新职业英语土建英语Unit3.pptx

,土建,英语,*,土建,英语,Un,it 3 Designing a,Building,土建,英语,土建,英语,*,土建,英语,*,土建,英语,*,土建,英语,*,土建,英语,*,土建,英语,*,土建,英语,*,土建,英语,*,土建,英语,*,土 建 英 语,新职业英语,Unit 3,Designing a Building,English for Civil Engineering,1/110,Warming-up,Reading A,Listening,Speaking,4,1,2,3,Reading B,5,Writing,6,Vocabulary and Structure,8,Self-evaluation,7,Grammar,9,The Greatest Building,10,2/110,Task 1,Task 2,3/110,Task 1,A team of a construction project involves people who play different roles.Match the people with their Chinese equivalents.,1.architect,2.civil engineer,3.interior designer,4.quantity surveyor,5.engineer in charge,6.mechanical engineer,7.electrical engineer,8.structural engineer,A.,结构工程师,B.,电气工程师,C.,室内设计师,D.,建筑师,E.,机械工程师,F.,（工时、造价等）估算员,G.,主管工程师,H.,土木工程师,4/110,Task 2,Match the phrases with their Chinese equivalents.,1.preliminary design,2.specifications,parison of drafts,4.process flow chart,5.master plan,6.technical design,7.color scheme,8.working drawing,A.,明细规范,B.,方案比较,C.,总体规划图,D.,初步设计,E.,色彩布局,F.,工艺流程图,G.,施工图,H.,技术设计,5/110,Reading A,Task 1,Text,Task 2,Task 3,Task 4,6/110,Reading A,Task 1,Before reading the passage,see how much you know about design procedures by answering the following questions.,1.What is an architectural design?,2.What factors should be taken into consideration,before a design is completed?,7/110,Reading A,How to Design,The design of each construction project has its own specific,characteristics,but the steps or phases that are needed to build the structure are similar.These steps are mainly:,8/110,Reading A,Step One:Study Performance Requirements,The designer must study the performance,requirements,thoroughly,.Some of these,requirements include matters such as load,intensities and their,duration,and the effects of,dynamic action.,9/110,Reading A,Step Two:Investigate Local Conditions,The design of any civil engineering,structure,is greatly,influenced,by local conditions.Even if the performance requirements are the same and the same type of structures is selected for different locations,each structure will exhibit differences in design so as to,comply with,the local conditions.Site elevations,foundation characteristics,water tables,immediate surroundings,and the environment as a whole are some of the local conditions that will need to be,investigated,.,10/110,Reading A,Step Three:Draw a Preliminary Design,Size ratios depend on the type of structures,Its use,and the major design procedure that is,adopted,.Cross-sections of the area,and the use of available,empirical,rules,combined with some rough calculations will help the drawing of a preliminary design.Preliminary sizes and size ratios,have to be assumed before any analysis can take place.,11/110,Reading A,Step Four:Carry out a Structural Analysis,The stress levels to be expected from the,preliminary design can now be determined.In,most cases,strength is the initial design,criterion,while all other criteria are used for checks at later,stages.,12/110,Reading A,Step Five:Select Shapes and Sizes,The revised selection of sizes and shapes and,their ratios takes place after analysis.These are,compared with those initially assumed.To arrive,at an,economical,design,it is usually necessary,to repeat the analysis with the revised sizes,and shapes.For an,optimum,design,computer,programs can be used to carry out this trial-and-,error procedure,which typically assumes,dimensions and checks the resulting stresses by,means of analysis.,13/110,Reading A,Step Six:Develop a Secondary Design,Most designs are initially based on the,strength criterion.,Overall,structural stability,deformations,dynamic behavior,the,occurrence,of secondary stresses due to temperature changes,and the design and retention of connections could all be classified as secondary design criteria.When these secondary effects are investigated,they may prove to be major effects requiring modifications or revisions of the initial design.Based on experience,the engineer may be able to recognize at an early stage how relevant any secondary criteria will be and will include these in the initial design.,14/110,Reading A,每个建筑项目标设计都有其详细特点，必要设计步骤大致相同。