英语第一轮复习词类.pptx

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,词类,1/121,英语中单词能够分为十大词类,：,1 名词,n.,teacher,book等。,2 代词,pron.,we,me,he 等。,3 数词,num.,two,fifth 等。,4 动词,v.,work,study,live 等。,5 形容词,adj.,good,big,beautiful 等。,6 副词,adv.,fast,quickly等。,7 冠词,art.,a,an,the等。,8 介词,prep.,in,on,by,with等。,9 连词,conj.,and,but等。,10 感叹词,interj.,Oh,ah等。,2/121,名词,名词分为,专有名词,和,普通名词,两大类。,专有名词是一些人、事物、机构、组织等特有名称。,如Beijing，China等。,专有名词第一个字母要大写,且都是不可数名词。,3/121,普通名词,1）个体名词：,表示某类人或东西中个体，如：gun。,2）集体名词：,表示若干个个体组成集合体，如：family。,3）物质名词：,表示无法分为个体实物，如：air。,4）抽象名词：,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。,个体名词和集体名词,普通是,可数名词,物质名词和抽象名词,普通是,不可数名词,4/121,名词复数不规则改变,1）child-children foot-feet man-men,tooth-teeth mouse-mice womanwomen,2）单复同形，如deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese，,means,works.,3）,有些总称意义名词,，形式,是单数,，但,意义为,复数。比如：people,police,cattle 等本身就是复数,。,4）以s结尾，仍为单数名词，如：maths，politics，physics学科名词,，,news等,5/121,名词格,英语中有些名词能够加s来表示所相关系，带这种词尾名词形式称为该名词全部格，如：a teachers book。名词全部格规则以下：,1）单数名词词尾加s，如the boys bag 男孩书包，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加s，如mens room 男厕所。,2）若名词已经有复数词尾-s，只加,，如：the workers struggle工人斗争。,3）假如两个名词并列，而且分别有s，则表示分别有；只有一个s，则表示共有。比如：,Johns and Marys rooms（两间）,John and Marys room（一间）,6/121,冠词,不使用冠词,定冠词,不定冠词,a,an,the,零冠词,冠词,分类,7/121,在以下字母前加a/an,a b c d e,f g h i j,k l m n o,p q r s t,u v w x y,z,an,a,a,a,an,an,a,an,an,a,a,an,an,an,an,a,a,an,an,a,a,a,a,an,a,a,8/121,不定冠词使用方法,a用在以辅音音素开头单词前,an用在以,元音音素,开头单词前,1.,2.,3.,4.,e.g._book _ egg,_ useful book _ underground room,a,an,a,an,基本使用方法：指人或事物某一个类,e.g.She is a girl.她是女孩,This is a desk.这是一张书桌,泛指某人或者某物，但又不详细说明何人何物,e.g.I can see a kite.我能看见一只风筝,A boy is in Grade 1.一个男孩在一年级,表示“数量”，“有一”“每一”意思,e.g.We have six classes a day.我们一天上六节课,9/121,定冠词使用方法,基本使用方法：“特指”特指某（些）人或者某（些）事物，方便与其它人或物有所区分,1.,2.,3.,4.,e.g.,The book on the desk is Jims.书桌上那本书是吉姆,The chairs are there.椅子在那里,指谈话双方都知道人或事物,e.g.,Where is the kite?风筝在哪儿,？（双方都知道指是哪只风筝）,Open the door,please.请把门打开,（双方都知道要打开哪扇门）,在叙述中，上文提到过人或者事物，再次出现时,e.g.,：I can see a kite.我看见一只风筝,：where is the kite?这个风筝在那里？,用在姓氏复数名词前，表示“一家人”,e.g.,the Blacks 布来克一家,10/121,定冠词使用方法,用在宇宙间独一无二天体名词之前,5.,6.,7.,8.,e.g.,the sun the sky the moon the earth,用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only,very,same 前,e.g.,I live on,the,second floor.我住在二楼,Skating is,the,best sport in winter.,滑冰是冬天最好运动,与单数名词连用表示一类事物，如the dollar 美元;the fox 狐狸,或与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：the living 生者。,用在表示乐器名词之前,e.g.,the violin the piano,11/121,定冠词使用方法,用在一些习惯用语中,9.,e.g.,in the day,in the morning/aftrnoon/evening,in the dark,in the distance,in the middle(of),in the end,/beginning,at the end/beginning of,by the way,go to the theatre(cinema),12/121,零冠词使用方法,名词前有了物主代词、指示代词、不定代词和“”全部格时。