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,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Unit 8,Thinking like a mountain,Aldo Leopold,1/22,Thinking like a mountain,As we know,nature is most important to human life.People depend on nature to live and humans need fresh air and vegetable,which all come from nature.Industry needs fuel and other raw materials,which also come from nature.What is more,humans also belong to nature,and are regarded as the highest natural form of life.As a consequence,if we destroy nature,to some extent,we diminish ourselves.,2/22,Thinking like a mountain,(1)A deep chesty bawl(大喊，叫嚷)echoes from rimrock(悬崖)to rimrock,rolls down the mountain,and fades into the far blackness of the night.It is an outburst（叫声）of wild defiant(抗议，违抗)sorrow,and of contempt for all the adversities of the world.,3/22,一个,发自肺腑低沉而又尖厉,号叫在悬崖之间,回荡,，最终划过大山，,消逝在远方深沉夜色中,。这声号叫暴发出一个,充满野性和反抗忧愁,，暴发出,对世界上一切逆境蔑视,。,4/22,(2)Every living thing(and perhaps many a dead one as well)pays heed（注意，留心）to that call.To the deer it is a reminder of the way of all flesh,to the pine a forecast of midnight scuffles（扭打）and of blood upon the snow,to the coyote（丛林狼）a promise of gleanings（费劲得到零星东西）to come,to the cowman a threat of red ink at the bank,to the hunter a challenge of fang（尖牙）against bullet.Yet behind these obvious and immediate hopes and fears there lies a deeper meaning,known only to the mountain itself.Only the mountain has lived long enough（沧海桑田班见识）to listen objectively to the howl（嚎叫）of a wolf.,5/22,大山中全部生物(可能也包含许多死去生物)都,侧耳倾听,着这声号叫。对鹿而言，它提醒了,众生之道,，意味着死亡,近在咫尺,。对松树而言，它预见了午夜混战和雪上血迹。对郊狼而言，它意味着有,残肉可食许诺,;对牧牛者而言，它意味着银行透支威胁;对猎人而言，它意味着,獠牙对子弹挑战,。然而，在这些比较轻易觉察希望与恐惧背后，号叫还隐藏着更深层含义，不过只有大山自己才能领会。因为只有大山才有,沧海桑田岁月与见识,，能够客观地聆听狼号叫所隐藏深意。,6/22,Thinking like a mountain,(3)Those unable to decipher（解读）the hidden meaning know nevertheless that it is there,for it is felt in all wolf country,and distinguishes that country from all other land.It tingles（刺痛）in the spine of all who hear wolves by night,or who scan their tracks by day.Even without sight or sound of wolf,it is implicit（暗含）in a hundred small events:the midnight whinny（嘶叫）of a pack horse,the rattle（嘎嘎声）of rolling rocks,the bound（慌张）of a fleeing deer,the way shadows lie under the spruces（云杉树）.Only the ineducable tyro（新手）can fail to sense the presence or absence of wolves,or the fact that mountains have a secret opinion about them.,7/22,3而那些无法领会其中深意，也能感觉到它存在，而且在全部狼出没地方都能感受得到。这种,异样感觉,也使那些地域与其它地域区分开来。全部在夜晚听到狼号或是白天看到狼踪迹人，都会不自觉地,背部发毛，脊部发冷,。即使没有听到狼号或是看到狼迹，也能够从许多异样情景中,感知一二,。比如说一只驮马午夜嘶叫、石头刺耳滚动声、逃亡之鹿奔跑慌张以及云杉树下,诡异阴影,等。只有那些,不堪造就新手,才无法感知狼存在，也无法了解只有大山才能体会那种深奥。,8/22,Thinking like a mountain,(4)My own conviction（信念）on this score（实情）dates from the day I saw a wolf die.We were eating lunch on a high rimrock,at the foot of which a turbulent（汹涌澎拜）river elbowed（蜿蜒）its way.We saw what we thought was a doe（雌鹿）fording（涉水而过）the torrent（急流）,her breast awash（浸）in white water.When she climbed the bank toward us and shook out her tail,we realized our error:it was a wolf.A half-dozen others,evidently grown pups,sprang from the willows and all joined in a welcoming mle（混乱局面）of wagging tails and playful maulings（撕，抓，打闹）.What was literally a pile of wolves writhed（扭动）and tumbled（滚动）in the center of an open flat at the foot of our rimrock.,9/22,4我对上面说法,深信不疑,，是源自于我曾亲眼看到一只狼死去。那日，我们正在一个高高悬崖上吃午餐，悬崖脚下有一条,汹涌澎湃,河流。我们看到了一个东西在急流中,挣扎跋涉,，胸部浸在白色水花中。我们原认为是只鹿，但等它朝我们方向爬上岸，抖落身上河水时，我们才发觉原来它是只狼。这时，六只显然已经长大狼息欢快地摇着尾巴，,相互打斗嬉闹着从柳树丛中跳跃出来，以示它们欢迎。,确实确，在我们所处山崖脚下空地上，我们看到一群狼在那里,翻滚打闹,。,10/22,Thinking like a mountain,(5)In those days we had never heard of passing up（错过）a chance to kill a wolf.In a second we were pumping lead into the pack,but with more excitement than accuracy:how to aim a steep downhill shot is always confusing.When our rifles were empty,the old wolf was down,and a pup was dragging a leg into impassable slide-rocks（岩石堆）,11/22,5在那段日子里，没有些人会,错过射杀狼机会,。