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Cliquez pour modifier les styles du texte du masque,Deuxime niveau,Troisime niveau,Quatrime niveau,Cinquime niveau,*,Cliquez et modifiez le titre,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,1,Unit 4,A Red Light for Scofflaws,1/59,I.Learning objectives,Have an idea of the variety of scofflaws and the dangers they may cause.,Understand the importance of evidence in expository writing.,2,2/59,Chinese Style of Crossing Roads,“crossing the roads without taking traffic lights into consideration,as long as you are part of a crowd.”,3/59,4/59,scribbling on the walls/spitting,5/59,overload,6/59,Crossing street without walking on pestrian pavementrunning red light,7/59,Litterbugcrossing traffic fence,8/59,II.Warm-up questions,Look up the word“scofflaw”in a dictionary,and name some kinds of scofflaws.,Have you ever been a scofflaw in a sense?Do you know any acquaintance of yours who has been a scofflaw?Tell us a story.,9,9/59,Scofflaw,is a noun coined during the Prohibition time meaning a person who drinks illegally.It is a compound of the words scoff and law,meaning one who mocks or ridicules the law.The meaning has since been extended to describe one who flouts any law,especially those which are difficult to enforce,and particularly traffic laws.,10/59,III.Organization and development of the text,Para.1 introductory paragraph:Millions of Americans are taking increasing liberties with the legal codes.,Para.2 Scofflaws abound in amazing variety.,Para.3 The dangers of scofflawry vary widely.,Para.4 The most flagrant scofflaw is the red-light runner.,Para.5 The flouting of basic rules of the road leaves deep dents in the social mood.,Para.6 Scofflaws are a symptom of elementary social demoralization.,Para.7 The prospect of the collapse of public manners is not merely a matter of etiquette.,Para.8 Scofflawry at various levels of social life was by no means a less serious menace to the foundation of law of the US than violent crimes.,Para.9 The scofflaw spirit is dangerously infectious;something must be done to check its spread.,11,11/59,Part 1,Para 1.,Problem:Millions of Americans are breaking the legal codes.,12/59,13,Language points,take liberties with,:behave in a bold or impolite way towards,She would never have taken a liberty with anyone.,He was not the sort of man with whom one took liberties.,supposedly:,allegedly,a robot supposedly capable of understanding spoken commands,a supposedly inferior form of life such as the reptile,13/59,14,Language points,ethic,:idea or moral belief that influences the behavior,attitudes,and philosophy of life of a group of people(=principle),the American“frontier ethic of expansion and opportunity”,the Protestant work ethic,ethics,:moral beliefs and rules about right and wrong,a conscious,rational,scientific code of ethics,the basic ethics which any religion sets forward,14/59,15,Language points,derelictions:deliberate neglect;negligence,a matter of course,:If sth.is done as a matter of course,it is done as part of a normal situation and is not regarded as unusual or exceptional.(=automatically),The father does his share of the housework as a matter of course when at home.,15/59,take,to,:1)to be pleased by or attracted to;,2)begin to do sth.as a regular habit,The dog seldom takes to strangers.,His manner was so taking that I took to him at once.,After a few years he abandoned journalism and took to writing novels.,Im sorry to hear that he has taken to drink.,Recently I have taken to getting up earlier in the morning.,16/59,法律和秩序是美国历史上连续时间最长、也可能是政治上最热门话题。然而，显然令人烦恼是，数以百万计美国人尽管从没有认为自己会违反法律，更不用说会成为罪犯了，却正在越来越随便地对待那些专为保护与造福他们社会所制订法规。当然，现今确实有些时候似乎无视法律代表了未来时尚。哈佛大学社会学家大卫,莱斯曼怀疑，大多数美国人喜欢犯那种他们认为是无关紧要玩忽职守错误。莱斯曼说，美国社会伦理道德已经处于这么危险之中：即，“假如你遵纪遵法，你就是个傻瓜”。,17/59,Para 2,How many scofflaws are mentioned here and what are they?,18/59,abound,:v.to exist in large number or great quantity,abound in/abound with:to have in large fronts or great quantity,1)The land abounds in springs and streams of water.,2)The jungle abounds with snakes.,3)The book abounds in printing mistakes.,19/59,20,Language points,exempt from,:not affected or bound by (=excused),These houses are exempt from paying rates.,convert,:change into a different form(=transform),A solar cell takes radiation from the sun and converts it into electricity.,Energy is converted from one form to another.,20/59,21,Language points,flurry,:a small amount(as of snow or wind)that suddenly appears for a short time and moves in a