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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,综合教程,5(,第,2,版,),电子教案,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,cover,Unit 11Beauty,1/220,Contents page,Contents,Learning Objectives,Pre-reading Activities,Global Reading,Detailed Reading,Consolidation Activities,Further Enhancement,2/220,Learning Objectives,Learning Objectives,Rhetorical skill:classification,contrast,Key language&grammar points,Writing strategies:argumentative writing,Theme:beauty and“against interpretation”,3/220,Pre-R:picture activation,Which of the above is beautiful?Why do you think so?,Picture Activation,|Pre-questions,4/220,Pre-R:picture activation-remarks,Note:,We hardly can judge the above paintings“beauty”,because“beauty”itself is too abstract.,In addition,different people may have different opinions about the concept.,The question is:,What is your OWN understanding of“beauty”?,Picture Activation,|Pre-questions,5/220,Pre-R:pre-Q1,1.It is believed that almost without exception everyone,men and women,old and young,wishes to be beautiful.However,some people,not too many though,might look physically beautiful but are mentally ugly.What kind of beauty is more important,internal beauty or external beauty?,Picture Activation|,Pre-questions,Open to discussion.,6/220,Pre-R:pre-Q2,2.Judgment of beauty varies from person to person.As the saying goes,love is blind.Do you think there is any universally accepted criterion for judging beauty?,Picture Activation|,Pre-questions,Open to discussion.,7/220,G-R:text introduction,This revealing,argumentative essay,convincingly argues that associating,beauty,with,women,has put beauty even further on the defensive,and does much harm to the notion of beauty and,in particular,to women.Meanwhile,the writer exposes and criticizes the social prejudices or sexual bias against women in relation to beauty.Moreover,she points out the way for women to get out of the crude trap in which they have been caught for too long and calls on people to do something to save beauty from women and for women.,Text Introduction,|Culture Notes|Author|Structure,8/220,G-R:culture-note-Socrates,Socrates(Paragraph 1),(469-399BC)a Greek philosopher,who profoundly affected Western philosophy through his influence on Plato.Socrates believed in the superiority of argument over writing and therefore spent the greater part of his mature life in the marketplace and public places of Athens,engaging in dialogue and argument with anyone who would listen or who would submit to interrogation.Socrates was reportedly unattractive in appearance and short of stature but was also extremely hardy and self-controlled.He achieved social popularity because of his ready wit and a keen sense of humor that was completely devoid of satire or cynicism.,Text Introduction|,Culture Notes,|Author|Structure,9/220,G-R:culture-note-Redford,Redford,Robert(Paragraph 7),(1937-),an American actor,director,and producer,known for his intelligence,striking appearance,and commercial success,Text Introduction|,Culture Notes,|Author|Structure,10/220,G-R:culture-note-Cocteau,Cocteau,Jean (Paragraph 8),(1889-1963),a French poet,novelist,dramatist,designer,and filmmaker,who was internationally famous for his versatility,unconventionality,and enormous output,Text Introduction|,Culture Notes,|Author|Structure,11/220,G-R:author-1,“Beauty”,What is most beautiful in virile men is something feminine;what is most beautiful in feminine women is something masculine.,(,Against Interpretation,“Notes on Camp”),Text Introduction|Culture Notes|,Author,|Structure,12/220,G-R:author-2,Sontag,Susan,(1933-),Jewish,American writer,known for her philosophical writings on modern culture.Born in New York City,Sontag was educated at the universities of California,Chicago,and Paris and at Harvard University.During the 1960s and 1970s Sontags essays and observations had a strong influence on the,American counterculture,.,Text Introduction|Culture Notes|,Author,|Structure,13/220,G-R:author-3,Works,：,(1963),The Benefactor,恩主,(1966),Against Interpretation,(includes Notes on“Camp”),反对阐释,(1977),On Photography,论摄影,(1978),Illness as Metaphor,疾病隐喻,(1980),Under the Sign of Saturn,在土星光环下,Text Introduction|Culture Notes|,Author,|Structure,14/220,G-R:author-4,Quotes from,Against Interpretation,反对阐释,“the understanding of art starts from,intuitive response,and not from analysis or intellectual considerations”,；,interpretation had become“the intellects revenge upon art”,；,“in place of a hermeneutics we need an,erotics of art,”,；,“,Real art has the capacity to make us nervous.By reducing the work of art to its content and then interpreting that,one tames the work of art.”,；,“,Its beautiful,because its awful”,Text Introduction|Culture Notes|,Author,|Structure,15/220,G-R:structural analysis,Text Introduction|Culture Notes|Author|,Structure,Part 1,(1-3)contrasts the ancient notion of“beauty”with the modern concept to introduce the topic.,Part 2,(4-7)illustrates how women and men are viewed/treated