新编英语教程第三版BOOK2Unit8.pptx

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Unit 8,Language,Structure,Read the following sentences and pay attention to the grammar rules they use:,You eat vegetables at every meal,so that,youll have enough vitamin C.,The refrigerator is,so,heavy,that,you cant move it to the other end of the room.,No matter how,painful it is,I can stand it./I can stand it,even if,it is very painful.,It was much,worse than I had,ever imagined,.,The more often,he practises,the better,he can speak English.,1/84,1.You eat vegetables at every meal,so that,youll have enough vitamin C.,adverbial clause of purpose,introduced by,so that,Notes:,目标状语从句中动词普通前要用,may，can，might，could，should，would,等情态动词，表示某种可能性，是主观意念,(2)假如主从句主语一致，可用so as to和in order to替换。,e.g.:,She went downtown,in order that,she could buy some clothes.,=She went downtown,in order to,buy some clothes.,2/84,(3)so that 也能够引导结果状语从句,e.g.:,I took an early bus,so that,I got there in time.,The room was packed with people,so that,we couldnt get in.,3/84,Use,so that,convert following sentences:,1).He doesnt want to be late for work,and so he sets his alarm for six.,(He sets his alarm for six,so that,he will not be late for work.),2)Dr.Liu wants to keep up with the latest development in medicine.He therefore reads medical journals,.,(Dr.Liu reads medical journals,so that,he can keep up with the latest development in medicine.),3)He wanted us to forward his letters to him.He left us his new address.,(He left us his new address,so that,we could forward his letters to him.),4/84,2.The refrigerator is,so,heavy,that,you cant move it to the other end of the room.,adverbial clause of result,introduced by,so that,Notes:,(1),so+adj./adv.形容词或副词+that,，也能够用,such名词短语that,引导结果状语从句,e.g.:,He made,such an inspiring speech that,everybody got excited.,(2,)sothat,只能引导结果状语从句,5/84,(3)“,so that not,”can be expressed by“,tooto,”structure.,e.g.:,The refrigerator is,too,heavy for you,to,move.,(4)“so that”can be expressed by,adjective+enough+infinitive,structure.,e.g.:,The moral of the story is,so,clear,that,everybody can see it.,The moral of the story is,clear enough for everybody to,see.,6/84,3.,No matter how,painful it is,I can stand it./I can stand it,even if,it is very painful.,adverbial clause of concession,introduced by,no matter+wh-word/even if,Notes:,(1)让步状语从句中，no matter+wh-=wh-ever（可作主语从句）,e.g.:,No matter what(=whatever)happens,we shall never lose hope.,(2)引导让步状语从句最惯用四个词是though，although，even if和even though，前二者语气较弱，后二者较强。,7/84,4.It was,much worse than,I had,ever imagined,.,adverbial clause of comparison,introduced by,than,Notes:,(1)Its basic form is“,the comparative degree of adj./adv.+than-clause,”,(2)The comparison here is made,according to a persons views,rather than,between two different subjects doing the same thing,.,e.g.:,You did better in the class,than I had thought,.,8/84,5.,The more,often he practices,the better,he can speak English.,adverbial clause of comparison,in,the more-the more-,pattern.,Notes:,(1)The meaning is“,If he practices more often,hell speak better,”.,(2)Generally speaking,the first clause is the,subordinate clause,and the second one is,the main clause,.,(3)This construction can be elliptical:,e.g.:,The sooner,the better.,The more,the better.,9/84,A:Why do you eat vegetables at every meal?,B:,(Because I want to have enough vitamin C.),A:I see.You eat vegetables at every meal so that youll have enough vitamin C.,B:,(Thats right.),Language,Structure,Practice 1,:Stating a purpose,10/84,A:Can you move the refrigerator to the other end of the room?,B:,(No,Im afraid not.Its too heavy for me to move.,A:Do you mean the refrigerator is so heavy that you cant move it?,B:,(Yes,Im afraid so.),Language,Structure,Practice 2-A,:Expressing