这些步骤主要有：,怎样进行设计,15/110,Reading A,第一步：研究性能要求,设计者必须全方面研究性能要求。这些要求包含负荷强度和连续时间，以及动态作用影响。,16/110,Reading A,第二步：考查当地条件,任何一项土建工程结构设计都极大地受到当地条件影响。即使性能要求相同而且建筑类型也相同，假如建筑地点不一样，每个建筑在设计上也会有所差异，从而与当地条件相适应。选址海拔高度、地基特征、地下水位、周围事物以及整个环境等都是需要深入调查当地条件。,17/110,Reading A,第三步：做出初步设计,大小百分比取决于结构类型、应用以及主要采取设计程序。区域横截面，现有经验法则结合一些粗略计算，都有利于做出初步设计。,18/110,Reading A,第四步：进行结构分析,现在能够决定初步设计中预期应力水平。在多数情况下，强度是初始设计标准，而全部其它标准则用于后期检验,。,19/110,Reading A,第五步：选择形状和大小,经过分析，能够修正大小、形状和百分比等，并与初始假设作比较。为了设计出一个经济方案，通常都需要对调整后大小和形状进行重复分析。为了到达最优化设计，能够利用计算机程序执行重复试验程序，这是一个经典，用于假定大小而且检验由此产生应力方法。,20/110,Reading A,第六步：进行二次设计,大多数设计最初是基于强度标准。而整体结构稳定性、变形、动力学行为和由温度改变引发次应力、连接设计和保留等都可作为二次设计标准。当深入研究这些影响后，就可能需对初步设计进行修改或修正。工程师能够依据经验，在早期发觉这些二次标准相关性并在初步设计时加以考虑。,21/110,Reading A,characteristic,n.,特征,，,特征,e.g.1.The need to communicate with one,another is a key,characteristic,of,human society.,人类社会关键特征就是人们需要与其它人,交流。,2.Babbling remains one of Jims less,endearing,characteristics,.,唠叨一直是吉姆不太讨人喜欢一个特点。,22/110,Reading A,thoroughly,e.g.1.Im,thoroughly,confused by his,words.,我对他说话感到非常迷惑,。,2.I,thoroughly,enjoyed the dinner,tonight.,我非常喜欢今天晚餐。,adv.,完全地；极度地,23/110,Reading A,influence,v.,影响，起作用,e.g.1.A number of social factors,influence,life expectancy.,很多社会原因都会影响平均寿命。,2.Dont let me,influence,your idea.,别让我影响你想法。,Useful Expression,：,influence,sb.,to do sth.,影响某人做某事,24/110,Reading A,comply with,服从，恪守,e.g.1.There are serious penalties for,failure to,comply with,the regulations.,不恪守规则将受到严重处罚。,2.People who refuse to,comply with,the,law will be punished.,不恪遵法律人将受到处罚。,25/110,Reading A,investigate,v.,查明；调查；审查,e.g.1.The researchers are,investigating,to,find out how to improve the existing,products.,研究者们正在调查找出改进现有产品方法。,2.I heard a noise and went downstairs to,investigate,.,我听见响声，就下楼去看个终究。,26/110,Reading A,adopt,v.,采取,e.g.1.He has,adopted,a remarkably,light-hearted attitude toward the,situation.,在这种情形下他采取了一个异常轻松,态度来面对。,2.The courts asked to,adopt,a more,flexible approach to young offenders.,法庭要求对年轻罪犯采取较灵活处理方法。,27/110,Reading A,empirical,adj.,以经验为依据,e.g.1.,Empirical,studies show that some,forms of alternative medicine are,extremely effective.,科学研究显示一些替换性药品是非常有效。,2.Researchers hope to find,empirical,evidence to confirm their investigation.,研究者们希望能找到试验依据证实他们调查。,28/110,Reading A,criterion,n.,（尤指做出科学判断、决定）标准，准则,e.g.1.We are looking for a very specific,sort of person and this woman,seems to fulfill all of our,criteria,.,我们正在找一个尤其人而这个女人正,符合全部标准。,2.What are your,criteria,for judging,a good person?,你判断一个好人标准是什么？,29/110,Reading A,economical,adj.,经济，省钱，节约,e.g.1.Whats the most,economical,way of,heating this building?,给这栋楼供暖最经济方式是什么？,2.A small car is more,economical,than,a large one.,小型汽车比大型更省钱。,30/110,Reading A,optimum,adj.,最优；最正确条件，最正确情况,e.g.1.A mixture of selected funds is an,optimum,choice for future security and return on,investment.,对于未来投资回报安全性，有选择性基金,混合是最好选择。,2.It is the,optimum,conditions for growing,rice.,这是种植水稻最正确条件。,31/110,Reading A,overall,adj.,包含一切，全部,e.g.1.The,overall,report is good,despite a few,minor problems.,汇报总体上好，即使有一些小问题。,2.Whats the,overall,cost of the products?,这个产品全部费用是多少？,32/110,Reading A,deformation,n.,变丑，畸形,e.g.1.The,deformation,of the bones was caused,by poor diet.,骨骼变形是由营养不良引发。,2.The change of the temperature leads to,the,deformation,of the wooden door.,温度改变造成了木质门变形。,33/110,Reading A,duration,n.,连续时间，期间,e.g.1.He will be in hospital for the,duration,of,the school year.,整个学前他都要住院。