differently to support the argument:the oppression of women.,Part 3,(8-9)points out how societys gender stereotypes have affected adversely the development of women.,Part 4,(10)calls on women and the whole society to get out of the trap created by the“myth of beauty”and the resulting oppression of women.,16/220,DR-p1a text,BEAUTY,Susan Sontag,1.For the Greeks,beauty was a virtue:a kind of excellence.Persons then were assumed to be what we now have to call lamely,enviously whole persons2.,If it did occur to the Greeks to distinguish between a persons inside and outside,they still expected that inner beauty would be,matched,by beauty of the other kind.,Detailed Reading,17/220,DR-p1b text,The well-born young Athenians who gathered around Socrates found it quite,paradoxical,that their hero was so intelligent,so brave,so honorable,so,seductive,and so ugly.,One of Socrates main pedagogical acts was to be ugly and teach those innocent,no doubt splendid-looking disciples of his how full of paradoxes life really was.,Detailed Reading,18/220,DR-p2 text,2.,They may have resisted Socrates lesson.,We do not.Several thousand years later,we are more,wary,of the enchantments of beauty.,We not only split off with the greatest,facility,the inside(character,intellect)from the outside(looks);but we are actually surprised when someone who is beautiful is also intelligent,talented,good.,Detailed Reading,19/220,DR-p3 text,3.,It was principally the influence of Christianity that deprived beauty of the central place it had in,classical,ideals of human excellence.,By limiting excellence(virtus in Latin)to moral virtue only,Christianity set beauty adrift as an,alienated,arbitrary,superficial enchantment.,And beauty has continued to lose,prestige,.,For close to two centuries it has become a convention to attribute beauty to only one of the two sexes:the sex which,however Fair,is always Second,.,Associating beauty with women has put beauty even further,on the defensive,morally,.,Detailed Reading,20/220,DR-p4 text,4.A beautiful woman,we say in English.But a handsome man.,Handsome is the,masculine,equivalent,of and refusal of a compliment which has accumulated certain demeaning overtones,by being reserved for women only,.,That one can call a man beautiful in French and in Italian suggests that Catholic countries unlike those countries shaped by the,Protestant,version,of Christianity still retain some,vestiges,of the,pagan,admiration for beauty.,But the difference,if one exists,is of degree only.In every modern country that is Christian or post-Christian,women are the beautiful sex,to the detriment of,the notion of beauty as well as of women.,Detailed Reading,21/220,DR-p5a text,5.To be called beautiful is thought to name something essential to womens character and concerns.(In contrast to men whose essence is to be strong,or effective,or competent.),It does not take someone in the,throes,of advanced feminist awareness to perceive that the way women are taught to be involved with beauty encourages,narcissism,reinforces dependence and immaturity.,Detailed Reading,22/220,DR-p5b text,Everybody(women and men)knows that.For it is everybody,a whole society,that has,identified being feminine with,caring about how one looks.,(In contrast to being masculine which is identified with caring about what one is and does and only secondarily,if at all,about how one looks.),Given these,stereotypes,it is no wonder that beauty enjoys,at best,a rather mixed reputation.,Detailed Reading,23/220,DR-p6 text,6.,It is not,of course,the desire to be beautiful that is wrong but the obligation to be or to try,.What is accepted by most women as a flattering idealization of their sex is a way of making women feel,inferior,to what they actually are or normally grow to be.,For the ideal of beauty is,administered,as a form of self-oppression,.Women are taught to see their bodies in parts,and to evaluate each part separately.,Breasts,feet,hips,waistline,neck,eyes,nose,complexion,hair and so on each in turn is,submitted,to an anxious,fretful,often despairing scrutiny.Even if some,pass muster,some will always be found wanting.,Nothing less than perfection will do.,Detailed Reading,24/220,DR-p7 text,7.In men,good looks is a whole,something taken in at a glance.,It does not need to be confirmed by giving measurements of different regions of the body.,Nobody encourages a man to,dissect,his appearance,feature by feature.,As for perfection,that is considered trivial-almost unmanly.,Indeed,in the ideally good-looking man a small imperfection or blemish is considered positively desirable.According to one movie critic(a woman)who is a declared Robert Redford fan,it is having that cluster of skin-colored moles on one cheek that saves Redford from being merely a pretty face.,Think of the depreciation of women as well as of beauty-that is implied in that judgment.,Detailed Reading,25/220,DR-p8 text,8.The privileges of beauty are immense,said Cocteau.,To be sure,beauty is a form of power.And,deservedly,so,.,What is,lamentable,is