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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,信阳师院年考研英语辅导系列讲座,翻译（A）,主讲人：符小丽,研究方向：翻译理论与实践,-12-10,1/78,3 principles,Confidence,Perseverance,Patience,2/78,年翻译纲领,考研英语中，翻译主要考查考生准确了解概念或结构较复杂英语材料能力。要求考生阅读一篇约400词文章，并将其中五个划线部分(约150词)译成汉语，要求译文,准确、完整、通顺,：,1、了解准确是完整表示基础和前提，若扭曲原文意思，该句得分不超出0.5。,2、汉字错别字不个别扣分，按整篇累计扣分，在不影响意思前提下，满3个错别字扣0.5。,3/78,考研翻译情况分析,10分，平均分33.5分,考研翻译最难做,A.翻译在试卷上是主观题,B.考研翻译只考长难句,详细表现：,1.对原文主要结构和指代关系了解不好,2.汉语表示欠佳,4/78,提议,20分钟做翻译，4分钟一句,天天抽出20分钟，做真题，不做模拟题；背真题，分析真题。,1998年年 14年 70句话,年年 20句话,最终20天 一天1句话=最好模拟题,不要放弃；书写工整,5/78,通读全文？,不用读，,偶然,需要读一下划线句子上下文：,1）翻译中有代词，如it、they等时；,2）某个单词有歧义，有各种了解，或者碰到不认识单词，需要回到文章中琢磨单词意思。,6/78,翻译思绪,结构分析词义推敲译文核查,翻译长句时首先要仔细阅读长句，了解主从句关系，并联络上下文，弄懂全句意思，然后用通顺汉语表示出来。,7/78,翻译命题标准,1.所选择题材偏向专业领域学术文件：,96年社会发展区分,97年动物权利保护,98年天体物理学中大爆炸理论,99年历史研究方法论,00年政府宏观调控,01年人工智能发展,8/78,02年行为科学,03年人类学,04年语言学,05年传媒领域,06年美国知识分子作用,07年法学在新闻报道中作用,08年达尔文思想及其改变,09年教育学,10年环境保护,11年书评,9/78,2.所选择话题偏向文科等社会科学领域；,3.所选择划线句为长难句（平均长度为30个单词左右）或抽象简单句,10/78,考研翻译评分标准,评分标准就是翻译标准。,准确、完整、通顺,11/78,考研翻译标准,1.准确：大意相同,写在卷子上汉语要和英语原文意思一样，不一定绝对准确，只要大约意思准确。,12/78,Television,46）,Television,is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyedand perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations s in the recent events in Europe,.,TV set 电视机,13/78,2.通顺：准确是前提、基础,准确了再看通顺：准确了通顺了（对），准确了有一点不通顺（也对），通顺不准确（错）,比如：I sat by the Yellow River.,翻译：1.黄河之水天上来。,2.我坐在黄河岸边。,3.完整：要成句,14/78,翻译点滴,（1）in doing sth.能够翻译成“在做过程中”,63）The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago,and the seletive role of the environment,in shaping and maitaining the behavior of the individual,is only beginning to be recognized and studied.,15/78,in shaping and maitaining the behavior of the individual能够翻译成,“在形成和保持个人行为过程中”,16/78,50),In dealing with a challenge,on such a scale,it is no exaggeration to say,“United we stand,divided we fall.”,能够翻译成“在应对一个挑战过程中”,17/78,46）It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect,in enlarging and improving experience,but this effect is not a part of its original motive,.,能够翻译为：在扩大和改进经验过程中,18/78,（2）物称换人称：,英语中喜欢用指物名词做主语，而汉语却喜欢用指人名词做主语，翻译时经常讲物称换成人称。,199972）,Interest,in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discpline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.,19/78,Interest,in historical methods has arisen,翻译成：人们对历史研究方法产生了兴趣,20/78,72）,Relaxation will be in front of smell-television.,翻译成：人们将在气味电视面前休闲。,21/78,(3)抽象变详细,64).They are the,possessions,of the autonomous(self-governing)man of traditional theory,and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.,possession本意是“拥有”，这里把possessions翻译成详细“拥有财富”或“拥有东西”。,22/78,1998 74).If the small hot spots look as expected,that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea,a,refinement,of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory.,refinement 本意是“提炼、精华”。,这里结合of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory 翻译成详细“愈加完美大爆炸论”，也就是把a refinement了解成了“a better theory”.,23/78,(4)被动变主动,199773）It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset:,it invites you to think that,animals should be treated,either with the consideration humans extend to other humans,or with no consideration at all.,翻译成“它使你认为应该这么对待动物”,24/78,47 Only gradually,was,the by-product of the institution,noted,，and only more gradually still,was,this effect,considered as,a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.,was noted 能够翻译成“人们注意到”,was considered as a directive factor，意思是“被认为是一个指导原因”。