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*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,Dr.Taowu Ma Jishou University,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,English Scientific Paper,Part 1:,The formation of a paper,Part 2:,The description for each section,Part 3:,Writing scientific English some hints,10/22/2025,1,Dr.Taowu Ma Jishou University,1/58,Part 1:The formation of a paper(for a research paper),Section 1:,Title,（题目）,Section 2:,Authors,（作者）,Section 3:,Abstract,（摘要）,Section 4:,Keywords,（关键词）,Section 5:,Introduction,（引言）,Section 6:,Materials and Methods,（,材料与方法）,Section 7:,Results,（结果）,Section 8:,Discussion,（讨论）,Section 9:,Acknowledgements,（致谢）,Section 10:,References,（参考文件）,10/22/2025,2,Dr.Taowu Ma Jishou University,2/58,Sample Paper(a standard research paper),题目,作者,地址,收稿与接收时间,10/22/2025,3,Dr.Taowu Ma Jishou University,3/58,摘要,关键词,10/22/2025,4,Dr.Taowu Ma Jishou University,4/58,电子文件数据库中论文提要,10/22/2025,5,Dr.Taowu Ma Jishou University,5/58,10/22/2025,6,Dr.Taowu Ma Jishou University,6/58,10/22/2025,7,Dr.Taowu Ma Jishou University,7/58,10/22/2025,8,Dr.Taowu Ma Jishou University,8/58,10/22/2025,9,Dr.Taowu Ma Jishou University,9/58,10/22/2025,10,Dr.Taowu Ma Jishou University,10/58,10/22/2025,11,Dr.Taowu Ma Jishou University,11/58,Part 2:The description for each section,Section 1:,Title,Requirements:,concise,striking,reflection of the paper core,if necessary,subheading might be added.,Check styles in the journal,using some published papers as examples.Some options:,A.,Descriptions,e.g.Estimation of phosphorus fertilizer requirements of wheat in southern Australia,.,Descriptions to be avoided:,Effects of.e.g.Effects of applied calcium on salinity tolerance of wheat-,very general,&,gives little information!,B.,Statements,e.g.Applied calcium can improve salinity tolerance of field-grown wheat,.,10/22/2025,12,Dr.Taowu Ma Jishou University,12/58,C.,Two-part descriptions or statements,e.g.Ectomycorrhizas(,内生菌根,)of the Myrtaceae,:,fungal fruit-body production in forest plantations in southern China.To be avoided:Ectomycorrhizas of the Myrtaceae.1:Fungal fruit-body production etc Part 2 may never appear,D.,Questions,e.g.Does applied calcium improve salinity tolerance of field-grown wheat?Can be used if previous literature is inconclusive or controversial,10/22/2025,13,Dr.Taowu Ma Jishou University,13/58,Notes for Title:,1 It should cover the main,aims,and/or,message,2 It should,appeal,to your audience,3 It should,not be too long,cannot exceed a certain number of characters,4 Avoid titles with a numbered,subtitle,10/22/2025,14,Dr.Taowu Ma Jishou University,14/58,Section 2:,Authors,Single author or coauthor,Detailed communication address for all author:from small to large:e.g.,College of Biology and Environmental Science,Jishou University,Jishou,416000 Hunan,PR China,.,Labeled as,letter a,b,c,for authors from different organizations,Corresponding author:labeled as asterisk *,If you have moved,also add“present address”,10/22/2025,15,Dr.Taowu Ma Jishou University,15/58,What is the order of the authors of your paper?,The person who did the work and wrote the manuscript should be,first(=senior)author,Corresponding author,is the one that will be the contact for the journal and correspondence that may follow after publication,Senior author,and corresponding author,can be the same,The research-team leader appears as,the last author,10/22/2025,16,Dr.Taowu Ma Jishou University,16/58,Section 3:,Abstract,The abstract is actually the first section of a report or paper,coming after the title and before the introduction.,The abstract is a,distillation,of a paper,it aims to briefly elucidate the study purpose,experimental methods and results,and to draw a conclusion or give some hypothesis and recommendations.In a word,the abstract provides the reader with a,brief preview,(简短预览)of your study.,Abstracts from almost all fields of study are written in a very similar way.The types of information included and their order are very conventional.,10/22/2025,17,Dr.Taowu Ma Jishou University,17/58,Some background information,The purpose or activity of your study,The methodology used,The principal results,Conclusion or recommendation or hypothesis,Order of Typical Elements Included in an Abstract,10/22/2025,18,Dr.Taowu Ma Jishou University,18/58,Notes for Abstract:,1 Check the style required by the journal,2 Abstracts are usually written to be as brief and concise as possible.For journal articles the editor often establishes a,word limit,for the abstract that authors can not exceed.In order to shorten an abstract to satisfy such limitations,you can,eliminate,or,combine,much of the information shown in the previous box.,3 Do not use references in this part,10/22/2025,19,Dr.Taowu Ma Jishou University,19/58,Notes for Abstract:,4 The reduced abstract typically focuses on only two or three elements,with the emphasis placed on the,results of the study,.Information concerning