,1.,2.,3.,4.,e.g.Our books those apples Jims pen,附复数名词在表示一类人或者事物时。,e.g.They are teachers.他们是老师。,在专有名词前,e.g.China England,在星期、月份、节日前,e.g.on Sunday in August on Childrens Day,不使用冠词情况,13/121,零冠词使用方法,在球类运动前及三餐名词前。,5.,6.,e.g.play football/basketball have supper,在一些固定搭配中,e.g.,at night,go to school,at table,by bike,at work,go to bed,at school,at home,watch TV,不使用冠词情况,14/121,以下词组中，有没有冠词意义不一样。,go to school _,go to the school _,上学,去学校,take place _,take the place of _,发生,代替,in front of _,in the front of _,在前面,在前部,15/121,数 词,（1）基数词表示数量多少one,two,ten,（2）序数词表示数次序 first,second,twelfth 其前要加上冠词the或代词。序数词缩写形式如first-1stsecond-2ndthirty-first-31st等。,16/121,（,1,）,年、月、日、时刻表示法,4月10日-April 10,，6时-6:00，,5月1日-May 1，12时-12 oclock，,5:30-half past five，8:45-a quarter to nine，,（,2,）,分数小数和百分数表示方法,o.15-zero point one five 40%forty percent,56%fifty-six percen,（3）分数表示法组成：,基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母。分子大于1时，分子序数词用单数，分母序数词用复数。比如：,1/3 one-third；3/37 three thirty-sevenths.,17/121,代词,一.概念:,代词是代替名词词,按其意义、特征及其在句中作用分为：,人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、不定代词和关系代词,等。,二.相关知识点精讲,1.人称代词1)人称代词人称、数和格，以下表所表示。,18/121,19/121,2)人称代词有,主格和宾格,之分。通常,主格作主语，宾格作宾语,。如：,I,like table tennis.（作主语）,Do you know,him,?（作宾语）,3)人称代词还可作,表语,。作,表语时用宾格,。如：-Who is knocking at the door?,-Its,me,.,4)人称代词在than之后与其它人或事物进行比较时，用,主格和宾格,都能够。如：,He is older than,me,.,He is older than,I,am.,20/121,2.物主代词1)表示所相关系代词叫物主代词。物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性,物主代词，以下表所表示。,21/121,2),形容词性物主代词作用相当于,形容词,，,可在句中作,定语,。比如：,Our,teacher is coming to see us.,This is,her,pencil-box.,3),名词性物主代词作用相当于,名词,，在句中可用作,主语、宾语和表语,。,Our school is here,and,theirs,is there.,（作主语）,-Is this English-book,yours,?,（作表语）,-No.Mine is in my bag.,Ive already finished my homework.Have you finished,yours,?,（作宾语）,22/121,3.指示代词指示代词包含：this，that，these，those。,1)this和these普通用来指,在时间或空间上较近事物或人,，that和those,则,指时间和空间上较远事物或人,，比如：,This,is a pen and,that,is a pencil,We are busy,these,days,In,those,days the workers had a hard time,23/121,2)有时that和those指前面,讲到过事物,，this 和these则是指,下面将要讲,到事物,，比如：,I had a cold.,That,s why I didnt come.What I want to say is,this,;pronunciation is very important in learning English,24/121,4.反身代词 英语中用来表示,我自己，你自己，他自己，我们自己，你们自己,等意义代词称为反身代词，也有些人称之为本身代名词，其形式如表所表示。