诸位部分结合起来，能够,变被动为主动,：认识到这种影响含有指导作用。,25/78,50),We are thus led to distinguish,within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering,a more formal kind of educationthat of direct tuition or schooling.,We are thus led to distinguish,能够翻译成“这就使得我们得以在中区分”,26/78,被动语态亦能够翻译成“得到，受到”,199775)when that happens,it is not a mistake:it is mankinds instinct for moral reasoning in action,an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.,能够翻译成“这种本能应该,受到,勉励，而不应该受到嘲笑”,27/78,63)The role of natural selection in evolution,was formulated,only a little more than a hundred years ago,and the seletive role of the environment in shaping and maitaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to,be recognized and studied,.,自然选择在进化中所起作用仅在一百多年前才,得以说明,刚才开始,得到,认可和研究,28/78,同位语从句,1.直接翻译在主句后,H,e expressed the hope,that he would come over to visit China again,.,他表示希望,再次访问中国,。,T,here is a possibility,that he is a spy,.,有可能,他是一名间谍,。,29/78,2.放在先行词前，不一定使用定语标志词“”,W,e know,the fact that bodies possess weight,.,我们都知道,物体有重量这一事实,。,T,he rumor that he was arrested,was unfounded.,他被捕传言,是没有依据。,30/78,3.用“即”来连接，或用冒号、破折号直接分开主句和从句,199672）This trend began during the Second World War,when several governments came to,the conclusion,that,the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail,.,当初，政府得出这么一个结论,：,31/78,48）Time was when biologists somewhat overworked,the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak,or that they prey only on“worthless species.,曾几何时，生物学家有点儿滥用了这一证据,：,这些生物杀死体弱者来保持猎物种群健康，或者说它们仅仅捕食“没有价值”物种。,32/78,46)Allens contribution was to take an,assumption,we all share,that,because we are not robots we therefore control our,thoughts,and reveal its erroneous nature.,艾伦贡献在于：他研究了一个我们普遍含有想法因为我们不是机器人，所以我们能够控制自己思想而且揭示出其错误本质。,33/78,真题,46,）,It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience,but this effect is not a part of its original motive.(33 words),即使能够说衡量任何一个社会机构价值标准是其在扩大和改进经验过程中作用，不过这种作用并不是其最初动机一部分。,34/78,翻译讲解,1.结构分析：It 做形式主语，翻译时常不译出来，that引导是主语从句，也常不翻译;整个句子主干结构是but连接两个并列句。,2.第一个并列句这个句子有一个最简单形式主语结构it may be said，然后有一个基本结构是the measure of is in its effect in，能够翻译为“衡量是看在中效果”。第二个并列句结构非常简单。,35/78,3.第一个并列句中主语中心词是measure后面带了两个of修饰结构，这么结构（名词短语 N.+Prep+N.+Prep.+N.）能够,从后往前翻译,，比如主语部分the measure of the worth of any social institution能够翻译为：任何社会机构价值衡量。当然，为了更通顺，能够翻译为：衡量社会机构价值。,36/78,4.第一个并列句表语部分中心词是effect，“影响，作用”意思。而effect这个中心词后面还带了一个in doing sth.这个结构。,in doing sth.能够翻译为：在做事情过程中,，所以整个表语部分its effect in enlarging and improving experience能够翻译为：在扩大和改进经验过程中作用。,所以，第一个并列句能够翻译为：能够说，要衡量任何社会机构价值，就要看它对扩大和改进经验方面作用。,37/78,考点分析,1.无难词，institution已经在07年46题考过。,2.比较难处理是，第一个并列句中两个of结构，以及表语部分in doing sth在这个结构。同时，第一个并列句汉字表示，要翻译通顺比较困难。,38/78,47)Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted，and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.(28 words),参考译文：人们只是逐步地才注意到机构这一副产品，而人们把这种作用视为机构运作指导性原因过程则更为迟缓。,39/78,翻译讲解,1.整个句子结构是and连接两个并列句，而且很显然两个句子都是倒装句，都是Only在句首。,2.第一个并列句主语是the by-product of the institution，很显然，动词was被提前，所以谓语部分是was noted。其中，by-product是一个合成词，是“副产品，附带产生影响”等意思。,40/78,这种合成词在考研翻译中考过很多，即使看起来是超纲词，不过出题人认为能够分析得出意思，所以命题教授最喜欢选择单词。