医学科研论文的的撰写.ppt

,*,按一下以編輯母片標題樣式,按一下以編輯母片,第二層,第三層,第四層,第五層,按一下以編輯母片標題樣式,按一下以編輯母片,第二層,第三層,第四層,第五層,*,医学研究论文的种类,原创性研究论文（,Original paper,）,字数限制约,30005000,个,短讯,(Short Communication),字数限制约,500800,个,评论,(Comments,Opinion),字数限制约,500800,个,致编辑函,(Letter to Editor),字数限制约,300500,个,综述,(Review),字数一般约,5000,个,系统评价（,Meta analysis,）,字数限制约,30005000,个,个案报道（,Case report,）,How to write an original paper,原创性研究论文,Original Research,Paper,字数限制约,30005000,个,参考文献数、图与表的数目皆有一定限制,所报导的研究须符合实证科学的逻辑，能为此领域提供有价值的,新,知识或讯息,要得出一个,结论,，提供支持结论所必须的数据（,结果,部分），并对之进行阐释（,讨论,部分）,The basic content of a paper,Title,（标题）,abstract,（摘要）,key words,（关键词）,introduction,（引言）,Methods,（方法）,results,(,结果,),Including tables,figures and figure legend,discussion,（讨论）,acknowledgements,（致谢）,disclosure,（声明）,references,（参考文献）,Title,Specialists said:,Many people will read the title of your paper,but not read the entire paper,or even the abstract.,Is central subject of a paper,Very important,The style of a Title,单一短语,:,Proteinuria as a Risk Factor in renal failure,短语组合,:,Proteinuria:a Risk Factor in Renal Failure,陈述,:,proteinuria is a Risk Factor in Renal Failure,组合性陈述,:,Proteinuria is a Risk Factor in Renal Failure:,a clinical study,问题,:,Is Proteinuria a Risk Factor in Renal Failure?,组合性问题,:,Is Proteinuria a Risk Factor in Renal Failure?,Lessons learn from clinical study,A good,T,itle,Creative(,有创造性,),Abstractive,(,有吸引力,),A,ccurate,（正确）,C,omplete,（完整）,S,pecific,（具体）,U,nambiguous,（清晰）,C,oncise,（简练）,Troubleshooting,of the Title,Too many words,（字数太多）,Ambiguous,（含糊不清）,Boring,（主题无聊）,Nothing new,（没有新意）,Using Abbreviation or chemical formula,(,缩写词、化学式）,复合感染法联合,5/6,肾切除,制作,IgAN,肾小球硬化模型的,建立,及其评价,(,语法错误,),肾糖颗粒对糖尿病肾病大鼠,肾脏的保护作用,及,病理形态的影响,（,内容重复，不简练,）,金雀异黄素对晚期糖基化终末产物,刺激,大鼠系膜细胞氧化应激反应的,保护作用（,模糊不清，字太多,）,慢性肾脏病患者血清,TGF1,与,纤维化指标,的相关性研究（,相互包含，,不够具体,）,肾炎康复片对,肾脏细胞,外基质,作用,及,机制,研究,（,不够具体，无新意太泛,）,Bad title,Abstract,Besides,the title,reveiwers or readers may be only read the abstract.,The most import part of a paper,You aways write the abstract part,at the end,The contents of a Abstract,Introduction/Backgroud,：,Problem,hypothesis,and objective,（,15%),Methods,：,Research design,、,method and statistics,（,15-20%,）,Results,：,the important discover,（,50-55%,Conclusion,：,The significance of your discover,（,15%,）,A good abstract,Following the guidline of the journal,Hang out together(,自成一段,),clear,including keywords,no abbreviation,no refrences,Is a independent part of a paper,Including specific data,Accurate,Readable and logical,How to write a good abstract,Steps:,1.Read the guidline of the journal(words number and format),2.Summerize the key pionts of your research,3.,Write,4.Revise and simplify,5.Phase and words improvement,6.Double check,Introduction/Backgroud/Aim,重点在于,研究目的和要解决的问题,(15%),The slit diaphragm(SD)of podocyte impairment contributes to,massive proteinuria and progressive glomerulosclerosis in many human,glomerular diseases.,The aim,of the study was to determine if thiazolidinedione,(TZD)reduce proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis in focal segmental,glomerulosclerosis,(FSGS)by preserving the structure and function,of SD.,Methods,研究是怎样设计的？