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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2016/11/30,#,Lexicology,1/24,Types of Semantic Change,(,词义改变方式,),2/24,1,：,Generalization,(,词义扩展,),又称,：,extension,Meaning:,The word“generalization”is a term of Latin origin referring to the stretching of meaning.,“,picture”,原义词,:,only a painted.,扩展后意义,:,a drawing,a photograph and so on.,“thing”,原义词,:,a political or judicial assembly.,(,治会议或审判大会,),扩展后意义,:,as a ting an eventually this meaning of“matter”.,3/24,原义,扩展后意义,1:bribery,给乞丐残羹剩饭,行贿；受贿,2:economy,家庭料理 经济,3:influence,古代星占学家用来指一个从 影响,强大物质星际降入人间,4:holidays,专指圣诞节、复活节等节日 任何假日,5:sanctuary,圣所、圣殿,避难所、呵护所,4/24,2,:,Specialization,(,词义缩小,),Meaning:,“,Specialization,”,is also a term of Latin origin referring of meaning.,“deer”,原义,:,animal,缩小后意义,:,deer,“artillery”,原义,:,munitions of war,缩小后意义,:,mounted guns,(,军需品,),(,安装枪,),5/24,原义 缩小后意义,1:hangar,棚 飞机棚、飞机库,2:garage,安全地方 汽车间,3:stink,任何一个气味 臭气,4:poison,饮料 毒药,5:hospital,供游者休息娱乐场所 医院,6/24,Elevation of meaning,Definition:,Elevation refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginning to position of importance,Change:,from,negative,to,positive,from,derogatory,to,appreciative,from,neutral,to,appreciative,from,unimportant,to,important,7/24,Elevation of meaning,Examples,Originally,Meaning after elevation,Marshall,Horseservant,Minister,Craftsman,a person good atcheating,a worker in a skilled trade,shrewd,wicked;malicious,keen-witted;,Clever or sharp,8/24,Change:,from,positive,to,negative,from,appreciative,to,pejorative,from,neutral,to,negative,from,important,to,unimportant,Degeneration of meaning,Definition:,It is a process by which words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come be used in derogatory sense,9/24,Degeneration of meaning,Examples,Originally,Meaning after degeneration,Villain,A farm labor,Scoundrel,Boor,A farmer,A rough,ill-mannered person,Knave,Boy,Dishonest person,10/24,The use of the abstract for the concrete or vice versa.,The specific meaning,The abstract meaning,E.g.“Threat”means“army”a,t first.,Later extended to threat.,11/24,The abstract meaning,The specific meaning,E.g.“Proposition”means“suggested”,or“offer”.,But this word can also be,used to refer to people.,It means“Difficult to deal with”.,12/24,Common,words from proper names.,A lot of common nouns are,evolved from proper nouns.,E.g.“Don Juan”,is a Spanish aristocracy.,Now we called the person“a Don Juan”,it means“a philanderer”.,This process is also called“antonomasia”.,13/24,The place proper nouns,(It from the features of local naming),E.g.“copper”,from the Cyprus“.Because the area is famous for its copper production.,14/24,The names of proper nouns,E.g.“shrapnel”,was invented by a British general,shrapnel,.,It usually comes from the name,of the inventor.,15/24,2.,Someone for the first or find an event to fame,after into a common noun.,E.g.“sandwich”was derived from a count.,In order to save the time of gambling,he used a piece of meat to eat bread clip.,16/24,3.A famous figure in the novel,as a result of the obvious characteristics of the person referred to the general.,E.g.We use Tartuffe to say“hypocritical people”.,It is from the playwright molieres comedy character the same name.,17/24,The title of proper nouns or movie name,E.g.“radical chic”,is the title of Tom Wolfes works.,Now we also used to refer to associate with radical fashion,18/24,Transference of meaning,The process by which the difference has occurred in the development of a language is called,transference of meaning,19/24,objective meaning,(1)Subjective meaning,.,1,e.g,“,Shame kept him silent”,“shameful treatment,”,20/24,(3)Objective meaning,(,2)Subjective and objective two kinds of meaning.,e.g Knowledge,theory,feeling,A,profound,professor,21/24,2,Objective meaning,Subjective meaning,e.g “feeling sorrows”,“sorrows that are deeply felt”,22/24,(2)Subjective and objective two kinds of meaning.,Objective meaning,e.g,“,hateful”,former,meant“full of hate”as well as “odious”latter meant “odious”,23/24,Thank you,24/24,
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