请参考98年ground-based和 ballon-borne，01年breakthrough，99年和04年far-reaching等等。,所以，第一个并列句翻译起来比较简单，那就是：这种制度副产品被注意到了。,41/78,3.不过，第一个并列句中强调部分是only gradually，意思是“只有逐步地，只有逐步地，只有慢慢地”。所以，结合主干部分和强调状语部分。能够把第一个并列句翻译为：这种制度副产品只有逐步得到认识。这里，之所以选择把强调副词部分放到汉语句子末尾来翻译，是因为第二个并列句也在强调“only more gradually”这个部分，等会在处理第二个并列句时候，好和第一个句子做对比。,42/78,4.再看看第二个句子主语部分是this effect，意思是“这种影响，这种效果”。谓语部分是was considered as a directive factor，意思是“被认为是一个指导原因”。诸位部分结合起来，能够,变被动为主动,：认识到这种影响含有指导作用。,43/78,In the conduct of the institution比较简单能够直接翻译为：在实施这种制度过程中，或者在这种制度实施过程中。组合以上部分，第二个句子能够翻译为：在实施这种制度过程中，认识到这种效果含有指导作用。,44/78,5.最终再来处理第二个句子强调部分，即状语only more gradually，能够直接翻译为“只有愈加逐步，只有愈加迟缓”。正因为第一个句子和第二个句子有一个递进关系和对比关系。所以，为了,突出这种对比,，能够把这两个only gradually，放到句子末尾来突出强调。所以，第二个句子则翻译为：而在实施这种制度过程中，认识到这种效果含有指导作用时间则愈加迟缓。,45/78,考点分析,1.有一个稍微难一点单词by-product。,2.有一个稍微难一点倒装结构，,3.还有一个很显著被动结构。,4.最难表示清楚是两个强调状语only gradually和only more gradually。,46/78,48)while it is easy to ignore in our contact with,them,the effect of our acts upon their disposition,it is not so easy as in dealing with adults.(29 words),参考译文：在我们和年轻人接触时候，即使轻易忽略我们行为对他们性格影响，但这并不像与成年人打交道那么简单。,47/78,47)while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone,in reality we are continually faced with a question:“Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that?”,参考译文：尽管我们能够仅仅经过意识即可保持这种控制幻觉，但事实是，我们却总是面临着这么一个问题：“为何我们不能让自己做这件事或完成那件事呢？”,48/78,翻译讲解,1.整个句子结构比较复杂是由while引发状语从句。,2.从句部分有一个最简单结构it is easy to ignore能够翻译为：很轻易忽略。这种,形式主语,结构在考研翻译中出现过屡次。,49/78,3.不过，要注意到ignore这个动词宾语部分是the effect of，in our contact with them部分是状语。,先翻译,in our contact with them，意思是“在我们与他们接触过程中，或者在我们和他们交往时候”。这里them能够,依据上文指代明确,，是指the young年轻人。所以，能够翻译为：在我们和年轻人接触时候，很轻易忽略。,50/78,4.the effect of our acts upon their disposition这个部分，有一个比较难单词disposition，是“性格、倾向”等意思。这个单词是一个显著“超纲词”，不过能够依据上文“我们行为对他们影响”取得答案。所以，这个部分翻译为：我们行为对他们性格影响。,51/78,5.再说说while这个词，意思基本只有两个，一个是“当时候”，一个是“即使，尽管”。前一个意思在考研翻译中几乎没有考过；,而第二个意思“即使”则频频出现过，,如99年71题，年73题，06年48题，07年50题和08年48题。,所以，整个从句部分能够翻译为：在我们和年轻人接触时候，即使轻易忽略我们行为对他们性格影响。,52/78,6.主句部分是it is not so easy as in dealing with adults，假如稍微不注意，能够能就会翻译为：和成年人相处则没有那么轻易。我们需要注意到,not soas这个结构，意思是“不像那么”。,53/78,比如，It was not so bad as last time!这次不像上次那么坏!It did not take so long as we expected.时间没像我们预料那么久。其实，这个比较结构在99年71题考过类似asas。所以，not so easy as就能够翻译为：不像与成年人打交道那么简单。,54/78,考点分析,1.难词disposition，词组deal with即使考过屡次，如95年75题，05年65题，不过意思依据上下文各不相同。,2.while引发状语从句。,3.not soas比较结构。,55/78,49)Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life,we cannot help considering whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability,.(33 words),参考译文：因为我们对年轻人所做首要工作在于使他们能够在生活中彼此相融，所以我们不禁要考虑自己是否在形成让他们取得这种能力力量。,56/78,翻译讲解,1.结构分析：since引导是表示原因状语从句，翻译成“既然”。不过这句话难点在，主句是应该从we开始后部分，whether or not 引导是宾语从句，做considering宾语。Which 引导是定语从句。要看清是sincewe这个大结构。,57/78,2.从句部分比较简单Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life。不过，要注意business这个词，不要翻译为“生意”，因为上文说过deal with是“打交道”意思。所以，这里chief business还是打交道过程中“主要任务”。所以，从句部分翻译为：既然我们主要任务在于使年轻人参加共同生活。,58/78,3.主句部分也是一个复合句，其主干是we cannot help considering。能够直接翻译为：我们不得不考虑，我们禁不住要考虑。,4.whether or not we are forming the powers也比较简单，能够直接翻译：我们是否正在形成一个力量。,59/78,which这个定语从句which will secure this ability，,先直译,为：将确保这种能力。不过汉语略显得生硬，,能够增加一个动词,“将确保我们取得这种能力”。,Which定语从句,是修饰the power，,能够前置到先行词前面翻译,：我们是否正在形成一个将确保我们取得这种能力力量。不过，后面部分“这种能力力量”，两个“力”字叠加，稍显不妥。所以，还是,把定语从句放到后面好,：我们是否正在形成一个力量，,这种力量,能够确保我们取得能力。