采用了哪些技术？使用何种统计学方法？,(15-20%),Adriamycin-induced FSGS,rat models,were employed.,Urinary protein,content was measured dynamically during the experiment.Additional,biochemical parameters,in serum samples were measured after the animals were killed.,Glomerular sclerosis index,(SI)and podocyte foot processes fusion rate(PFR)were evaluated.The protein and mRNA expressing levels of,nephrin,podocin and CD2-associated,protein(CD2AP)in glomeruli were assessed by immunohistochemistry and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction,respectively.The,density of podocytes,was also evaluated after anti-Wilms tumour-1 immunohistochemical staining.,Results,最重要的发现是什么？,(50-55%),Rosiglitazone treatment partially,reduced proteinuria,but did not,significantly affect the serum levels of triglyceride,cholesterol,albumin,glucose,urea nitrogen and creatinine in Adriamycin-induced FSGS rats.,Glomerular SI and podocyte foot,PFR were significantly attenuated,by,rosiglitazone treatment.Rosiglitazone,prevented the reduction of nephrin,podocin and CD2AP protein expression induced by Adriamycin,however,the mRNA expression levels of these SD-related markers did not change,significantly.Rosiglitazone therapy,did not reverse,Adriamycin-mediated,reduction of the density of podocytes.,Conclusion,结果为什么重要？意义？(15%),The study data suggest that TZD are promising therapeutic,agents on FSGS,and the mechanism may be mediated in part by directly,protecting the structure and function of SD.,不合格,Introduction,Beginning the story,What have known?,What is still unclear or unkown?,The aim/hypothesis,The definition of the research problem,Introduction,已知的方面,为研究提供背景,以背景开始，描述研究的范围和意义,介绍与课题相关的前期研究结果（包括阳性结果和阴性结果）,Make sure background relates only to specific subject of paper.,A large body of research over the past decade,revealed that,.It is,well known that,Introduction,未知的方面,为研究提供理论依据,确定问题所在或突破口,尽量精简参考文献数量,避免使用其他研究者的名字,省略不必要的细节,Sporadic studies showed that.,Heretofore,there was no well-recognized,drug available in podocytopathy therapy.Consequently,an additional research is necessary to develop new therapeutic agents.,However,There was no information available on,Introduction,提出假设,为研究提供理论依据,确定问题所在或突破口,尽量精简参考文献数量,避免使用其他研究者的名字,省略不必要的细节,.PPAR-g expression was increased in podocytes in renal sclerotic,status.,6,All these results,suggested,that TZD may be promising pharmacological agents in podocytopathy therapy.,Introduction,说明研究目的,陈述你研究的特定问题，以及你如何回答这个问题或者假说,“,In this study,we”or“To answer this question,we”,It was employed in the present study,to determine if TZD can protect the structure and function of SD,to attenuate proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis in FSGS.,写,Introduction,注意事项,研究目的,必须清楚陈述,背景知识,:,要有针对性，勿离题，勿写成综述,如果为,实证研究,，则必须要有假说,如果是,报导性,的文章，报导的,动机与其独特性,要交代清楚。