American:,The conversation usually has a topic,and the speaker wants to take a straight line through it from the beginning to end.,The Americans expect an answer to the orienting question,that is to lance their conversation with self-promotion-heres who I am,heres why Im good at it,heres why you should pay attention to me.,15/42,Reading,I,Conversation cultures of different countries:,Swedish:,The Swedish conversational ideal is to respond in a concise manner without elaborating specific details,esp.those for self-promotion.,Thus,what causes miscommunication is often the way ideas are put together into an argument,the way some ideas are selected for special emphasis,or the way emotional information about the ideas is presented.,Finish Exercises on page 161.What are different conversation cultures between American English speakers and Athabaskans?,16/42,Fill-in Task(161),Whats confusing to American English Speakers about Athabaskans?,They do not speak and avoid situations of talking.,They,7.keep silent,.,They only want to talk to,6.close acquaintances.,They play down their own abilities.,They avoid direct questions.,They never,9.start a conversation,.,They never say anything,1.about themselves,.,They are,8.slow to take a turn in talking,_.,They talk with a flat tone of voice,They are,11.too indirect and inexplicit,.,17/42,Fill-in Task(161),Whats confusing to Athabaskans about American English speakers?,They talk,12.too much,.,They always talk first.,They often talk to,10.strangers or people they dont know,.,They,5.brag about themselves,.,They,4.ask too many questions,_.,They always interrupt.,They only talk,2.about what they are interested in,.,They dont give others a chance to talk,They are,3.always getting excited when they talk,.,They are not careful when they talk about things or people.,18/42,Fill-in Task(161),Different conversation cultures between American English speakers and Athabaskans:,Who speaks first(who opens the conversation);,Who controls the talk;,When its time for a new person to take a turn,such as the length of a pause;(who talks next),How long one should talk;,How a conversation should close;(who closes the conversation),Thus,if American English speakers and Athabaskans tend to judge the others way of talk according to their own ideas about what is the appropriate way for talking,they would have mostly negative impressions of each other concerning the way they talk.,19/42,Reading II,Apart from differences in grammar,vocabulary,and pronunciation,what other differences can you find between Chinese and English?,Read the article of“The Way People Speak”(p165-169).,From the example of the conversation between an Italian and an American,we can see the different conversation patterns in these two cultures.The Americans do not enjoy verbal conflicts over politics or anything else while the Italians welcome them.,20/42,Reading II,High involvement conversation patterns and high considerateness patterns(Deborah Tannen)(p165):,High involvement patterns:talk more;interrupt more;expect to be interrupted;talk more loudly at times and talk more quickly.Many enjoy arguments.,e.g.Italian,Russian,Greek,Spanish,South American,Arab,and African.,High considerateness patterns:speak one at a time;use polite listening sounds;refrain from interrupting and give plenty of positive and respectful responses to their conversation partners.,e.g.Asian Cultures like Chinese and Japanese,mainstream Americans.,21/42,Reading II,There are also significant differences between the various cultures of the same conversation pattern.Even within the United States there are important regional and ethnic differences in conversation styles.The important differences in communication create problems of stereotyping and incorrect judgments among members of diverse groups.,Cultural beliefs differ as to whether directness or indirectness is considered positive.In the mainstream American culture,the ideal form of communication includes being direct rather than indirect.Latin Americans and many Asians value indirectness.,22/42,Reading II,Ping-Pong conversational style and Bowling style,In an American“Ping-Pong”conversation,one person has the ball and then hits it to the other side of the table.The other player hits the ball back and the game continues.Each part of the conversation follows this pattern:the greeting and the opening,the discussion of a topic,and the closing and farewell.,However,in a Japanese“Bowling”conversation,each participant waits politely for a turn and knows exactly when the time is right to speak.That is,they know their place in line.In Japanese conversation,long