,25/121,enjoy oneself,make oneself at home,make oneself understoodheard,for oneself为自己，,of oneself自然地，自动地 by oneself独自地，,反身代词,26/121,汉字,主格,宾格,全部格,名词性物代,反身代词,我,我们,你,你们,他,她,它,他们,I me my mine myself,we us our ours ourselves,you you your yours yourself,you you your yours yourselves,he him his his himself,she her her hers herself,it it its its itself,they them their theirs themselves,27/121,5不定代词：,some与any,：,some,普通用于必定句中，但在表示请求并希望对方能给予必定回答时，可用于疑问句中；,any,普通用于否定和疑问句中，但当any强调“任何”时，也可用于必定句中。,同理，something，somebody，someone使用方法同some；anything，anybody，anyone使用方法同any。,28/121,one,both,all,one,指人或物，“一个”，其复数为ones,This is not the one I want.(表语),both,指人或指物，“二者都”This maths problem can be worked out in both ways.(定语),注意：both用于否定句，表示部分否定；表示完全否定时，用neither。,Both of us are not teachers.我们俩并不都是教师。Neither of us is a teacher.我们俩都不是教师。,All,“全部”、“整个”，可与可数或不可数名词连用，表示“全部”、“全部”，指三个或三个以上人或物。He gave me all the money.他把全部钱给了我。,29/121,All the schools are flooded.全部学校都被淹了。,注意：all 用于否定句，表示部分否定，完全否定用none,。如：Not all the ants go out for food.,All the ants dont go out for food.,并不是全部蚂蚁都出去寻找食物。None of the money is mine.,这钱一分也不是我。,30/121,few,little;a few,a little,few和little,表示没有多少，含否定意义；而a few 和a little表示有一些，有几个，含必定意义。另外，few、a few 修饰可数名词；little、a little修饰不可数名词。它们在句中惯用作定语、主语和宾语。,31/121,Other,others,the other,the others 和 another,the other表示“二者中另一个”；,other意思是“其它”，不能单独使用，后面必须接名词，表泛指；others可指其它人或东西，相当于other+名词复数；,the others特指,或定指,其它一些人或物,（有范围时候）,，相当于the other+名词复数。,another修饰或代替单数可数名词，意为“（三个或三个以上）另一个”，不能指二者中另一个，在句中可作宾语和定语。,32/121,He got two books;,one,is textbook,the other,is a novel.Five of,the,pencils are red,the others,(the other pens)are yellow.,Some,students are singing,others,(other students)are dancing.Please give me,another,book.,33/121,6相互代词：each other用于,二者或二者以上,；one another用于,三者或三者以上,，在当代英语中它们可通用。,7疑问代词：what指事或物，不强调范围；who(whom，whose)指人；which既,可,指人也可指物，但强调范围。,8关系代词：what，who，whom，whose，which，that，as，,34/121,The Use of“it”,代词,it,引导词,it,It句型归纳,Sentences With“it”,35/121,表示时间、天气、距离,季节、环境、情况等,It,s time for lunch.,When spring comes,it,gets warmer,and warmer.,It,s about two hours,from here to the zoo.,It,s winter now.,It,was very quiet(noisy)at the moment.,代词-it,36/121,1 作,形式主语,，代替由不定式（或不定式复合结构）、动名词或从句表示真正主语。,It,is exciting to find an ancient tomb.(代替不定式),It,was wrong for you not to help her.(代替不定式复合结构),It,is believed that this man found in the grave was from a rich family.（代替主语从句）,引导词,37/121,2作,形式宾语,，代替由不定式、动名词或从句表示真正宾语。,He feels,it,his duty to help others.,We thought,it,no use doing that.,I find,it,difficult to solve the problem.,引导词,38/121,3,用在强调结构中。