inability&Stating a logical conclusion,11/84,A:I dont suppose you can finish reading the article in ten minutes.,B:,(Well,I think I can.Its easy enough for me to do so).,A:Is it so easy that you can do it in ten minutes?,B:,(Of course.),Language,Structure,Practice 2-B,:Expressing adequacy&Stating a logical conclusion,12/84,A:,(You think you can stand this injection?),B:Oh yes,I think so.,A:,(Its very painful,you know.),B:Its all right.No matter how painful it is,I can stand it./I can stand it even if its very painful.,Practice 3,:Expressing concession,Language,Structure,13/84,A:,(The English conversation tape we listened to yesterday was awful.),Ive never listened to anything more indistinct.,B:,(I agree.),It was much worse than I had ever imagined.,A:,(I wonder if theres anything clearer than that.),B:There is bound to be something better.,Practice 4,:Expressing agreement,doubt and certainty,Language,Structure,14/84,A:Does he practise speaking English often?,B:,(No,I dont think so.),A:Well,if he wishes to speak it well,he must practise as often as possible.,B:,(Thats true.),Ill tell him that the more often he practises speaking English,the better he will speak it.,Practice 5,:Making an assumption,&Expressing agreement,Language,Structure,15/84,Stage fright,Definition:,performance-related anxiety,Symptoms:,Sweaty palms,pounding heart,facial nerve,tics,（抽搐，痉挛）,shaking legs,dry throat,16/84,How to Avoid Stage Fright?,17/84,Practice as much as possible,18/84,Watch your own performance,19/84,Record yourself,20/84,Relax your body,21/84,Get some exercise,22/84,Avoid caffeine,23/84,Laugh as much as you can,24/84,Get there early,25/84,Talk to members in the audience,26/84,Imagine your favorite person in the audience,27/84,Make your speech interesting,28/84,Slow down,29/84,Move around,but dont fidget,30/84,Dialogue,Questions,Browse through the text,try to answer following questions.,Stage Fright,1.What kind of symptoms do people with stage fright have?,2.Is fear a good thing?Why?,3.How does repeated practice help build up the speakers self-confidence?,4.What should we do if our mind goes blank when speaking in front of people?,5.What kind of role does eye contact play in public speaking?,31/84,Dialogue,1.turn tail,:run away;flee 逃跑,e.g.:他们一看见我们来了，掉头就跑。,As soon as they saw us coming,they,turned tail and ran,.,2.,tremble:,shake slightly because you are frightened or cold 颤动;战栗,Gil was white and,trembling,with anger.,吉尔脸色发白，气得直发抖。,Stage Fright,32/84,Dialogue,3.,drenched,made completely wet,drench,(v.)make sb.or pletely wet,They were getting,drenched,by icy water.,4.,symptom,:the sign of an illness 症状；征兆,5.,shift out of,“,to change(gear)in a vehicle,”换挡,Here it means“,to change or move from one position or direction to another,”or to be more exact,“,move away from fear,”,Stage Fright,33/84,Dialogue,6.underestimate,to make too low an estimate of(sb./sth.)低估,The prefix,under-,is often put,before an adjective or an verb,to mean“,not enough,”,e.g.:,underdeveloped,underachieve,and undernourished,It can also be put,before a noun,to mean“,below,”or“,lower in rank or subordinate,”,e.g.:,underwear,underworld,undersecretary,undergraduate,Stage Fright,34/84,Dialogue,7.sharp-sighted,adj.,sharp:,1)尖锐;锐利,a sharp knife,2),quick to notice,hear,understand,or react to things,(人)敏锐，灵敏，灵巧,Gates is known to be a superb analyst with,a sharp eye,and an excellent memory.,sharp-sighted,/,sharp-eyed:,眼光锐利，精明,clear-sighted,有见识;有决断力,farsighted/longsighted,远视；有远见,short-sighted,近视；目光短浅,Stage Fright,35/84,Dialogue,8.if only,vs.,only if,if only,表示“希望”、“要是该多好啊”，后接虚拟语气。,If only,I were a boy.