,不合格的前言,Methods,A complete and detailed description of what was done.,The methods must be described in enough detail to permit the experiment to be,reproduced by other investigators,.,Usally you write this part first,The contents of,Methods,材料：,实验材料，实验对象,(,动物和人类,),方法：,实验设计、实验目的和手段,统计分析,How to write Methods,临床研究,(clinical trail),患者群体资料,实验方案（分组、对照）,每个方案采用的方法,数据分析,实验室研究,材料,/,动物,样本制备,操作步骤,数据分析,何谓临床测试,(Clinical trail),？,临床测试针对自愿参与的个,人,，在人权与伦理规范下，进行与人类健康相关的研究，探讨与人类疾病有关的问题，以寻找能增进人类健康与生活质量的方案,Clinical trail -,研究设计,例：“,The study was a double-blind,randomized,placebo-controlled designed to compare”,声明遵守相关伦理规定的内容,“,The protocol was approved by the IRB of each participating hospital”,要提供伦理审查委员会（,IRB,）实验设计编号或临床试验编号,Clinical trail -,研究方案,描述被研究的人群的特征,提供纳入和排除标准,对于随机研究，说明如何做到随机化；对于多中心研究，说明研究是如何分布的,说明你的项目的目标样本大小及主要和次要观察终点,可使用表格（如病人特征）和图片（如多中心试验）进行说明,Clinical trail,-,研究方案,对照组（,control group;placebo,）,单盲（,single blind,）；,双盲（,double blind,）,任意编组（,randomly allocate,）,多单位（一个以上的医学机构）,副作用,（,Side effect),或不良影响,(Adverse effect),随访（,follow up,）,退出人数与原因（,withdrew,）,流失人数与原因（,missing data,）,Trials should be registered in one of the following trial registries:,现网站上一些公共注册资源可为大家使用，其中一部分还是免费为注册者开放的。,www.clinicaltrials.gov/,(Clinical Trials),actr.org.au,(Australian Clinical Trials Registry),isrctn.org,(ISRCTN Register),www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/index.asp,(Netherlands Trial Register),www.umin.ac.jp/ctr,(UMIN Clinical Trials Registry),Clinical trial,的伦理问题,任何与人体相关的研究与文章，一般杂志要求遵守,CONSORT,的规范,、,通过伦理委员会（,Institutional Review Board;IRB,），并获得受试者知情同意书（,Inform Consent,）,When reporting randomized controlled trials,please adhere to the,CONSORT,(Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials,，,临床试验报告统一标准,)statement,(www.consort-statement.org),Declaration of Helsinki(1964),Participants,Eighteen hemiplegic inpatients suffering from stroke,w,ere recruited from the X,University Hospital.,Inclusion criteria,were as follows,:(1),.,(3),orthopedic or,.,This study has been,approved by the,Institutional Review Board,of X University Hospital,.,All subjects signed an informed consent.,Experimental research -,研究方案,描述所有的材料（药物、培养基、缓冲液，气体、受试者，仪器,/,设备等等）,如果方法学还没有很好的建立，说明并给出细节或参考文献,BALB/c male mice,(68 weeks old)were,used.,.The animals were,purchased from,.The mice were,housed in,.,The standard,mouse diet,and water were given,ad libitum,.,实验动物范例,Materials and Methods,Patients.,This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College.Kidney tissue specimens were obtained from,Extraction of urinary proteins.,Urinary proteins were extracted from as described previously.,Cell culture and treatment.,Human proximal tubular HK-2 cells(ATCC,Virginia,USA)were maintained,Plasmid transfection and small interfering RNAs.,HK-2 cells were transfected with tfLC3 plasmid or siRNA-BECN1 as described previously,Animal experiments.,40 male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 160-250 g were randomly divided into,Transmission electronic microscopy.,Kidney tissue specimens from human or rat,as well as HK-2 cells were fixed,Immunofluorescent and immunohistochemical study.,Immunostaining analysis for tissues or cells was conducted,Statistics Analysis,描述所使用的统计方法,详细说明所使用的电脑软件,特殊的或复杂统计方法需要解释和引用参考文献,为最终环节，非常重要！