,2.Jack was interned and had to stay in the,UK for the,duration,of the war.,杰克遭到扣押，在战争中不得不留在英国。,34/110,Reading A,occurrence,n.,发生事，事件,e.g.1.Hurricane in this place is a common,occurrence,.,这个地方刮飓风是常有事。,2.Laughter was a rare,occurrence,in her,classroom.,她教室里难得有笑声。,35/110,Reading A,structure,n.,结构,e.g.1.The financial,structure,is the key of the,company.,财务结构是组成企业关键。,2.The,structure,of this sentence is very,simple.,这个句子结构非常简单。,36/110,Reading A,Task 2,Read the passage and arrange the following,steps in the right order.,The correct order is _,E,C,D,B,F,A,A.Develop a Secondary Design,B.Carry out a Structural Analysis,C.Investigate Local Conditions,D.Draw a Preliminary Design,E.Study Performance Requirements,F.Select Shapes and Sizes,37/110,Reading A,Task 3,Read the passage again and decide whether the following statements are true(T)or false(F).,T,T,F,F,F,F,T,F,The performance requirements are carefully studied at the very beginning.,2.The local conditions may affect the design considerably.,3.Site elevations,foundation characteristics,etc.decide the size ratios in a preliminary design.,4.The stability is a criterion in initial design.,5.The sizes and shapes are selected in the third step.,6.For a good design,a trial-and-error procedure is conducted by engineers themselves.,7.Secondary design consideration include structural stability,deformations,etc.,8.Temperature changes may affect the stability of a building.,38/110,Reading A,Task 4,Answer the following questions by filling in the blanks.,1.What are performance requirements?,They include _ and their duration,and _.,2.What are the local conditions for civil engineering,structure?,They include _,foundation,characteristics,_ and immediate,surroundings,etc.,3.What are closely related to preliminary sizes?,Size ratios depend on _,its,use,and the major _.,load intensities,the effects of dynamic action,site elevations,water tables,the type of structures,design procedure that is adopted,39/110,Reading A,4.What is mentioned as a criterion in the initial design?,In most cases,_is the initial design,criterion,while all other criteria are used for,checks at later stages.,5.What is involved for an optimum design?,For an optimum design _,can,be used to carry out the _,which typically assumes dimensions and checks the,resulting stress by means of analysis.,strength,computer programs,trial-and-error procedure,40/110,Listening,Task 2,Task 3,Task 4,Task 1,Task 5,41/110,Listening,Task 1,Mrs.Li is calling John for the next monthly meeting.Listen to the conversation and complete the following statements.,1.This conversation probably takes place,between a(n)_ and a(n),_.,2.Mrs.Li asks John to,_ and,_.,3.John promises to respond to Mrs.Li either,_or _.,manager,secretary,proofread her plan for the meeting,send the plan to the architects and civil engineers,this afternoon,this evening,New Words,workable,adj.,可行,proofread,v.,校对,42/110,Listening,Task 1,Script,43/110,Listening,Task 2,Listen to the conversation in Task 1 again,and complete the following notepad.,To talk about the next meeting,next Wednesday,the 15th,Architects and civil engineers,About the construction schedule,Purpose of the conversation:,_,Time for the meeting:,_,Participants of the meeting:,_,Main issue of the meeting:,_,44/110,Listening,Task 3,Listen to the architect,Mr.Holt,as he gives his monthly progress report at the meeting.Fill in the blanks with what you hear.,Mrs.Li:,Shall we start our meeting?OK.Gentlemen,the,purpose of our meeting today is to review and discuss,the,1 _,of this project.Mr.Holt,our main,2,_,for this project,will give us an account of,the construction schedule and recent progress.,progress,architect,45/110,Listening,Mr.Holt:,First of all,I would like to explain what we