大学英语四级辅导写作.pptx

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,大学英语四级辅导写作,1/63,一、写作基本步骤,第一步，确定各段主题,四级作文结构比较固定，普通都是三段式。命题要求中大都会给出两到三个汉字或英文提要，但所给提要只是要求了文章主要内容，每一个提要并不等于每一段主题，考生需要结合文章题目和所给提要内容重新确定各段主题。比如：,Directions:For this part,your are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Limiting the Use of Disposable Plastic Bags.You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline(given in Chinese)below:,1.一次性塑料袋曾经广泛使用。,2.由此带来问题。,3.限制一次性塑料袋。,Brainstorm!,分析：,第一段主题：描述一次性塑料袋在人们生活中广泛应用情况。,第二段主题：指出一次性塑料袋带来问题和危害。,第三段主题：阐述限制使用一次性塑料袋作用和意义。,2/63,第二步：列出各段提要,确定各段主题以后，不要慌忙动笔，应该在初稿纸或心中将各段要写内容大致列出，做到心中有数，这么才能行文流畅，衔接自然。,第三步：,逐一展开段落,普通来说，段落基本组成包含：主题句，扩展句和结尾句。,第四步：通读全文检验,3/63,一、依据模板写作,4/63,现象解释模板1,Recently,_.2)What amazes us most is_.3)It is true that _.,4)There are many,reasons explaining _.5)The main reasons _.,6)What is more,_.7)Thirdly,_.8)As a result,_.,9)Considering,all these,_.10)For one thing,_.11)For another,_.12)In conclusion,_.,5/63,模板1-范文-1,1),Recently,PC games have become very popular on campus,2),What amazes us most is that,many students often spend their entire evenings playing such games.3),It is true that,PC games can do much harm to us if we indulge in them.,4),There are may reasons explaining,the harms of PC games.5),The main reason,is that laying PC games is an enormous waste of time and we will have little time for our study.,6/63,模板1-范文-2,6),What is more,those who play PC games day and night will be harmed physically for lack of rest and sleep.7),Thirdly,most games are about violent and unhealthy contents.8,)As a result,we benefit less from PC games.,9),Considering all these,we should deal with PC games carefully.,7/63,模板1-范文-3,10),For one thing,we shouldnt spend too much time,energy and money on the games because study is our priority.11),For another,we should try to learn something when playing them occasionally.,12),In conclusion,we should try to avoid the harms of PC games and live a more meaningful life.,8/63,现象解释模板2,As is known to all,_.2)_seem to get accustomed to_.3)In fact,_.,4)The reasons of _lie in several aspects.5)Firstly,_.6)Secondly,_.7)Thirdly,_ 8)Finally,_.,9)As a matter of fact,_.10)On the one hand,_.11)On the other hand,_.12 Therefore,_.,9/63,现象解释模板2-model writing-1,As is known to all,nearly everyone on campus has access to computers.2),Students seem to get,accustomed to playing PC games.,3)In fact,Pc games can do much harm to us if we indulge ourselves in them.4),The reasons of,the PC games harms lie in several aspects.,10/63,现象解释模板2-model writing-2,5),Firstly,playing PC games is an enormous waste of time and we will have little time for our study.6),Secondly,those who play PC games day and night will be harmed physically for lack of rest and sleep.7),Thirdly,most games are about violent and unhealthy contents.8),Finally,they cost us much money,11/63,现象解释模板2-model writing-3,9),As a matter of fact,.We can find best ways to deal with PC games.10),On the one hand,we shouldnt spend too much time,energy and money on the