=I wish I were a boy.,If only,I had not come home alone.,If only,I could see you tomorrow.,only if,“只有当”(假如用于句首,主句主谓倒装),I wake up,only if,the alarm clock rings.,Only if,the alarm clock rings do I wake up.,Stage Fright,36/84,Dialogue,9.,spit out:,say openly and without delay what one is thinking,爽快地说出来,10.,“to the point that”,-appositive clause,After running,I get very hungry,to the point that,I could eat a double meal.,11.,stand still:,站着不动，停滞不前,别动！我给你照像呢！,Stage Fright,37/84,Dialogue,12.,rack ones brain(s),try very hard to think of sth.or recall sth.,绞尽脑汁；开动脑筋,13.,backup,:n.sb.or sth.that provides support or help 支持；后援,要完成这项工程我们需要一些专业人员支持。,We are going to need some professional,backup,for this project.,14.,prompting,assisting(sb.acting or reciting)by suggesting the next words of something forgotten or imperfectly learned 提醒,Stage Fright,38/84,Dialogue,15.,equal to,=,be equal to,:be the same as 等同于,16.,air:,the general character or appearance of,or feeling caused by a person by a place 外表，样子；态度，风度；气氛,会议弥漫着一个激动气氛。,There was an,air,of excitement at the meeting.,Stage Fright,39/84,关于猴子心理试验,两只猴子同时关在笼子里，一只被捆住了，不,能动；一只能够在笼子里活动试验不间断进,行，有一只猴子先死了。,思索：哪一只猴子先死了？,40/84,试验结果,：,能够活动猴子先死去了,被捆住猴子毫无方法，只好听天由命；,能够活动猴子在整个试验过程中，时刻处于担心、焦虑、恐惧中，这些都是消极情绪状态，对生物机体有重大影响。,41/84,心平气和,悲伤,美国生理学家艾尔马情绪生理试验,将人在不一样情绪状态下呼出气体搜集在玻璃试管中，冷却后变成水,发觉：,42/84,猜一猜：,在愤恨、生气状态下呼出气体冷却成水后,将其注射到大白鼠身上，将会发生么？,结果：,几分钟后大白鼠死亡,!,人在生气时生理反应非常猛烈，同时会分泌出许多有毒性物质。消极情绪长久存在，生理改变不能复原时，情绪压力就会损伤健康.,43/84,Stress and Health,Reading I,44/84,Stress is a natural part of everyday life and there is no way to avoid it.,45/84,What causes stress?,study,Hunt for a job,46/84,Exam,Look for a girl/boy friend,47/84,压力对人,生理,影响：,1,、,心率加紧，血压增高,2,、,肾上腺激素和去甲肾上,腺激素分泌增加,3,、,肠胃失调，溃疡,4,、,易意外受伤,5,、,身体疲劳,6,、,死亡,7,、,心脏疾病,8,、,呼吸问题,9,、,出汗量增加,10,、,皮肤功效失调,11,、,头痛,12,、,癌症,13,、,肌肉担心,14,、,睡眠障碍,48/84,严重压力是,猝死,最潜在危险原因,年4月8日晚，54岁爱立信,中国总裁杨迈在健身房,因心脏骤,停突然死亡,年4月19日凌晨，60岁麦,当劳企业首席执行官吉姆.坎塔卢,波,因心脏病突发猝死,49/84,在压力阶段，,血流中,胆固醇水平,升高。,长久压力减弱免疫系统功效，,造成对疾病易感性，,包含：,癌症,50/84,压力引发,消化功效紊乱,：,胃病、消化不良、便秘等。,溃疡、间歇痉挛以及类似,肠胃疾病都直接与因压力,荷尔蒙皮质醇引发酸度,提升相关。,51/84,压力引发,神经担心,和,肌张力增强,，肌肉疼痛、僵硬。,头疼也是与压力相关症状。,52/84,压力使中枢神经兴奋性增强，,生物节律被打乱，,失眠,、,多梦,、,早醒,53/84,压力对人,心理,影响：,1、,焦虑、担心、迷惑和急噪；,2、,疲劳感、生气、憎恶；,3、,情绪敏感和反应过敏；,4、,压抑、抑郁；,5、,沟通效果变差；,6、,退缩和忧郁；,7、,孤独感和疏远感；,8、,烦躁、不满；,9、,精神疲劳和工作能力低下；,10、,注意力涣散；,11、,缺乏自发性和创造性；,12、自信心不足。,54/84,Five tips for dealing with stress,Be realistic,Do exercises,Relax,Ask for help,Take care of ourselves,55/84,Be realistic,Were not perfect.,So we could never be the superman.,Enough is as good as a feast!,56/84,Do exercises,57/84,Relax,58/84,Ask for help,Share our stress.,Seek professional help from a psychologist.,59/84,Take care of ourselves,Get enough rest and have a healthy diet,60/84,Conclusion,Life is short,Live it well!,61/84,Reading I,Questions,Browse through the text,try to answer following questions.,Stress and Health,1.What happened when researchers asked some women to,recall a situation that made them angry?,2.What effects does stress have on our heart?,3.In what way can stress affect our cognition?Cite one or two examples.,4.What kind of person has a classic Type A personality,5.How does a hostile person react to people around him?,62/84,Vocabulary_2,A,1.hormone,2.pilot,3.conversion,4.principal,5.argumentative,6.aggressive,7.hostility,8.predictor,B,a.(of people)ready to attack;offensive;,quarrelsome,b.first in rank or importance;chief,main,c.person,instrument,etc.that say something,will happen or forecast,d.someone who is licensed to operate an aircraft,in flight,e.the state of being very unfriendly;enmity,f.fond of arguing,g.the change from one form or use to another,h.substance produced within the body and,carried by the blood to an organ which it,stimulates to assist growth,63/84,A,1.circulate,2.mild,3.chronically,4.harry,Vocabulary_3,b.Look up the following words in an English-English dictionary and write down the definition of each word that