为了强调句子某一成份（通常是,主语,、,宾语,、,或,地点状语或时间状语,），惯用强调结构“It is(was)+被强调成份+that(或who)”,I,saw,Li Ping,in the street,yesterday,.,引导词,39/121,It was,I,that/who,saw Li Ping,in the street this morning.,It was,Li Ping,that I saw in the street,this morning.,It was,in the street,that I saw Li Ping,this morning.,It was,yesterday,that I saw Li Ping,in the street.,it-强调结构,40/121,5.,It is+no use+动名词,It,is no use,regretting,your past mistakes.,It,is no use,crying,over split milk.,It,is no good,learning,English without speaking English.,能以,动名词,作主语这类句子并不多，主要在以,no good,no use,useless,worthwhile,等词作表语句子中用。,41/121,6.,It+be+adj./n.+that-clause,It is,very,clear,that hes tall like a tree.,It is a pity,that,she has made such a mistake.,Adj:,obvious,necessary，right，strange，natural,true,N:,a fact,a shame,an honor,no wonder,42/121,高中英语语法复习专题之,介词,43/121,早、午、晚要用in,例：in the morning 在早上,in the afternoon 在下午,in the evening 在晚上,in the day 在白天,44/121,at拂晓、午、夜、点与分,例:at dawn,at daybreak 在拂晓时候,at noon 在中午 at dusk 在黄昏,at night 在夜间 at midnight 在午夜,at nine fifteen 在9点15分,at ten thirty a.m.在早晨10点30分,45/121,年、月、年月、季节、周,阳光、灯、影、衣、冒雨,in，,在“某年”，在“某月”，在“某年某月”(但在某年某月某 日则用on)，在四季，在第几周等都要用in。,即在阳光下，在灯下，在树阴下，穿衣、着装、冒雨等都要用in。,46/121,未来时态in.以后,They will come back in 10 days.,他们将10天以后回来。,Come and see me in two days time.,两天以后看我。(从现在开始),after.(从过去开始),47/121,日子、日期、年月日，星期，年月日加上早午晚;以下皆用on。,on Octorber the first 1949 1949年10月1日,on Saturday afternoon 星期六下午,on the morning of 18th 18日早晨,48/121,工具、同、和、随with，含有，独立、就、原因,With the development of science and technology,more and more people can use computer to communicate with others.,China is a very large country with a long history.中国是一个历史悠久大国。(含有),What is the matter with you?,怎么回事?(就，关于),With the help of my classmate,49/121,海、陆、空、车、偶、被by，单数人类known to man,例:by land(air,sea,water,bus)陆路(航空，水陆，水路，乘公共汽车),by chance 偶然 by accident 偶然,It is known,(,to man,/us)that.,as we all know,.,=as is known to us,.,众所周知.,这里用to man而不用by。即当单数又无冠词man和known搭配时，表示人类不用by。,50/121,this，that，tomorrow，yesterday，next,last,one 接年、月、季、星期、周，介词省略已习惯,51/121,over,under正上下above,below则不然,低高below与above,The plane flew above the city.飞机飞过城市上空。（高于城市并非正上方),A lamp was hanging over the table.一盏灯是在方桌上方。(正上方),The temperature in the room is below(or under)30.室温是摄氏30度以下。(数量词二者皆可),52/121,beyond超出、无、不能,against 靠着，对与反,Its quite beyond me(It is more than I can understand).这我完全不懂。,beyond my control,She leaned wearily against the railings.她疲惫地靠着栏杆站着。(靠着),53/121,ing型因为、鉴，除了，除外与包含。之后，关于，在方面，相关介词须记全。,considering 因为；,respecting鉴于:,excepting 除了：,including包含：,regarding 关于：相当于about,concerning 相关：,54/121,Conjunction,连词,55/121,连词概说,作用：用来连接连接,词,、,词组,、,句子,或,从句,词。,连词的分类,并列连词,隶属连词,56/121,一、并列连词,1.表示平行或对等关系并列连词：,and,as well as,“和”；,bothand“和两个都”；,not onlybut also“不但而且”,neithernor“既不也不”等。