games because study is our priority.11),On the other hand,we should try to learn something when playing them occasionally.12),Therefore,its up to avoid the harms of PC games.,12/63,现象解释模板3-Model writing-3,9),As to me,I only play PC games occasionally in summer or winter holidays.10)AS we know,study is our priority,we shouldnt spend too much time,energy and money on games.11),Besides,many games are involved in violent and unhealthy contents.12),In a word,we should try to avoid the harms of PC game.,13/63,对比选择型4,There is a heated debate over_.2)It is commonly accepted that _.3)In contrast,others_.,4)Those who hold the first opinion suggest_.5)In their view,_.6)However,others think_.7)They argue that _.,8)Considering one after another,I stand on the sided of _.9)First of all,_.10)Furthermore,_.Thirdly,_.12)Therefore,_.,14/63,对比选择型 4-Model Writing-1,There is a heated over the,enrollment of athletic students.2),It is commonly accepted,that athletic students can help universities win a place in sports competition.3),In contrast,others hold that there are many disadvantages to lower their scores of enrollment.,15/63,对比选择型 4-Model Writing-2,4),Those who hold the first opinion suggest,that universities should improve themselves in sports competition by lowering scores of athletic students.5),In their view,these students can continue their academic study as well.6),However,others think that its harmful to enrollment system.,16/63,对比选择型 4-Model Writing-3,7),They argue that,it is unfair for those students who get the same scores as athletic students do but cant get an admission notice.,8),Considering one after another,I stand on the side of the latter opinion.9),First of all,there is an academic gap between athletic students and others.,17/63,对比选择型 4-Model Writing-4,8),Considering one after another,I stand on the side of the latter opinion.9),First of all,there is an academic gap between athletic students and others.10),Furthermore,athletic students may feel difficult in study.11),Thirdly,athletic students may be looked down upon in job market.,12)Therefore,universities should treat athletic students the same way as they do for the common students.,18/63,二、Selected Writing Topic for CET,19/63,Practice Writing for Model,(1),Directions:For this part,you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic:,The Role of Man in Modern FamilyYou,should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline(given in Chinese)below:,1)当代社会，越来越多男人参加家务劳动中；,2）男人在工作之余负担家务义务原因；,3）我观点,20/63,Sample 1:The Role of Man in Modern Family-1,Recently,Chinese families have been undergoing many changes.,What amazes us most,is that there are more than 7 out of 10 husbands who volunteer to do housework.,It is true that,more and more husbands understand what an important role their wives have played in the family and society.,21/63,Sample 1:The Role of Man in Modern Family-2,There are many reasons,explaining the situation shown in the chart.,The main reason,is that the husband in a