silences are tolerated.For Americans,even two or three seconds of silence can become uncomfortable.,23/42,Conclusion,So far,we can see that there are the Cultural Relativity of Communication-when to talk,what to say and how to say differ from culture to culture.,(i)When to talk(the example of the conversation between Anglos and Athabaskans),Athabaskan Indians consider it inappropriate to talk to strangers.They have negative stereotypes of non-Athabaskans as ridiculously garrulous(talkative in an unfavorable sense)and also hypocritical.,Anglos would consider it awkward to have a long period of silence when having a conversation.They conclude that Indians are uncooperative,even stupid.,24/42,Conclusion,(ii)How to talk(the example of the conversation between Anglos and Athabaskans),Pacing and pausing,Meaning:How fast do you speak?How long do you wait following another speakers utterance,before concluding the other has no more to say?,Listenership(the example of the conversation between Anglos and Athabaskans),Mostly it is connected with nonverbal behaviors such as eye contact.,Indirectness,Meaning:Only a part of meaning resides in the words spoken;the largest part is communicated by hints,assumptions,and listeners filling-in from context and prior experience.,25/42,Conclusion,e.g.A Greek wife(or daughter):,Can I go to the marketplace?,Husband or father:(never say no),If you want,you can go.,meaning No.,Yes,of course,go.,meaning Yes.,(iii)What to say-topics(See the exercises on p164),Conversation is used as an icebreaker and to create warm memories for everyone attending a social or business function.There are topics you can,and will discuss,with your dearest friends.However,when youre among a group of acquaintances or business associates keep your conversational topics neutral.,26/42,(p164)Which topics are regarded as the appropriate ones in conversations?,Weather,Pet,Work,Hobby,Sex,Family,Age,Income,Property,Marital status,Politics,Religious belief,Disease,Death,Disability,topics,In English-speaking cultures,In Chinese culture,Acceptable topics of conversation,Weather Pet,Work Hobby,Sex,Family Age,Income Property,Marital status,Unacceptable topics of conversation,Age,especially a ladys age,Marital status,Property,Politics,Religious belief,Disease,Death,Sex,Pregnancy,Disability,27/42,Group Work(p170-172),Read the three dialogues on page 170-172,then try to find out the problems and ways to avoid such problems in intercultural communication.,28/42,Group Work(p170-172),Dialogue 1,It means that“I agree that there is need for keeping the production line running on Saturday”.,The Chinese employee should say:“Id love to,but Ive promised my son to celebrate his birthday with him on this Saturday.Im sorry I may not be able to come in.”,The American is cultivated in a low-context culture while the Chinese employee comes from a high-context culture.In general,the Chinese mode of communication is often indirect and implicit while the Western mode of communication tends to be direct and explicit.,29/42,Group Work(p170-172),Chinese and westerns have different approaches to refusing requests,Chinese,English,In order to avoid direct conflicts and losing face when confronted with a problem or when refusing a request,Chinese usually use indirect refusal ways,so as to let the other people withdraw gracefully.,British people may respond with an excuse,and those excuses are often called“white lies”,lies told with good intentions.,The same purpose:both want to avoid losing ones face or hurting other people by using polite expressions when giving refusals.,30/42,Group Work(p170-172),Dialogue 2,The boss refuses to tell the employee directly what he actually feels about his work because he thinks that that may make the American employee lose face.,It is natural for the employee to press for definite answers to his questions because he is American and,in his culture,it is usually right to do so even when one is communicating with ones boss.,31/42,Group Work(p170-172),Dialogue 3,The American supervisor uses a“straight talk”low-context approach in dealing with the work problem,whereas the Greek subordinate uses a“face talk”high-context approach in dealing with the issue.,32/42,Compliments(p162-163),Different Ways of Responding to Compliments,Chinese,English,A typical Chinese reaction is to show modesty and humility by saying such words as:buhao(not good)or chadeyuan(far from being good),British people respond by saying“thank you”.,Tips:In cross-cultural commutation,we neednt be too worried about cultural differences.Remembe
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