fits the context.,B,(cause something)to go round continuously,not strong or severe;gentle,(of a disease)developing slowly,or of long duration,keep bothering,64/84,A,5.apt,6.cognitively,7.depression,8.culprit,Vocabulary_4,B,likely or having a tendency to do something,low spirits;the state of being sad and without enthusiasm,with regard to cognition,offender or person who has done something wrong,65/84,Reading I,1.,not only,did the womens stress hormone levels increase suddenly,so,did their cholesterol levels.,not only,but also,e.g.:,Not only,is he a teacher,but(also),he is also a poet.,他不但作出了许诺,而且推行了诺言.,Not only,did he make a promise,but also,he kept it.,不但他受到了邀请，他父母也受到了邀请。,Not only,he was invited,but also,his parents were invited.,Not only,he was invited,so,were his parents.,前后,主语不一样,，但,谓语相同,时，,but also,可改成用,so,倒装句型。,Stress and Health,66/84,Reading I,2.,cholesterol,fatty substance in animal fluids and tissue,thought to cause the hardening of the arteries 胆固醇,Stress and Health,67/84,Reading I,3.,LDL,low density lipoprotein,which carries mostly fat and a small part of protein to other parts of the body 低密度脂蛋白,Stress and Health,68/84,Reading I,4.,assure,ensure,make sure,assure,向确保；使确信,assure sb.of sth.,assure sb.that,ensure,确保,ensure sth./that-clause,make sure that.,Stress and Health,69/84,Reading I,5.release,v./n.,1)set free or allow to go 释放；放出,He was,released from,prison the next day.,He is expected to be,released from,hospital today.,2)free from(a duty,task,or feeling)使免去;使免于,离婚解除了夫妻双方相互之间全部婚姻义务。,Divorce,releases,both the husband and wife,from,all marital obligations to each other.,Stress and Health,70/84,Reading I,3)allow feelings or abilities to be expressed发泄，释放(情感);展示(能力),I personally dont want to,release,my anger on anyone else.,Humour is wonderful for,releasing,tension.,4)discharge(gas,heat or a substance),释放，放出，排放(气体、热量或某种物质),The contraction of muscles uses energy and,releases,heat.,肌肉收缩消耗能量而且释放热量。,5)发行，推出(唱片、碟片或电影),He is,releasing,an album of love songs.他即将推出一张情歌专辑。,Stress and Health,71/84,Reading I,6.,arteries,any of the tubes carrying blood from the heart to all parts of the body 动脉,Stress and Health,72/84,Reading I,7.,amino acid,any of several organic compounds found in protein 氨基酸,Stress and Health,73/84,Reading I,8.,wreak havoc,wreak:,bring about or cause to happen 造成（混乱或破坏）,havoc:,violent disturbance 大破坏;大混乱,wreak havoc,(on sth.):bring great damage to sth.给造成巨大破坏,Stress can,wreak havoc on,the immune system.,他们政策将对经济造成巨大破坏。,Their policies would,wreak havoc on,the economy.,Stress and Health,74/84,Reading I,9.,apt to,likely to or having a tendency to do.,Other examples:,My old computer,is apt to,break down.,My little brother is a clever boy but,apt to,get into mischief.,Stress and Health,75/84,Reading I,premium ice cream,ice cream that is more expensive or more highly valued than usual 高品质冰激凌,Stress and Health,76/84,Reading I,10.,road rage,aggressive behaviour by a motorist in response to the actions of another road user,驾驶人因对前车不耐烦或对抢道不满而引发愤恨，交通急躁情绪，路怒,11.,shine,(at):,do sth.extremely well,出众，出类拔萃,shine at school,shine at work,shine at an activity,shine at a skill,Stress and Health,77/84,A型性格（type A personality）,主要表现有：,1、,时间紧迫感,，,对大多数事情无耐心；,2,、强烈竞争意识，不惜任何代价要出人头地；,3、轻易使他人产生,敌对情绪,；,4、认为人应该主动主动，在事情不成功时会感到内疚；,5、喜欢树立不现实计划；,6、以成功率作为自我评价标准；,7、需要比自己强人给予评价。,因为A型性格勤奋、好胜、不知满足、好挑剔，工作效率很高，为了成功信念拼命努力，总是忙忙碌碌，极少有机会真正放松自己。,美国心脏医学会在1981年将 A 型性格列为罹患心脏病危险原因之一。,78/84,心境平和、随遇而安、生活按部就班,不争强好胜、不计较时间,B型行为特点,79/84,C型行为特点,1.过分压抑、抑制,2.过分合作与顺从,3.好生闷气,据医学研究证实：,C型行为人易患,癌症,。,80/84,Reading I,tailgates,drives too closely behind(another vehicle),尾随，尤指跟车跟得太近,Stress and Health,81/84,Reading I,snap,to give way or collapse suddenly,especially from strain,（精神）突然瓦解,trump,to temporarily have a higher value than 胜过,Stres