,57/121,They work,and,live in Shenzhen.,He is a scientist,as well as,a poet.,A man should have,both,courage,and,perseverance.,He can,neither,read,nor,write.,He is,not only,clever,but also,diligent.,She plays,not only,the piano,but（also）,the guitar.,58/121,not only but also 关联两个分句时，假如是not only在句首，第一个句子必须倒装。,他不但喜欢读小说，还会写一些。,Not only does he like,reading novels,but also he can write some.,59/121,2.表示转折关系并列连词：,but“不过”；however“然而”；while“而”；,yet“然而”；nevertheless“然而”等。,He worked hard,but,he failed at last.,Id like to go with you.,However,my hands are full.,She failed many times.,Nevertheless,she went on with experiment.,This is a glorious,yet,difficult task.,Some people like coffee,while,other like tea.,60/121,3.表示选择关系并列连词：,or“或者”；eitheror“要么要么”whether.or等。,We will die without air or water.,不是你对，就是我对。,Either you or I am right.,Whether he will come or not is still unknown.,61/121,Summary:(主谓一致),1.and,bothand,连接两个并列主语时，谓语普通用复数。,2.not onlybut also,连接两个并列主语时，谓语普通以靠近谓语主语为准就近一致标准。用到就近一直标准连词还有：or,nor,eitheror,neithernor等,3.as well as,连接两个并列主语时，谓语普通和第一个主语一致就远一致标准。用到这个标准连词还有：with,together with,along with等。,62/121,二.隶属连词,是用来引导连接主句和从句连词。,分为引导,名词性从句,连词和引导,状语,从句,连词。,1.引导名词性从句,(1).that,(2).连接代词 who,whom,which,what,(3).连接副词 when,where,how,why,whether,63/121,2.引导状语从句连词,(1).时间:,when,while,as 当时,when+瞬间,延续性动词,while+延续性动词,as+瞬间,延续性动词“伴随”,till/until,once,as soon as(一就),64/121,(2).原因:,because,for,as,since,therefore,so,etc.,because 语气最重，引导原因普通回答why提出问题，它是句子重心所在。,For是并列连词，所说明原因只是一个补充说明，它引导分句普通,不能放在句首,。,as引导从句表示,显著为人所知理由,或不如句子其余部分主要，它普通放于句首，也可放在主句之后，惯用语口语中，语气较because,since弱。,since与as意思相近，语气较as强，也较正式些，普通放在句末，也可放在句首。,65/121,Mary was absent,because,she was ill.,It must have been rained last night,for,the ground is wet.,Since,youre ill,you dont have to go to school today.,As,all the seats were full,she had to stand there for 2 hours.,Mother is busy,so,I often help her.,It rained.,Therefore,the football match was postponed.,66/121,(3).让步:,though/although不与but连用.,as(尽管),even if/though(即使),尽管天气冷,可他仍继续工作.,Though it was cold,he went on working.,=Cold as it is,he went on working.,67/121,形容词,68/121,定义:adjective 简称adj.形容词用来修饰名词或代词,表示人或事物性质,状态,和特征。,69/121,使用方法:形容词在句中作,定语,表语,补语,。,（1）放在名词前做定语。,She is a good student,Mary is an honest,hardworking girl.,（2）放在系动词之后作表语。,This film is very interesting.,She looks younger than her age.,（3）放在宾语后作宾语补足语。,We painted the wall white.,His coming made us happy.,70/121,主语+谓语(系动词)+as+形容词原形+as+从句。表示二者对比相同。,这个盒子和我一样大。,This box is as big as mine.,这件衣服同那件衣服一样廉价。,This coat is as cheap as that one.,71/121,用形容词表示类别和整体,他经常帮助穷人。,He always helps the poor.,我喜欢同年轻人谈话。,I like to have a talk with the young.,72/121,以-ly结尾形容词,大部分形容词词加-ly可组成副词。