have,achieved.Generally speaking,the,3,_activities have been going smoothly.,Let me start with the diversion structure.We have,placed 2,656 cubic meters of concrete.This phase will,be completed tomorrow and,4,_.Next,Id like to discuss the scheduled work for the next,four weeks.We understand that the weather forecast,is,5 _,that the rainy season will come earlier,than usual.So we have concentrated our manpower,and equipment on the,6,_and on the,concrete placement.,construction,on schedule,indicating,foundations,46/110,Listening,Task 3,Script,47/110,Listening,Task 4,An Environmental Inspector,Mr.Chen,is paying a visit to Mrs.Lis project.Listen to the conversation and answer the following questions.,1.Whats the purpose of Mr.Chens visit?,2.What are the local residents from nearby communities,worried about?,His visit is to learn how the environment is being,protected.,They are worried about the possible negative,impact on the environment especially during the,construction phase.,New Words,resident,n.,居民,contamination,n.,污染,48/110,Listening,3.What has the company done to protect the environment,in general?,4.What does the company do to protect the river from,contamination?,5.Where does Mr.Chen want to go at last?,The company have studied the relevant environmental protection regulations and fully complied with everything.,They clear away things like empty cement bags and other waste materials from the river banks twice a day.,He wants to go to the construction site.,49/110,Listening,Task,Script,50/110,Listening,Task 5,Listen to a passage about structural design and fill in the blanks with what you hear.,1,_ is a significant aspect of structural design.It usually starts with a basic shape and size,and then the ratios are changed by,2,_ This process is dynamic.The adjustment may be,3,_,or it may be modeled on computers but the,4,_are constantly monitored.Other considerations,such as,5,_,deformations,dynamic behavior,are also important criteria in a structural design.,The selection of shapes and sizes,proper adjustment,a trial-and-error procedure,resulting stress,overall structural stability,New Words,adjustment,n.,调整，调整,constantly,adv.,不停地，时常地,51/110,Listening,Task 5,Script,52/110,Speaking,Task 2,Task 3,Task 4,Task 1,53/110,Speaking,Task 1,Work by yourself.Read and learn the following,expressions by heart.,Requesting Clarification,Response,Do you mean that?,Yes,thats what I mean.,Could you clarify that for me?,Exactly.,I dont get it.,Not really.,Are you trying to say that?,Not at all.,Could you please go over that again?,Let me put it this way.,What do you mean by?,What Im trying to say is,54/110,Speaking,Task 2,Work in pairs.Suppose you are a representative for a construction company and you are hold a press conference about a new project.Discuss what types of questions may be raised and how you should answer them.,Example:,A:Good morning,everyone.Im John Hopkins,from TCT Building,Company.Any questions?,B:Could you say the initial plan was a success from your point of,view?,A:_,_,_.,B:Do you have plans for further improvements?,A:_,_,_.,B:One last question:is it true that you said you expect to get,approval of your secondary plans in the next monthly meeting?,A:_.,B:,Well,as I said before,the initial plan serves as a good beginning,which also needs constant modification.It was successful in a sense for it is a flexible and open plan.,Sure.The following-up plan has been discussed and we will consult the experts in this field in our meetings to ensure the plan suits the purpose.,Yes,sure.,55/110,Speaking,Task 3,Manager of TCT Building Work in pairs.Suppose you are the Senior Company,while your partner is an inspector.Practice making a conversation with the help of the instructions below.,Senior Manager,w