double-income family should spend more time on the housework.,What is more,husbands participation in childrens education is helpful to their growing-up.Thirdly,many husbands find it wonderful to do housework.,As a result,more and more husbands are glad to share family responsibility.,22/63,Practice Writing for Contrast Model Patterns 3,News on Internet,1）一些人认为因特网上新闻没有价值；,2）另一些人认为因特网上新闻是最及时最有效新闻；,30 我看法,23/63,Sample Writing 3:,News on the Internet-1,There is a heated debate over,the news on Internet.,It is commonly accepted that,Internet news is valuable for the timely report.,In contrast,others hold that,news on Internet is valueless.,24/63,Sample Writing 3:,News on the Internet-2,Those who hold the first opinion suggest,that news on Internet can be read by millions of viewers at the same time.,In their view,web-page viewers can also give comments on net.,However,others think that Internet news is not as objective as newspapers.,They agree,that many news on Internet is not true at all,.,25/63,Sample Writing 3:,News on the Internet-3,Considering one after another,I stand on the side of the former opinion.,First of all,.Internet news represents the trend of development in journalism.,Furthermore,the news on Internet is interactive.,Thirdly,much news in newspapers is not very objective either.,Therefore,I believe that Internet news will become the most important source of information in the near future.,26/63,Writing Topic:The Popularity of Mic-Blog,1.近年来”微博”越来越流行,2。微博 流行原因,3。你看法,Exercise,27/63,28/63,Practice Writing for Contrast Model Patterns 4,Lectures and discussions,一些学生赞成讲座式教学；,另一些学生偏爱讨论式教学,我看法,29/63,Sample 4:lecture and discussion-1,recently,we may hear quite different opinions,about lectures and discussions,2),Most people take it for granted,that lectures can help students learn more quickly.3)However,others hold that discussions can stimulate students to learn by themselves.,30/63,Sample 4:lecture and discussion-2,4),A dominant idea is,that attending a lecture can save more time.5),In this opinion,teachers are passing on their knowledge which is accumulated by them in many years study and research to the students.6),Nevertheless,the objectors think that a discussion may leave a deeper impression.7),They argue,that involving in a discussion,students can develop their ability to analyze problems.,31/63,Sample 4:lecture and discussion-3,8),As to me,I prefer,neither of the two extreme ideas.9),On the one hand,different methods have different disadvantages.10),On the other hand,each student has his or her favorite.110 Therefore,neither method can be rejected while another is adopted.12),In conclusion,we might adopt different teaching methods according to different subjects.,32/63,三、常见写作困境及对策,一）审题,1.,偏题,审题时，考生应仔细阅读试题要求及相关信息，如图标、图画、数字等，准确把握出题意图。要了解标题关键词是什么，要确定写作重点应放在那个部分，比重怎样分配，是否要平均等。但假如没能了解题目标关键，那么按照给出提要来写也未必会失分。,2.,漏点,漏点，即遗漏提要中内容。漏点在学生四级作文中很常见，从而在不够丢分地方丢分。对此，学生在考试时应仔细审题，严格按照提要来确定写作内容。,33/63,二）衔接与连贯,1.,语义不连贯,语义连贯是指文章在内容上是连贯、统一，全部句子都是为全文中心服务，表示信息相互关联。