但,friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，,仍为形容词。,有些以-ly 结尾词既为形容词，也为副词。,daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early,73/121,morethan有时表示“与其说,倒不如说”,与其说他聪明,不如说他勤奋,He is more diligent than wise.,与其说他是一位老师,不如说更像一位朋友,He is more a friend than a teacher.,74/121,有时用比较级表示最高级意思,如:,She cant be more beautiful.,He works harder than the other students in his class.,He works harder than any other student in his class.,75/121,副词,76/121,副词adverbs缩写 adv.，是用来修饰或说明,动词、形容词或其它副词,词类。说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。如：often经常，there那里，very很，slowly慢慢地,（一）定义,77/121,（二）副词分类,副词分类,例词,时间副词,地点副词,方式副词,程度副词,now,then,often,early,never,still,rather,much,hardly,well,slowly,hard,badly,there,here,below,above,78/121,关系副词,疑问副词,连接副词,其它副词,also,not,only,too,when,where,why,whether,how,when,where,why,when,where,why,79/121,（,三,）副词在句中作用,1、做状语,1）修饰动词，如：,Its raining heavily.,雨下得很大,2）修饰形容词，如：,Its rather a difficult job.,这是一项相当难工作。,80/121,3）修饰其它副词，如：,Dont ride too fast.,不要骑得太快。,4）修饰介词短语,Where is the broom?,扫帚在哪里?,81/121,5)修饰从句,This exactly what he said.,这正是他所说.,6)修饰名词,代词及数词,如:,Life here is full of joy.,82/121,动词,83/121,依据其在句中功效，动词可分为四类,，,实义动词,（Notional Verb）make,系动词,（Link Verb）,助动词,（Auxiliary Verb）,情态动词,（Modal Verb）,84/121,系动词亦称联络动词它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语组成系表结构说明主语情况、性质、特征等情况。,1）状态系动词 用来表示主语状态，只有,be,一词，,2）连续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一个情况或态度，主要有,keep,remain,stay,3）表像系动词用来表示看起来像这一概念，主要有,seem,appear,look,4）感官系动词感官系动词主要有,feel,smell,sound,taste,5）改变系动词这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有,become,get,85/121,助动词,帮助主要动词组成谓语动词词组词叫助动词（Auxiliary Verb）。最惯用助动词有：,be,have,do,shall,will,should,would,等,86/121,动词依据其后是否带有宾语，可分为两类，分别是：及物动词、不及物动词，英语缩写形式分别为,vt.和vi.。,说明：同一动词有时可用作及物动词，有时可用作不及物动词。比如：,She can dance and sing.,（sing在此用作不及物动词。）,She can sing many English songs.,（sing用作及物动,词。）,87/121,语态,语态(voice)是动词一个形式，用以表示主语和谓语之间关系。,语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。,主动语态表示主语是动作执行者，如,Manypeople,speak,English.,被动语态表示主语是动作承受者，如,English,isspoken,bymanypeople.,88/121,The door was,opened,.,Be 动词,过去分词,被动语态组成,89/121,动词时态,要求：掌握动词各种时态，能选择正确时态写作。,90/121,教学纲领要求惯用,8种,时态：,普通,进行,完成,完成进行,现在,普通现在时,现在进行时,现在完成时,现在完成进行时,过去,普经过去时,过去进行时,过去完成时,过去完成进行时,未来,普通未来时,未来进行时,未来完成时,未来完成进行时,过去未来,过去未来时,过去未来进行时,过去未来完成时,过去未来完成进行时,91/121,普通现在时&现在进行时,普通现在时：,现在进行时：,习惯性，经常发生动作。,正在进行，连续，未完成。,92/121,现在进行时表示说话此刻或现阶段正在进行行为，be（am/is/are）+现在分词,She is running,93/121,现在完成时,现在完成时：结构：,have（has）+过去分词,。,94/121,表示动作已经完成，强调过去发生某一动作,对现在造成影响和结果,。常与一些时间状语连用：如：,already;yet;by this time;just;ever;never;so far;till now;before;now that,等