孟子与墨子介绍英语.pptx

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2014/3/28,#,孟子,与,墨子,1/18,Hundred School of thoughts,The”hundred school of thoughts”were philosophers and schools that had flourished from 770 BC,an era of great cultural and intellectual expansion in China.Even though this period,known in its earlier part as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring State Period in its latter part,was wrought chao and bloody battles,it is also known as the Golden Age of Chinese philosophy because various thoughts and called the Contention of a Hundred School of Thought.,2/18,百家思想,百家思想是指活跃在公元前,770,年至,221,年哲人和学派。是一个在中国有着很好文化与智慧年代。甚至经历在这么时期，众所周知在这一时期较早春秋时代和较晚战国时期造成了混乱和血腥战争，一样也是因为多样思想和被称为“百家争鸣”而著名中国哲学黄金时期。,3/18,Mencius and His philosophy,孟,子和他哲学思想,4/18,Mencius and His Philosophy,Mencius(327-289 BC)is regarded as the second sage in the Confucia school.Mencius inherited and developed Confucianism and carried it to a new height.His philosophy,together with Confucius,is know,as,“the,philosophies of Kong Zi and Meng zi,”,(,孔孟之道,)in the history of Chinese culture,.,孟子（公元前,372-289,年）被认为是继孔子之后第二个圣人，孟子继承和发展了孔子学说并率领它到达新高度。孟子和孔子思想在中国历史中被称为“孔孟之道”。,5/18,Mencius and His Philosophy,Mencius,believed that all men are born virtuous.Every person can be as sage(,圣人,).They have the inclination toward goodness,just as natural as the inclination,of,water,to flow downward.All the social,corruptions,and perversions are due to the distortion,of,human nature and the falling away of,mans,character,from its original goodness,.,孟子认为人性本善，每个人都是圣人。他们向善，就像大自然中水会向下流。全部社会中腐败和变坏是因为人性扭曲和远离人性中原始善良。,6/18,Mencius and His Philosophy,It,is the neglect and abuse of innate goodness that leads men into evil dongs.Once the individual has recovered his original goodness and the state returned to the purity and order of ancient times,all the individual and,in,society,will vanish.This is the core,of,Mencius,doctrine,the orthodoxy of,the,Confucian,school,.,忽略和滥用“性本善”会造成人们陷入邪恶之洞。一旦个人恢复他原始善良，国家回到纯洁而有秩序与以往时代。那么个人和社会罪恶将会消失。这是孟子学说中心，孔子学派正统。,7/18,Mencius and His Philosophy,A famous dispute about human natural arose between Gao Zi(,告之,)and Mencius when Gao Zhi said,”appetites for food and sex are human nature.”(,食色，性也,).,Mencius,did not contradict with this statement,and,he even admitted that desires and appetites,constitute,the greatest part of human nature,.,当告之说“食色，性也。”时，在告之和孟子之间有了一个关于人性展现著名争论。孟子没有与这个争论矛盾，而且他甚至同意陈说中渴望和欲望组成人性中最主要部分。,8/18,Mencius and His Philosophy,Therefore“Slight is the difference between man and the beast.The commom man loses this difference,while the gentleman retains it.”(,人之所以异于禽兽者几希，庶民去了，君子存之,)It is this slight difference that sets man apart from animals,.,所以“,人之所以异于禽兽者几希，庶民去了，君子存之,”，这是人和动物微小不一样。,9/18,Story,Pot Calling Kettle Black(,五十步笑百步,.,孟子,),Mencius said to King Hui,Lets use fighting of a battle as an example.After a fierce engagement,the soldiers,threw,down their armament and retreated.,Some soldiers retreated 50 paces;other,100,pacces.Those retreating 50 paces laughed at those who retreated 100 paces.What do you say?,The King replied,”No.Even if one does not retreat 100 paces,it is retreating nevertheless.”,10/18,Story,五十步笑百步,孟子对惠王说，请让我用战争做例子。一场残忍 战争之后，士兵们丢盔弃甲。一些士兵后退 五十步，另一些后退一百步，后退五十步 士兵嘲笑那些后退一百步士兵，你怎么看？,惠王回答说：“不，即使他们没,有退后一百步，那也是退后啊。”,11/18,Moism and Mo Zi,墨家和墨子,12/18,Moism and Mo Zi,Mo Zi(468-376 BC)was born a few years after Confucius death.He had an important place in the history of Chinese culture.Although Moism did not hold this position,for long,its founder and his teaching left an indelible impression on the Chinese mind.,墨子（公元前,468-376,年）出生在,孔子死后很快，他在中国文化史上有着,主要地位。尽管墨子没有保持这个地位,太久，但墨家创建和墨子教育给中国,思想留下永久影响,。,13/18,Moism and Mo Zi,The core of Moism is“universal love(,兼爱,)”,close to the assertion that“all men equal before God.”In his life time,rulers of the feudal states,to satisfy their endless material needs,sought after aggressive wars of annexation,at,the sacrifice of their neighbors,thus,bringing the people into disastrous impasse,.,墨家思想中心是“善变”，靠近“上帝面前人人平等”主张，在他生活时期，封建专制来满足他们无穷无尽物质需求，寻找他们牺牲邻国在侵略战争后吞并，所以带给人们灾难性绝境。,14/18,Moism and Mo Zi,Mo Zi,standing by the common people,claimed the right 0f survival for the people and the weak and small states.He advocated economy and thrift.He condemned all forms,of,ritual,extravagant funerals,expensive entertainment,and offensive warfare,which,would,deteriorate the feeding,cloth common people,.,墨子从广大人民中站出来，声称会立刻解救百姓和弱小国家。他提倡节约节俭，训斥全部宗教仪式，过分丧礼，昂贵娱乐和进攻战争等使百姓衣食恶化仪式。,15/18,Moism and Mo Zi,In contrast to those of Confucius,Mo Zis moral teachings emphasized self-reflection and authenticity rather than obedience to ritual.,He observed,that we often learn about the world through adversity.,与孔子思想对比，墨子道德教育强调本身影响和可能性而不是遵照仪式，他注意到我们通常经过逆境了解世界。,16/18,Moism and Mo Zi,By reflection on ones own successes and failures,one attains ture self-knowledge rather than mere conformity with ritual.Mo Zi exhorted the gentleman to lead a life of asceticism and self-restraint,renouncing both material and spiritual extravagance.,经过对一个人自认成功和失败反应，他取得真实自我认知，而不是与仪式相符。墨子劝说有教养人去引导一个禁欲并自我约束生活，并宣告放弃我只和过分精神。,17/18,谢谢观看！,18/18,