就各段而言，其中每一举火都要仅仅围绕该段主题句，防止出现与主题句无关内容。在写作时，要选择那些最能表示文章主题、最具代表型例子，这些例子要表示一些思想，这么语义才会连贯，文章才会显得一气呵成。,2.,衔接不妥,衔接得当是确保语义连贯主要伎俩之一。文章处理内容要统一，逻辑关系也要紧密相连。在写作时，能够恰当地御用一些关联词或代词，是文章显得逻辑清楚，结构紧凑。,34/63,三)句子,1.,句子不完整,写作不像口头交际，听者能够借助手势、语气、情景等来领悟省略或不完整语句。四句写作使用是书面语，句子必须以完整结构来表示完整意思，若句子结构不完整会另意思表示不清。,比如：,Because smoking will do harm to ones health.,People should try not to smoke.划线部分是句子片段，不能独立成句。出现这种情况原因可能是考生写到后面时忘了前面内容，误认为要表示意思已经全方面、结构已经完整，于是开始写新句子。此句完整应为：People should avoid smoking because it will do harm to their health.,35/63,2.,主谓不一致,对中国学生来说，主谓不一致是十分常见问题，在四级作文中也屡见不鲜。这应该引发考生足够重视。在平时联络中应有意识地防止出现这么错误，多通读，多检验，考试时自然就会少犯了。,比如:Average number of hours a student,spend,on the Internet keeps increasing very fast.应改为：The average hours a student,spends,on the Internet keep increasing rapidly.,相比之下，因为缺乏语法只是造成主谓不一致情况要复杂多，仅仅经过细心检验也不一定能够防止，只有在平时注意积累语法知识，并辅以联络加以巩固，才能降低这么错误。,36/63,3.句子不间断,有考生习惯在两个简单句之间不用任何关联词，仅用逗号连接，或者前一句还没有结束，下一句就迫不及待地开始了。这种不间断句子属于语法错误。比如：,I have a brother,he thinks that“6”and“8”are lucky numbers to Chinese people.,两个分句之间缺乏关联此，仅用逗号连接。尽管在当代英语中，用逗号连接两个分句情况越来越常见，不过在正式文体中，还是要尽可能防止出现这类句子。,I have a brother who thinks that“6”and“8”are lucky numbers to Chinese people.,37/63,4.,时态混乱,描述过去发生事情要用过去时，描述普通事实时要用现在时。但因为疏忽或语法知识不牢靠，有些考生在写作时经常随意使用时态，使文章令人费解。比如：,There are almost no car on the road.Maybe the drivers got careless.,该剧描述已经发生一起车祸，然后对事故原因进行推测。时态混乱使句子表示不合逻辑，令人费解。,There was almost no car on the road at that time,so the driver must have been very careless.,38/63,5.,逻辑混乱,逻辑混乱主要有两种表现形式：修饰语错位和悬垂修饰语。,1）修饰语错位,修饰语错位可能是形容词、副词、介词短语、从句等，在文章中应紧跟被修饰成份。在英语中，同一修饰语至于不一样位置，句子含义可能不一样。比如：,She put the scarf around her neck that she bought yesterday.,从句that she bought yesterday 放在her neck后，让人误认为是修饰her neck。,She put around her neck the scarf that she bought yesterday.,39/63,2)悬垂修饰语,所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首短语所修饰成份没有明确指出，造成句子逻辑关系混乱。比如：,To do well in college,high marks are essential.,句首To do well in college逻辑主语含糊不清，显然不应该是high marks，应该改为人作主语。,To do well in college,a student needs high marks.,40/63,6.,中式英语,考生作文中经常出现英语汉化现象，即中式英语问题。比如Man is iron,and food is steel,Women are half side sky 等说法。怎样克服中式思维带来影响，关键在于动笔前先思索一下类似英文句式，尽可能找到规范英语表示方式，不能随心所欲。比如：,This is because fake commodities can make a lot of money.,汉字口语中，我们用“假货能够赚很多”来表示“经过生产或销售假货，人们能够赚很多钱”意思。但这不符合英语表示习惯，fake commodities 作make a lot of money 逻辑主语，会让人难以了解。,This is because one is likely to make a lot of money by producing or selling fake commodities.,41/63,四）遣词用字,1.,拼写错误,有考生受以前做客观题影响，对于词汇，只注意“识别”，不注意“使用”，背单词时不留心，结果在考试中出现很多拼写错误。下面是一些考生常犯拼写错误和轻易混同单词。,Enviroment（environment 环境）goverment（government政府）,Morden（modern 当代）,considerate 关心，考虑周到 considerable 相当大，相当多,credible 可信 credulous 轻信,economic（相关）经济 economical 节俭，经济,historic 有历史意义 historical（相关）历史,industrious 刻苦，努力 industrial 工业,satisfied 满意 satisfactory 令人满意,sensible 合理 sensitive 敏感,continual 连续（有间隔）continuous 连续（没有间隔）,delighted 感到高兴 delightful 使人高兴,farther 更远（表示距离）further更，深入（表示程度）,imaginary 想象 imaginative 想象力丰富 imaginable 能够想象,respectful 尊敬（人）respectable 受人尊敬 respective各自,tired 疲惫 tiresome 令人疲惫,42/63,2.,代词使用错误,考生作文中经常会出现先行词与代词在数上不一致、代词指代不清以及随意更换代词等错误。