,应尽早咨询统计学专家！,Statistical analysis,The FA from normal and lesion sides is expressed as the,mean standard deviation,.Comparisons on the same patients normal and lesion sides,as well as characteristics of white matter involvement,were performed by a,mixed model,considering the repeated measure,and,multiple comparisons,between white matter involvement were adjusted using the,Bonferroni method,.Statistical calculations were performed using SAS version 9.0(SAS Institute,Cary,NC,USA.),with a significance level of 0.05.,Results,To present what you have found,not just collect the data,！,You should see through the appearance to the essence,，,not just present the data mechanically,！,About the Results,作用,：陈述实验结果，展示支持结果的数据,内容,：结果和数据,组织,：时间顺序或者从最重要的开始,一般使用,小标题,要有一致性,：结果、讨论和摘要内容的一致性,How to write a good Results,每段落一个结果,/,主题,简洁有序,再次简要提及方法和材料,使用过去时态,给出明确的比较,提供适当的统计学细节,用图片和表格列出详细数据，文字描述少而精,可适当进行总结，但不要深入讨论,每段落一个结果,/,主题,Results,Autophagic vacuoles are increased in TECs from patients with minimal change nephrotic syndrome.,Urinary proteins overload triggers autophagic response in culture TECs.,We then employed a protein overload model of cultured TECs.,Urinary proteins overload increase autophagic activity in TECs,.As shown in,Fig.2D and 2E,exposure to 2-8 mg/ml urinary proteins or 8 mg/ml HSA.,ROS-dependent autophagic induction accounts for the autophagy activation.,It was reported that ROS was.,Autophagy activation protects TECs from urinary protein-induced injury.,It is conceived that,Results,Autophagic vacuoles are.in nephrotic syndrome.,In this study,we firstly,utilized immune-fluorescent technology,（,简要提及方法,）,to examine the expression of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3(LC3)-II(a key marker of autophagy)in TECs.As shown in,Fig.1A,and,1B,compared to the control,there were,（使用过去时态）,significantly more LC3-II positive dots seen in renal TECs from patients with minimal change nephrotic syndrome(MCNS),(P0.01).,（,提供适当的统计学细节,）,续：,Similar to LC3-II immunostaining,the number of autophagic vacuoles was also,increased significantly,in renal proximal TECs of MCNS patients,when compared to the controls,(,Fig.1D,),（,明确对比,）,.,用图片和表格列出详细数据，文字描述少而精,Figure 1,.,Quantitative change of autophagic vacuoles in TECs from MCNS patients.,(A and B)Immunofluorescent staining of LC3 and the scoreofLC3-IIexpression in renal tubuli of MCNS patients or controls.Scale bar,50 m.,(C and D)Ultrastructural images of autophagic vacuoles in MCNS patients and the controls.TEM images showed the representative initial/early(AVi)and degradative/late(AVd)autophagic vacuoles(C).There were more autophagic vacuoles in TECs from MCNS patients than controls(D).Red