《新编英汉笔译教程》第六章英汉翻译技巧(二)增词法.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,第六章英汉翻译技巧（二）增词法,一、增词法的概念（,AMPLIFICATION,）,二、需要增词的两种情况,（一）根据意义或修辞上的需要增词,（二）根据句法上的需要增词,三、翻译练习,一、增词的概念（,AMPLIFICATION,）,所谓增词,(amplification),就是在译文中增加一些,原文字面上没有的词、词组,甚至句子。,增词就是增加原文中虽然无其词而有其意的一些词。,一般而言,增词法在大的方面有两种情况：一是把原文句子里“隐含”,或上下文意思清楚而没有写出来的词在译文里补进去,以便汉语能清楚地表达原文的意思,也就是说这样的增词是出于语义上的需要,;,另一种增词则是出于句法上的考虑,把原文中省略的句子成分补充进去,使译文的句子有完整的意思。,二、需要增词的两种情况,（一）根据意义上或修辞上的需要,1.,增加动词（,Adding verbs,）,当原句为避免用词重复时,可能省去再次出现的相同动词,汉译时要表达出来,;,当原句的主语或宾语直译成汉语时,译文可能不通顺,或不符合汉语习惯,这种情况下可增译动词。例如,:,In every Chinese city,we got into the streets,shops,parks,theatres and restaurants.,在中国，我们每到一个城市就遛大街、逛商店、游公园、看演出、吃名菜。,My part-time job,my English and my old classmates were more than enough to fill my summer vacation,我要做兼职工作,学习英语,还要与老同学聚聚,这些占去了我暑假的全部时间。,They build roads,houses,bridges,ships,pipelines,and canals.,他们修路、盖房、架桥、造船、铺管道、挖运河。,Fortune knocks at every mans door once in a life,but in a good many cases,the man is in a neighboring saloon and does not hear her.,每个人的一生中，幸运之神都只来敲一次门，可是许多情况下，那个受到眷顾的人竟在隔壁的酒馆里，听不见她敲门。,2,增加形容词、副词（,Adding adj.&adv.,）,Inflation has now reached unprecedented level.,通货膨胀现在已经发展到空前严重的地步。,This is grasping at straws.,抓住救命稻草。,What a leader he is!,他真是一个出类拔萃的领袖！,What a sight!,多么美的景色啊！,Army will make a man of him.,军队会把他锻炼成一个堂堂正正的男子汉。,3,增加名词（,Adding nouns,）,1,）在不及物动词后增加名词,英语中有些动词有时用作及物动词，有时用作不及物动词；当它作不及物动词时，宾语实际上是隐含在动词后面，译成汉语时候应该把它译出来，例如：,Mary washes before meals,玛丽饭前洗手。,Mary washes for a living,玛丽靠洗衣度日。,Mary washes in a restaurant,玛丽在饭店洗碗,。,Their host carved,poured,served,cut bread,talked,laughed,proposed health.,热情的主人又是切肉，又是倒茶，又是上菜，又是切面包，谈啊，笑啊，敬酒啊，忙个不停。,Since her earliest walking period she had been as the right hand of her mother.Scrubbing,baking,errand-running,and nursing,what there had been to do she did.,自从她会走路的时候起，她就是母亲的好帮手。擦地板，烤面包，跑差事，照顾孩子，样样都是她做的事儿。,Miss,Havisham,sent her out to attract and torment and do mischief,with the malicious assurance that she was beyond the reach of all admirers.,郝薇香小姐把她放出去招蜂引蝶,去折磨男人,去害男人,其恶毒用心就是让追求她的男人对她永远望尘莫及。,2,）在形容词前加名词,英语中的形容词表现力很强,携带的信息也很丰富。某些形容词本身就暗含了名词的意义,在英译汉时常常需要将隐含的名词补译出来。例如,:,Compared with those ones,these cameras are small,light and cheap.,与那些照相机相比,这些照相机的体积小,重量轻而且价格便宜。,This camera is easy to operate,versatile,compact and has a pleasing modern design.,这种照相机操作简便，功能齐全，结构紧凑，造型美观,Keith:A little,yellow,ragged,beggar.,凯斯是个要饭的,身材矮小,面皮焦黄,衣衫褴褛。,3,）在抽象名词后增加名词,某些由动词或形容词派生来的抽象名词，翻译时可根据上下文在其后面增添适当的名词，使译文更合乎规范。例如：,to persuade,说服,persuasion,说服工作,to prepare,准备,preparation,准备工作,backward,落后,backwardness,落后状,tense,紧张,tension,紧张局势,arrogant,自满,arrogance,自满情绪,mad,疯狂,madness,疯狂行为,antagonistic,敌对,antagonism,敌对态度,We were all greatly moved by his loftiness.,我们都被他那种崇高品质所深深打动。,They wanted to ease the tension in the Middle East.,他们试图缓解中东的紧张局势。,I was deeply impressed by the backwardness of the mountain area.,这一山区得落后状况给我留下了深刻印象。,He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge,and declared his own son guilty.,他让法官的职责战胜父子的私情，而判决他儿子有罪。,4,增加表示名词复数的词（,Adding plural nouns,）,汉语名词的复数没有词性变化，很多情况下不必表达出来。但是要表达多数人的名词时，可在其后加“们”，如,:the teachers,教师们，或者在前面加“诸位”或“各位”，如,ladies and gentlemen,诸位女士和先生。