rushed,swirling way(=whirl),Snow flurries had been predicted.,Their front runners collided,sending up a flurry of sparks.,21/59,ordinance,:(formal)official rule or order;regulation,In 1972 the city passed an ordinance compelling all outdoor lighting to be switched off at 9:00 p.m.,22/59,23,Language points,plague,:v.keep happening and cause a great deal of trouble,difficulty,or suffering,The system is still plagued by technical faults.,He suffered severe back injuries,which plague him to this day.,I dont know why we have been plagued with such ill luck.,23/59,duck out of,:avoid doing,esp.by making an excuse(=back out),It was too late to duck out of going with them.,24/59,25,Language points,fester,:(a difficult or unpleasant situation,feeling,or thought)grow worse and be characterized by increasing bitterness,anger,and hatred.,His memories festered into hate.,an anger that must find outlet or fester inwardly,hazardous,:dangerous,esp.to peoples health or safety,25/59,支持莱斯曼观点证据是再显著不过。违法乱纪者屡见不鲜、无奇不有，到达了惊人程度。墙上乱涂乱画把公共场所外观糟塌得不堪人目。骑自行车人横冲直闯，似乎两个车轮交通工具能够不受任何交通法规束缚。乱丢垃圾人把他们生活区域变成了垃圾场。正如以前法令未能扫除危害公园满身酒气流氓阿飞一样，广泛宣传法规也未能消除公共场所高分贝便携式收音机。吸烟成瘾人们对“不准吸烟”通告牌熟视无睹。衣冠楚楚吸大麻人再也不像从前那样躲开公众视线偷偷摸摸地传递带大麻香烟了。在中上层人士中毫无顾忌地使用可卡因已成为令人烦恼丑闻。而且，,(,好家伙，人数真不少啊,!),还有随意横穿马路人呢。,26/59,违法行为危害差异极大。在人行道上随地吐痰当然令人厌恶，不过很显著，比起那些违法地在未经许可地域掩埋危险化学废料企业对他人造成危害要小得多。忽略防火安全法规房主对人生命危害当然要比在地铁逃票人大得多。然而，最直接和最引人注目标违法行为恰恰就是最常见一个社会现象。首当其冲者就是美国司机们。今天，他们无法无天行为给公众造成了极大灾难。其危害现有日常多见造成城市街道堵塞并排违章停车，也有司机酒后开车造成每年死亡大约,25,000,人，伤残最少,650,000,人。那么高速公路上违章超速行驶呢？最新调查显示，在一些州际公路上,83%,司机现在根本无视联邦法定每小时,55,英里时速限制。,27/59,28,Language points,flout,:deliberately disobey or do not follow(a law,an order,or an accepted way of behaving)(=disregard),Be prepared to flout convention.,Our rulers know now that were prepared to flout their laws if forced.,28/59,wane,:(a condition,attitude,emotion,etc.)become weaker or smaller,often disappearing compeletely in the end(=lessen,fade),Her enthusiasm for Harold was beginning to wane.,The bond of friendship has not waned but has survived the passage of time.,be on the wane,:diminishing,29/59,全部违章行为中最厚颜无耻要数闯红灯了。在波士顿，人们对这种停顿通行信号藐视已经到了这么程度，以至在当地人中竟然流传着这种笑话：一名出租汽车司机竟然坚持说，红灯信号仅仅起装饰作用。禁止通行红灯控制交通效力在各地都在减弱。在洛杉矶，闯红灯似乎已经成为最常见违反交通法规行为。在纽约，过十字路口就像俄国轮盘赌一样。警察局长罗伯特,杰,麦克盖尔认可，“现在人们在红灯面前是否停下来是,50%,对,50%,抛硬币概率。”同时，他自己属下警察们也大都对这种违章行为熟视无睹。,30/59,31,Language points,make a dent in,:reduce considerably;damage,The operation had made a major dent in the trade of protected wildlife.,dent,What does the author mean by the metaphor“make a dent”here?,31/59,brazen,:shameless,a brazen accusation,brazenly,:No industry is more brazenly oriented towards quick,easy profits.,32/59,33,Language points,prospect,:possibility,chance,likelihood,There was little prospect of significant military aid.,The prospects for revolution are remote.,someones prospects,:their chances of being successful in their career,esp.by being promoted quickly to a high position in an organization,I tried to give a rosy picture of his,prospects,.,Success or failure here would be crucial to his future,prospects,.,33/59,foretaste,:n.,sample,The episode was a,foretaste,of the bitter struggle that was to come.,34/59,35,Language points,stereotype,:a,fixed general image,characteristic,etc that a lot of people believe to represent a particular type of person or thing,The song perpetuates two racist stereotypes.,stereotypical adj.,35/59,skirt,:,avoid(a difficult subject that ought to be dealt with),As I walked through the lobby,I had to,skirt,a group of ladies.,Come to the main issue,and dont,skirt,around it.,36/59,37,Language points,undermine,:make the authority less secure,often by indirect methods,渐渐破坏,Many of them sought to,undermine,his position.,The landowners resented government measures which,undermined,their authority.,37/59,mandate,:,授权；命令；指令,1)the authority that a government has to carry out particular policies as a result of winning an election.,2)(formal)a particular task that sb.is instructed to carry out;a job,Peters,mandate,was to find the best available investment.,38/59,39,Language points,subvert,:destroy the power and influence;undermine,颠覆；推翻；破坏,Conflict and division,subvert,the foundations of society.,The best intentions can be subverted by an overpowering commercial atmosphere.,39/59,comply,:conform with,New vehicles must,comply with,certain standards.,If you want to run a playgroup you must,comply with,the conditions laid down by the authorities.,compliance,:(formal)willingness to do what is required;agreement(+with),There are ways of ensuring compliance.,40/59,41,Language points,nullify,:make ineffective;cancel out;invalidate,This had the effect of,nullify,ing our original advantage.,The whole teams effectiveness can be,nullified,.,Each state had the right to,nullify,the federal governments law.,41/59,disquiet,:n.