arrows indicate autophagic vacuoles.Scale bar,500 nm(C)and 2 m(D),respectively.,*indicates,P,0.01,To rule out the possibility that the increase.,at various concentrations.,The results revealed that LPS exposure did not affect LC3-II biosynthesis even at a relatively high dose that was about 20 folds higher than the measurable threshold of 0.025 EU/ml,while the LPS level in urinary protein extracts was lower than the measurable threshold in our samples(,Fig.2G,).,（,透过 现象观看本质，而不是只是简单的陈述,）,These data suggest that LPS is not a major factor in urinary protein-induced autophagic response in present study.,（适当进行总结）,Results,-Tables and figures,临床,研究,的第一个表经常是受测者的基本数据，,例如,Demographic data;Baseline information,图,表的安排必须与,结,果,的,文字,描,述,完全,吻,合,呈现最主要、能充分支持结论的数据，内文重点描述,图表中主要的讯息或发现,所有图表皆需要能自我阐释,除非是描述性图表，否则所有数据皆应该有统计结果,图的,X-,轴与,Y-,轴要标示要清楚，不要忘了单位,Discussion,To expoud the significance of your finding,回答引言提出的问题，说明结果如何支持你的假说,陈述研究结果的重要性,解释研究结果的发现、关系和影响,你的结果是如何与本研究领域或研究主题现有的知识相符（一致性），不符，或 新颖性。,How to write Dicussion,To expoud the significance of your finding,回答引言提出的问题，说明结果如何支持你的假说,陈述研究结果的重要性,解释研究结果的发现、关系和影响,说明你的结果是如何与本研究领域或研究主题现有的知识相符（一致性），不符，或 新颖性,How to write the disussion,at the begining,首先展示最有力的证据，这是所有人都期待看到的东西（众望所归）,以你的研究结果的重要意义开始,不要以背景信息开始,不要重复引言中的信息,不要以概述开始,Discussion,In the present study,we found that urinary protein exposure resulted in the accumulation of autophagic vacuoles in TECs in vivo and in vitro.,However,.,How to write the discussion,at the middle,对你的结果做出解释，构思新的概念或机制,说明你的结合如何与文献相符，文献如何支持你的发现或者答案,基于结果讨论可能的机制,按重要的程度排序,与其它研究结果、你或其他人先前的工作比较：相同之处或不同之处，并说明原因,每段一个中心意思,How to write the Disussion,at the end,要有力而清楚,复述对提出问题的回答：用一句话概括,提及可能的应用、影响或推测,基于结果得出正确结论。,如有需要，为今后的工作给出建议,In conclusion,our results indicate that autophagy activation in response to urinary protein exposure represents a protective response,which alleviates TEC injury.Promoting autophagic flux in TECs might be beneficial in clinical management of nephropathies with refractory proteinuria.,例：,前言,的一部分（提出假设）,讨论,的一部分,（回答引言提出的问题）,说明结果如何支持你的假说,陈述研究结果的重要性,解释研究结果的发现、关系和影响,对与预期结果不符的研究结果进行合理解释,References,符合期刊要求格式,一般,20-40,条，少于,50,条,共同性：引用,Review,文章,特异性和具体事件：引用,original,文章,引用,Updated,high impact,文章,Acknowledgements&,标明基金资助,对研究有帮助但又未被列为作者的人,disclosure,（声明）,确定利益冲突,如有必要，披露相关事宜,How to write a Review,Review,(,综述,),是对某领域的现状进行统整性的论述，为临床实践和研究方向提供参考，也可能为倡导某种理论或学说,国外的综论主要是由编辑委员会邀请某一领域之大师级或长期进行研究的医师撰写,国内的综述基本由研究生撰写，导师审校,综述的基本要素,资料来源：,Original Papers,综述的要素：,综,：,是躯体，即对主题的发展背景，工作意义进行,有机,的,综合,述,：,是灵魂，即对所收集的文献资料发表评论性意见，并 指出以后的工作方向,综述的写作步骤,确定你感兴趣的题目,初步查阅和浏览文献,制定综述的提纲,撰写初稿,修改,审校,如何写一篇好综述,每篇综述都要有一明确的主题,文献的选择和取舍非常关键：要体现主题的，权威的，新的,文献的编排很重要：文章的结构要符合罗辑,初阅文献时一定要作读书笔记,要领会文章的真实意义，不要生搬内容,引用文献时一般是引用文献的结果，有时也引用结论，必要时要简介其方法,综述常见问题,有综无述,文献无序堆砌,不懂从文献中抽提精华所在,标点符号问题：中英文要区分，标点符号使用不恰当,语法不规范：用陈述句，用主动句，用单句，用正式书面语，用正规术语，表达应精确,错别字：须杜绝发生,参考文献的书写格式：标准著录格式,Thanks,Case report,Short communication,letter to edit,病例报导、短讯、致编辑的信必须符合下列要点，才可能被考虑刊登：,1.,本病例属首例报导,2.,本病例相当罕见且存在特异性,3.,本病例可成为某理论成立的证据。这些情况是进行病例报导的主要动机。,