此外，英语名词复数汉译时还可以增加重叠词、数词或其他词表示复数。,The very earth trembled as with the tramps of horses and murmur of angry men.,连大地都震动了，仿佛万马奔腾，千夫怒吼。,He stretched his legs which were scattered with scars.,他伸出双腿，露出腿上的道道伤痕。,Very acute problems exist among them.,他们之间存在着种种非常尖锐的问题。,Seeing is believing.,百闻不如一见,Think before you leap.,三思而后行,Newsmen went flying off to Mexico.,记者纷纷飞到墨西哥去了。,5,增加表达时态的词（,Adding the tense,）,英语动词的时态靠动词词形变化（如,write,wrote,）或加助动词（如,will write,have written,）来表达的。,汉语动词没有词形变化，表达时态要靠增加汉语特有的时态助词或一些表示时间的词。,如：翻译完成时往往用“曾”、“已经”、“过”、“了”；翻译进行时往往用“在”、“正在”、“着”；翻译将来时往往用“将”、“就”、“会”、“便”、“就要”等等。,除此之外，为了强调时间概念或强调时间上的对比，往往需要加一些其它的词。,We dont regret,we never have had,we never will.,我们不后悔，我们从来就没后悔过，我们将来也不会后悔。,I had imagined it to be merely a gesture of affection,but it seems it is to smell the lamb and make sure that it is her own.,原来我以为这不过是一种亲热的表示，但是现在看来，这是为了闻一闻羊羔的味道，来断定是不是自己生的。,I had never thought Id be happy to find myself considered unimportant.But this time I was.,以往我从未想过，当我发觉人们认为我是无足轻重时，我会感到高兴。但这次情况确实如此。,6,增加语气助词（,Adding modal word,）,汉语中有许多语气助词，如“的”、“吧”、“呢”、“啊”、“呀”、“嘛”、“吗”、“啦”、“了”、“罢了”、“而已”等等。,不同的语气助词可以发生不同的作用，英译汉时细心体会原文，增加一些汉语所特有的语气词，可以更好地表达愿作的意义和修辞色彩。,Don t take it seriously.Im just making fun of you.,不要认真嘛！我不过开开玩笑罢了。,As for me,I didnt agree from the very beginning.,我呢，从一开始就不赞成。,They(the eyes)were the same color as the sea,cheerful and undefeated.,那双眼啊，像海水一样的颜色，愉快，毫不沮丧。,7,增加量词（,Adding measure word,）,1,）英语中的数词（包括不定冠词,a,）与可数名词往往直接连用，他们之间没有量词，而汉语往往借助量词。因此翻译时应根据汉语表达习惯恰当地增加表示其形状、特征或材料等的量词。如：,the first oil well,第一口油井,a bike,一辆自行车,a typewriter,一台打字机,a tractor,一台拖拉机,a full moon,一轮满月,a bad dream,一场恶梦,A red sun rose slowly from the calm sea.,一轮红日从风平浪静的海面冉冉升起。,A stream was winding its way through the valley into the river.,一弯溪水蜿蜒流过山谷，汇合到江里去了。,2,）英语中有些动词或动作名词，译成汉语动词时常需增加一些表示行为、动作量的动量词。如：,have a rest,休息一下；,make a stop,停一下，等等。,Once,they have a quarrel.,有一次，他们争吵了一番。,Herb gave her a sly look.,赫伯狡猾地看了他一眼。,I was extremely worried about her,，,but this was neither place nor the time for a lecture or an argument.,我真替她万分担忧，但此时此地，既不宜教训她一番，也不宜与她争论一通。,He was so absorbed in the work that he hasnt had a bit since this morning.,他工作得这么专心致志，从早晨到现在连饭都没来得及吃上一口。,8,根据上下文需要增加反映背景情况的词,The New York Times,the Guardian,Le Monde,the Peoples Daily and the United Morning Post all reported the nuclear crises in Korean Peninsula.,美国的,纽约时报,、英国的,卫报,、法国的,世界报,、中国的,人们日报,、以及新加坡的,联合早报,都对朝鲜半岛的核危机进行了报道。,The Pentagon made no responds to this incident.,五角大楼（指美国国防部）对这一事件没有作出任何反应。,9,增加概括词,英语和汉语都有概括词。英语中的,in short,and so on,etc.,等等，翻译时可以分别译为“总之”、“等等”,。当有时候英语句子中并没有概括词，而翻译时却往往可增加“两人”、“双方”、“等等”、“凡此种种”等等概括词，同时省略掉英语中的连接词。如：,We must enable everyone who receives education to develop morally,intellectually and physically.,我们应该使受教育者在德育、智育、体育三个方面都得到发展。,They talked about inflation,unemployment,financial investment and environmental protection.,他们谈到了通货膨胀、失业、金融投资以及环保四方面的问题。,（二）根据句法上的需要,(for purpose of syntax),1,增补原文回答句中的省略部分,Few children can eat when excited with the thoughts of a journey;nor could I.,孩子们一想到要去旅行，心情激动，很少能吃下东西，我也同样吃不下去。,Is this your book?Yes,it is.,这是你的书吗？是我的。,“,What!Dont you love him?”“Yes,of course,I do.”,“,怎么？你不爱他,？”“我当然爱他。”