that it is the only form of power that most women are encouraged to seek.,This power is always conceived in relation to men;it is not the power to do but the power to attract,.It is a power that negates itself.For this power is not one that can be chosen freely or,renounced,without social,censure,.,Detailed Reading,26/220,DR-p9 text,9.To,preen,for a woman,can never be just a pleasure.It is also a duty.It is her work.If a woman does real work and even if she has,clambered,up to a leading position in politics,law,medicine,business,or whatever she is always under pressure to confess that she still works at being attractive.,But insofar as she is keeping up as one of the Fair Sex,she brings under suspicion her very capacity to be objective,professional,authoritative,and thoughtful.,Damned if they do-women are.And damned if they dont.,Detailed Reading,27/220,DR-p10a text,10.,One could hardly ask for more important evidence of the dangers of considering persons as split between what is inside and what is outside than that interminable half-comic half-tragic tale,the oppression of women.,How easy it is to start off by defining women as caretakers of their surfaces,and then to,disparage,them(or find them adorable)for being superficial.,It is a,crude,trap,and it has worked for too long.,Detailed Reading,28/220,DR-p10b text,But to get out of the trap requires that women get some,critical,distance from that excellence and privilege which is beauty,enough distance to see how much beauty itself has been,abridged,in order to prop up the,mythology,of the feminine.,There should be a way of saving beauty from women and for them.,Detailed Reading,29/220,DR:p1-3 Analysis,Paragraph 1-3 Analysis,These three paragraphs,the beginning part of the essay,review the changes in the notion and position of beauty from the angle of history and assert that for almost two hundred years,it has become a habitual practice to credit beauty with the weaker sex,which is always secondary in status,no matter how beautiful it is,and that attributing beauty to women has rendered beauty even more morally vulnerable.,Detailed Reading,30/220,DR:p4-9 Analysis,Paragraph 4-9 Analysis,In these paragraphs,the major part of the essay,the author argues that associating beauty with women does much harm to the notion of beauty and in particular to women and abridges their rights and interests.Meanwhile,the writer exposes and criticizes the social prejudices against women in relation to beauty.She defends womens rights and interests by criticizing the wrong viewpoints concerning beauty and women and expressing her own opinions without reserve.,Detailed Reading,31/220,DR:p10 Analysis,Paragraph 10 Analysis,In this paragraph,the conclusion of the essay,the writer points out that the oppression of women makes up an interminable half-comic half-tragic tale,and that to get out of the crude trap women are required to examine beauty objectively so that they may realize how much beauty itself has been abridged.Finally,the author calls on people to do something to save beauty from women and for women.,Detailed Reading,32/220,DR-Questions-p1,Paragraph 1:Question,What is the function of first sentence of this paragraph?,Can you interpret this sentence?,Detailed Reading,It is a transitional sentence.,Greek consider beauty as whole,so students of Socrates may resist him because he was ugly.Yet,we do not,since we had split the“beauty”off,say,“inside”and“outside”.,33/220,DR-Questions-p1-2,Paragraph 1-2:Question,What is the contrast mentioned in the first two paragraphs?,Detailed Reading,It is the contrast between the different notions of beauty held by the ancient Greeks and the modern men we:the Greeks considered beauty to be a virtue,and they seldom distinguished between a persons inside and outside and invariably expected that inner beauty would be matched by outward beauty;but nowadays we do the opposite.,34/220,DR-Questions-p1-3,Detailed Reading,Read Paragraph 1 through 3,try to summarize the changing of the notion of“beauty”.,35/220,DR-Questions-p4-1,Paragraph 4:Questions,1.Do you think Sontag will agree that“handsome”means to men what“beautiful”does to women?,Detailed Reading,“Handsome”dose not have the demeaning overtones“beautiful”has.,36/220,DR-Questions-p4-2,Paragraph 4:Questions,2.Why does Sontag think that regarding women as the beautiful sex is detrimental to both the notion of beauty and that of women?,Detailed Reading,It depreciates the notion of beauty,and implies a sexually unfair judgment of women.,37/220,DR-Questions-p5,Paragraph 5:Question,What does Sontag refer to by“stereotypes”in the last sentence of paragraph 5?,Detailed Reading,Fixed notion of two sexes;what people generally think a man or woman should be like.,38/220,DR-Questions-p6,Paragraph 6:Question,Can you think of any concrete examples of“a flattering idealization of their sex”in paragraph 6?,Detailed Reading,Examples of“a flattering idealization of their sex”:,beauty contests,sex symbo
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