,1）先行词与代词在数上不一致,比如：Were going to face a lot of difficulties,but I believe well overcome it.,先行词difficulties是复数，后半句overcome宾语是difficulties，应该用复数them来指代。,Were going to face a lot of difficulties,but I believe well overcome,them.,43/63,2）代词指代不清,代词指代不清是指代词与被指代人或物关系不清，或前后使用代词不一致。,比如：Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.,读完这句话，读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘谁将结婚，谁将当伴娘。假如我们把易于引发误解代词所指对象加以明确，意思就一目了然了。,Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted,my sister,to be her bridesmaid.,44/63,3),随意更换代词,一篇文章中不能出现太多人称代词。很多学生在写作文时，伴随思绪转换，不停更换文章中代词，一会用第一人称，一会用第二人称或第三人称，这么轻易造成逻辑意义上混乱。,比如：And,we,can also know the society by serving it,yourself.,人称代词we和反身代词yourself前后不一致。,We,can also know the society by serving it,ourselves,45/63,3.其它错误,1）大小写错误,普通来说，每一句首字母应该大写，人名、地名首字母和专有名词首字母应大写，书名不能用引号或书名号，而用斜体。,1）,冠词使用方法错误,如：a easy job,an easy job,2）比较级使用错误,如：more better than,better than,3）介词搭配错误,The stamps I have are identical for my brothers.,The stamps I have are identical,with,my brothers.,46/63,四、怎样灵活变换句式、瞄准用词亮点，突破高分,灵活变换长句短句、主动被动、强调倒装等给类句式、巧妙利用限定词语、动态名词、抽象名词等亮点词语可为作文锦上添花，为考试博得高分。,47/63,一）,组句技巧,1.句子应紧凑连贯,在写作中能够经过关联词语引道从句或并列句来表达句子内部关系，也可适当使用分词结构和一些独立短语或是插入语成份来代替从句，另外，句子之间还要注意指代、时态、语态、人称和数等方面一致。,如：原句：Teenagers are pressured by school work and they are also encouraged by their peers,and under these,they resort to smoking,and sometimes they feel a little guilty.,优化：,Pressured,by school work,and encouraged,by their peers,teenagers often resort to smoking,though,they feel a little guilty sometimes.,48/63,2.,句式要有改变,句式改变会使文章内容丰富、语言生动，如主动句和被动句搭配使用、适当穿插倒装句和强调句等特殊句式。加入插入语，非谓语动词，谚语格言等都是制造亮点句式好方法。另外，不要一味地使用常见“主语+谓语”开头方式，能够适当搭配一些分词、副词等开头句式。如：,原句：They say that people obtain most of their knowledge through reading extensively.,优化：They say that,it is,through reading extensively,that,people obtain most of their knowledge.,49/63,3.,句子表示要简练,只要意思表示清楚，多出词语就没有必要。有时考生未来凑字数，加上了一些无须要成份，造成语义含混不清，烦琐冗长。如：,原句：I think,Gone with the Wind,is one of those good films which I enjoyed watching very much.,优化：,Gone with the wind,is a film I enjoyed very much.,4.,长短句要结合*,在写作中，一味地采取长句或短句都是不可取，要将简单句和带有衔接词复杂句交替使用，这么才能使文章句式丰富，富有节奏感。,50/63,5.少用问句，尽可能不用感叹句和祈使句,有些考生喜欢开篇问一连串问题，想以此引发阅卷老师注意。普通来说，一篇作文中偶然出现1-2个问句，太多会使得其反。,感叹句和祈使句多用于口语之中，不太适宜在四级书面写作中出现。尽管在抒发感情和发出呼吁时也可使用，但多数考生对这两种句式把握能力不够，所以提议考生尽可能不要使用。,51/63,二）,用词标准,1.,用词要简练,能一个词表示清楚意思，就不要加上多出成份，另外还要注意不要造成意义上重复累赘。如：,原句：What you have done is,illegal under the law.,优化：What you have done is,illegal.,2.,用词要多样,注意不要一味地重复使用某个词汇，可适当转换成同义词或短语。也不要一味地使用同一个词性，要学会使用不一样词性。,52/63,3.,多用朴素、易懂词,太多生僻或华丽辞藻很轻易使阅卷老师迷惑，起到负面作用。学生本身也轻易使用不妥。,4.,多用详细词,假如词概括性太强，往往让人以为抽象、笼统，会给人含糊不清感觉，词义比较详细词会使表示愈加准确生动。,5.,注意使用限定词,在写作时适当使用限定词来修饰能够使叙述愈加客观、适度，防止观点绝对化。如：,原句：In general,young people were more prone job-hopping.,优化：Nowadays the increasingly severe employment situation is,perhaps,the biggest challenge facing college students.,53/63,惯用句型,开头,Recently,the problem of has aroused peoples concern.,最近,问题已引发人们关注.,Nowadays