&v.a feeling of worry or anxiety(=uneasiness),disquieting:disturbing;upsetting,The speakers,disquieting,words made the audience shudder.,42/59,43,Language points,unwittingly,:unintentionally,不知情地；不知不觉地；无意地,I had to be grateful to her for having,however,unwittingly,saved my life.,43/59,terminally,:fatally,a hospice(,收容所）,for the terminally ill,terminal patient,重危病人,terminal cancer,晚期癌症,44/59,V.Paraphrase,The person who illegally spits on the sidewalk remains disgusting,but clearly poses less risk to others than the company that illegally buries hazardous chemical waste in an unauthorized location.,45,45/59,Spitting on the sidewalk is against the law and is always despicable.But the harm it does to others seems insignificant when compared with the danger a company causes by disposing of poisonous chemical waste in a place where it is not permitted.,46/59,Red-light running has always been ranked as a minor wrong,and so it may be in individual instances.When the violation becomes habitual,widespread and incessant,however,a great deal more than a traffic management problem is involved.,Driving through the intersection of a street with no regard to the red traffic light is generally considered as misbehavior of little importance.But when it develops into a social habit,it becomes a problem a great deal more serious than a mere traffic problem.,47/59,For all,their differences,todays scofflaws are,of a piece,as a symptom of elementary social,demoralization,the loss by individuals of the capacity to govern their own behavior in the interest of others.,48/59,However different in forms,todays scofflaws are an indication that the society has basically,been degraded morally.,Its members seem to have lost their ability to,discipline,themselves in such a way that the interests of others have been duly taken care of.,49/59,Innocent drivers and pedestrians pay a repetitious price in frustration,inconvenience and outrage,not to mention a justified sense of mortal peril.The significance of red-light running is magnified by its high visibility.,50,Well-behaved drivers and pedestrians are constantly upset and threatened by peril from violations.The great impact of red-light running is due to its being so noticeable.,50/59,The most disquieting thing about the scofflaw spirit is its extreme infectiousness.Only a terminally foolish society would sit still and allow it to spread indefinitely.,The rapid spread of scofflawry is its most disturbing characteristic.Only a totally irrational society could ever tolerate its unchecked growth.,51,51/59,VI.Classroom discussion,In what sense,according to Trippet,is red-light running a more serious breach of social order than other lawbreaking actions?,Do you agree with Trippet that todays scofflaws,for all their differences,are of a piece as a symptom of elementary social demoralization?,Who are responsible for the slackened enforcement of certain laws,for instance,the federal 55 m.p.h.law?,52,52/59,VII.Assignment,Refer to,Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English,and differentiate,1)the following crimes and offences:,Crime,petty crime,offence,misdemeanor,villainy,delinquency,law-breaking,wrongdoing,misdeed,breach,2)the following persons committing crimes:,Criminal,offender,crook,villain,culprit,outlaw,wrongdoer,delinquent,law-breaker,53,53/59,VIII.Group Work,Please explain scofflawry in general.,Discuss how to eliminate scofflawry effectively.,Talk about instances of scofflawry you have noticed in the following places as well as its harm.,On your campus.,In the street.,On the bus.,In the supermarket.,Or any public places you frequent.,54,54/59,He cant even afford to rent a one-room flat,let alone buy a villa.,55/59,Shortage of fund and labour has been plaguing the company for many years.,56/59,Shanghai ranks as one of the key international nevigation centers in the world.,57/59,The incessant noise from the construction site kept us awake all night.,58/59,2.The editor is not entitled to take liberties with the text of a literary work.,3.Under the influence of my parents,I took to literature in my teens.,4.My sister having left for college,her bedroom has been converted into a study.,59/59,
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