,2,增补原文句子中所省略的动词,Reading makes a full man;conference()a ready man;writing()an exact man.,读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，写作使人准确。,An Eagle and a Fox had long lived together as good neighbors;the Eagle()at the summit of a high tree,the Fox()in a hole at the foot of it.,一只鹰和一只狐狸长期友好地住在一起，鹰住在一棵高高的树顶上，狐狸住在树下一个洞里。,We dont retreat,we never have()and never will().,我们不后退，我们从没有后退过，将来也决不后退。,Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness,（蛮勇）,affection weakness,thrift avarice,（贪婪）,.,勇敢过度，即成蛮勇；感情过度，即成溺爱，俭约过度，即成贪婪。,3,增补原文比较句中的省略部分,Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own.,从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的失败中吸取教训更好。,He is more concerned about others than about himself.,他关心别人胜于关心自己。,The footmen were as ready to serve her as they were their own mistress.,仆人们愿意服侍她，就像愿意服侍自己的女主人一样。,4,增补原文含蓄条件句中的省略部分,Past retirement age,Dr.,Masefield,is as vigorous as ever.,虽然已经过了退休年龄，可梅斯费尔德博士仍然和以前一样精力充沛。,Heated,water will change into vapor.,水如受热，就会汽化。,Without a sense of your fault,how can repentance and amendment be expected?,如果对自己的错误都不能认识到，怎么能指望你会悔改呢？,Suppose the preparatory work should not be completed.,假设准备工作完成不了，那可怎么办？,三、翻译练习：,Sept.11 delivered both a shock and a surprise the attack,and our response to it and we can argue forever over which mattered more.,911,事件带给我们的是震惊和意外,令人震惊的是这场袭击，令人意外的是我们对这一事件的反应,至于哪一个更要紧我们可能会永远争论不休。,He was wrinkled and black,with scant gray hair.,他满脸皱纹，皮肤黝黑，头发灰白稀疏。,Mary washes after getting up.,玛丽起床后洗脸。,Man,was,is and always will be trying to improve his living conditions.,人类过去、现在而且将来总是在尽力改善生活条件。,He was always looking for a shortcut to fame and fortune.,他成天在寻觅成名成家,发财致富的捷径。,When I turned around,John was grinning,expectant,studying my face intently to see if he had pleased me.He had.,我转过身，只见约翰正咧着嘴笑，满脸期待的神情；他热切的目光想从我的脸上探明他是否博得了我的欢心。他确实博得了我的欢心。,What he had done made his classmates happy,but his mother angry.,他的所作所为使他的同学高兴,却使他的母亲生气了。,Long-stemmed models walked through the lobby.,身材修长的模特儿们走过大厅,This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.,这部打字机真是物美价廉。,Not to educate him(the child)is to condemn him to repetitious ignorance.,如果我们不对儿童进行教育的话，那就会使儿童沦入世世代代的愚昧状态。,Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty.,氧化作用会使钢铁生锈。,He felt the patriot rise within his breast.,他感到一种爱国热情在胸中激荡。,I knew it quite well as I know it now.,我在当时就知道的同现在一样清楚。,They had always been able to control things.Now control was getting away from all of them.,他们从前一向是能够控制局面的，现在他们大家正在丧失控制了。,I was,and remain,grateful for the part he played in my release.,我的获释是他成全的，对此我过去很感激，现在仍然很感激。,Since air has weight,it exerts force on any object immersed in it.,因为空气具有重量，所以处在空气中的任一物体都会受到空气的作用力。,The old man said,“They say his father was a fisherman.Maybe he was as poor as we are.”,老头儿说：“听人说，从前他爸爸是个打鱼的。他过去也许跟我们现在一样穷。”,He was well-favoured,bright,a good dancer,a fair shot and a fine tennis player.He was an asset at any party.,He,was lavish with flowers and expensive boxes of chocolate,and though he entertained little,when,he,did it was with an originality that pleased.,他很聪明，舞跳得不错，枪打得也可以，网球也打得挺好，深得（女孩子）喜爱。他是宴会中的宝贝儿，任意购买鲜花和高价巧克力送人。尽管他不大请客，请起来也别有一番创意，让人开心不已。,Thanks for Listening!,