,60/78,考点分析,1.since所引发从句。,2.which定语从句。,3.cannot help doing结构，whether or not结构。,61/78,50)We are thus led to distinguish,within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering,a more formal kind of education-that of direct tuition or schooling.(31words),参考译文：这就使得我们得以在一直讨论广义教育过程中区分出一个更为正式教育形式，即直接讲授或学校教育。,62/78,翻译讲解,1.结构分析：within这个介词短语是个插入结构，a more formal kind of education是做distinguish宾语。That 是个代词，指代前面A more formal kind of education,2.within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering能够看做一个插入语，比较轻易翻译，字面意思是：在一个更广泛教育过程中，而这个广泛教育过程我们截至当前为止已经考虑(讨论)过。,63/78,所以能够翻译为：在上述更宽泛教育过程中。不过，要知道so far是“当前为止”意思，consider基本意思是“考虑”，不过在论说过程中，我们已经考虑过了，所以也有“讨论”意思。,64/78,3.主干部分we are led to distinguish，要看到其中被动结构，基本意思是“我们被引导去区分”。,主宾颠倒之后,，能够翻译为：能够使我们区分出。,4.宾语部分非常简单a more formal kind of education-that of direct tuition or schooling。一个更正规教育，即直接教诲和学校教育。,65/78,这里tuition这个单词，并不是超纲词，不过，好多学生只记过“学费”意思，它还有一个意思是(esp fml 尤其用于正式文体中)teaching or instruction,esp that given to individuals or small groups 教学,讲授，尤其指对个人或小组教诲。所以，要注意区分tuition和schooling细微差异。,66/78,考点分析,1.单词tuition翻译。,2.被动结构。,3.定语从句。,67/78,真题,46)Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them.,参考译文：科学家们急忙介入，但提出证据显然站不住脚，其大意是，假如鸟类不能控制昆虫数量，昆虫便会吞噬我们人类。,68/78,47)but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right,regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.,参考译文：不过我们最少近乎认可，不论鸟类能否带给我们经济价值，它们自有生存下去权利。,69/78,48)Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak,or that they prey only on“worthless species.,参考译文：有证据表明：这些生物杀死体弱者来保持种群健康，或者说它们仅仅捕食“没有价值”物种。曾经有段时间，生物学家或多或少滥用了这一证据。,70/78,49)In Europe,where forestry is ecologically more advanced,the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community,to be preserved as such,within reason.,参考译文：在林业生态更为发达欧洲，没有商业价值树种被合理地看成是当地森林群落组员，并得到对应保护。,71/78,50)It tends to ignore,and thus eventually to eliminate,many elements in the land community that lack commercial value,but that are essential to its healthy functioning.,参考译文：这种保护体系往往忽略陆地群落中很多缺乏商业价值但对其健康运作至关主要物种，而最终造成它们灭绝。,72/78,真题,(46)Allens contribution was to take an assumption we all sharethat because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughtsand reveal its erroneous nature.,参考译文：艾伦贡献在于：他研究了一个我们普遍含有想法因为我们不是机器人，所以我们能够控制自己思想而且揭示出其错误本质。,73/78,(47)while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone,in reality we are continually faced with a question:“Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that?”,参考译文：尽管我们能够仅仅经过意识即可保持这种控制幻觉，但事实是，我们却总是面临着这么一个问题：“为何我们不能让自己做这件事或完成那件事呢？”,74/78,(48)This seems a justification for neglect of those in need,and a rationalization of exploitation,of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.,参考译文：这个观点似乎为忽略那些需要得到帮助人这一做法找到了借口，而且使剥削行为、上层人优越感和底层人自卑感合理化。,75/78,(49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been“wronged”then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation.,参考译文：环境似乎意在激发出我们内在最大潜能，而假如我们感到自己受到了不公平对待，那么我们就不太可能自觉地努力逃脱现实状况。,76/78,(50)The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us;where before we were experts in the array of limitations,now we become authorities of what is possible.,参考译文：主动方面是：知道一切都取决于我们自己，那么万事就有没有限可能。以前，我们能在很多限制中应对自如；而现在，我们会成为决定一切可能性主宰。,77/78,Best Wishes to You All,78/78,
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