很快，一发发子弹射入狼群。不过因为我们太兴奋了，再加上我们都不知道怎样才能瞄准向陡峭山下射击，所以我们枪法都不是很准。结果在我们子弹,消耗殆尽,时，只有那只老狼倒下了，还有一只小狼,拖着受伤腿躲进了山崩造成人们无法通行岩石堆。,12/22,Thinking like a mountain,(6)We reached the old wolf in time to watch a fierce green fire dying in her eyes.I realized then,and have known ever since,that there was something new to me in those eyes-something known only to her and to the mountain.I was young then,and full of trigger-itch;I thought that because fewer wolves meant more deer,that no wolves would mean hunters paradise.But after seeing the green fire die,I sensed that neither the wolf nor the mountain agreed with such a view.,13/22,6我们靠近那只狼时候，它眼中,那绿色充满仇恨目光还没有完全消逝,。正是在那时，而且从那时起，我意识到了，在那双眼睛里，有我未曾领会道理某种只有狼和大山才知晓道理。不过当初我太,年轻气盛,，总有,扣动扳机冲动,。我认为狼群降低就意味着鹿群增加。而狼群消失则意味着猎人天堂到来。不过自从我看到那只老狼眼中,渐渐消逝仇恨绿光,时，我才意识到，不论是狼还是大山，必定不会认同我这么一个看法。,14/22,Thinking like a mountain,(7)Since then I have lived to see state after state extirpate its wolves.I have watched the face of many a newly wolfless mountain,and seen the south-facing slopes wrinkle with a maze of new deer trails.I have seen every edible bush and seedling browsed,first to anaemic desuetude,and then to death.I have seen every edible tree defoliated to the height of a saddle-horn.Such a mountain looks as if someone had given God a new pruning shears,and forbidden Him all other exercise.In the end the starved bones of the hoped-for deer herd,dead of its own too-much,bleach with the bones of the dead sage,or molder under the high-lined junipers.,15/22,7自那以后，我看到各州都在,相继扑灭,自己狼群。我,眼睁睁看到了,一座座刚才扑灭狼群大山面貌;看到了山南坡,被鹿群踩出纷乱小径,;看到了全部能吃灌木、甚至是,细枝嫩芽都被啃光,，而这些植物因而也很快,衰弱不振,，很快,便告死亡,;我也看到了全部能吃树叶，,在马鞍高度以下部位全都被吃得精光,。看到这么一座山，你会感觉是有些人给了上帝一把剪刀，,让他整夭除了剪除树木以外，什么都不许做。,以后，鹿群因为,数量过于庞大，再加上草木供不应求，,便大批量地饿死了。,它们白骨与死去鼠尾草一起变白，或是在高大杜松树下腐朽。,16/22,Thinking like a mountain,(8)I now suspect that just as a deer herd lives in mortal fear of its wolves,so does a mountain live in mortal fear of its deer.And perhaps with better cause,for while a buck pulled down by wolves can be replaced in two or three years,a range pulled down by too many deer may fail of replacement in as many decades.,17/22,8现在我想，就像鹿群,生活在狼群阴影和恐怖中一样,，大山也生活在鹿群阴影和恐怖中，可能这种恐怖,有着更充分理由,。因为一只鹿被狼吃掉，两三年后很快就会,有新小鹿出生繁衍,，不过，一旦一座大山被鹿群毁灭，,恐怕几十年也无法恢复原貌。,18/22,Thinking like a mountain,(9)So also with cows.The cowman who cleans his range of wolves does not realize that he is taking over the wolfs job of trimming the herd to fit the range.He has not learned to think like a mountain.Hence we have dustbowls,and rivers washing the future into the sea.,19/22,9牛也是这么，牧牛人在去除狼群时候，没有意识到其实他,正在做着本质上如同狼吃牛一样工作削减牛群数量以适应山承受能力,。牧牛人还没有学会像大山那样去思索。其结果，沙尘暴出现了，,河流将我们未来无情地冲入大海。,20/22,Thinking like a mountain,（10 We all strive for safety,prosperity,comfort,long life,and dullness.The deer strives with his supple legs,the cowman with trap and poison,the statesman with pen,the most of us with machines,votes,and dollars,but it all comes to the same thing:peace in our time.A measure of success in this is all well enough,and perhaps is a requisite to objective thinking,but too much safety seems to yield only danger in the long run.Perhaps this is behind Thoreaus dictum:In wildness is the salvation of the world.Perhaps this is the hidden meaning in the howl of the wolf,long known among mountains,but seldom perceived among men.,21/22,10我们都在,努力追求安全、繁荣、舒适、长寿和慵散生活,。鹿用它柔韧双腿去追求;牧牛人用陷阱和毒药去追求;政治家,用口诛笔伐去追求,;大多数人则是用机器、选票和金钱去追求。但,不论形式怎样迥异,，目标只有一个，那就是追求时代和平。在这些方面取得某种程度成功是件好事，,客观地说也是必要。,不过从久远来看，太多安全似乎,只能适得其反。,可能这正验证了梭罗一句话，,“野地里蕴含着对于世界救赎”。,可能，这就是隐藏在狼哀号背后深层含义。大山早已明白，而,人类却知之甚少,。,22/22,
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