the purpose and method is presented first(background information is not included).,5 Then the most important results are summarized.Finally,conclusions and recommendations may be included in one or two sentences.,6 The verb tenses used in the abstract should be the,past tense,except for the conclusion in which the present or past tense can be used.,10/22/2025,20,Dr.Taowu Ma Jishou University,20/58,Sample Abstract,Resource:,Cecilia Berg,et al,.,The avian egg as a test system for endocrine disrupters:effects of diethylstilbestrol(Des,二乙基已烯雌酚,)and ethynylestradiol(EE,2,乙炔基雌二醇,)on sex organ development.,The Science of the Total Environment,1999,233,57-66.,10/22/2025,21,Dr.Taowu Ma Jishou University,21/58,Section 4:,Keywords,It may include experimental subjects,and principal terms of measurements.,Requirements:,1,Choose a limited number of keywords,that adequately cover your research,usually about,5,can be added after you have written the paper,2,No need to repeat words or phrases in the title,unless you like to be absolutely safe computer search engines should find keywords in titles,10/22/2025,22,Dr.Taowu Ma Jishou University,22/58,3 Keywords must be,useful,so avoid general words or phrases:e.g.plant nutrition is better than just nutrition,soil pollution is better than just pollution etc,4 You can,give information not in titles,e.g.names of plants studied,additional mineral elements measured,even locations of surveys,5 Imagine yourself doing a search for information about the field of your paper:,are your keywords helpful?,6,Arrange alphabetically,10/22/2025,23,Dr.Taowu Ma Jishou University,23/58,Section 5:,Introduction,The Introduction serves as an orientation for readers of the report or paper,giving them the perspective they need to understand the detailed information coming in later sections.,It mainly includes the,study status,and some,unsolved problems,the,study purpose,and the,needed experimental methodology,.,The Introduction can be divided into five parts or stages:,In Stage I,the author establishes a context(,背景,),or frame of reference,to help readers understand how the research fits into a wider field of study.,In Stage I of your Introduction you establish a setting for your research topic.,10/22/2025,24,Dr.Taowu Ma Jishou University,24/58,Section 5:,Introduction,In Stage II,you review,the findings of other researchers,who have already published in your area of interest.For this reason,Stage II is often called,the review of literature,.The review of literature serves three important functions.,First,it continues the process started in Stage I of giving your readers background information needed to understand your study.,Second,it assure your readers that you are familiar with the important research that has been carried out in your area.,Third,it establishes your study as one link in a chain of research that is developing and enlarging knowledge in your field.,10/22/2025,25,Dr.Taowu Ma Jishou University,25/58,Section 5:,Introduction,In Stage III,IV and V,After you have presented,a contextual setting,and discussed,the previous work of other researchers,you use the final part of the Introduction to focus the attention of the reader on the,specific research problem,you will be dealing with in the body of your report or paper,and propose the hypothesis you want to test in the study.This is done in three additional stages,which we designate as III,IV and V.,Stage III,indicates an area that is not treated in the previous literature,but that is important from the point of view of your own work;,Stage IV,formally announces the purpose and hypothesis of your research;and,Stage V,indicates possible benefits or applications of your work.,10/22/2025,26,Dr.Taowu Ma Jishou University,26/58,Notes for Introduction:,1,The first sentence,is important to attract the editor,reviewers and readers and it is,the most difficult,to write,2 It must,set the scene,i.e.the context of the paper and the questions being asked,3 It depends on the chosen journal:specialist or more general;e.g.,10/22/2025,27,Dr.Taowu Ma Jishou University,27/58,Mycorrhizas(菌根)colonize the vast majority of plants worldwide and are important in transferring phosphate and other nutrients to plants.,Arbuscular mycorrhizas,are the most common type(Smith&Read 1997).,However,the role of mycorrhizas in the transfer of other nutrients is not well established,and this is especially the case for toxic soil elements such as cadmium.Cadmium pollution of soils is an increasing problem in many countries,including China.,The first two sentences are not needed for the specialist journal Mycorrhiza.The paper can start:,The role of mycorrhizas in transfer to plants of soil nutrients other than phosphorus is not,etc.,10/22/2025,28,Dr.Taowu Ma Jishou University,28/58,Notes for Introduction:,4 For a journal specializing in environmental pollution,the paper might start:,Cadmium pollution of soils is an increasing problem in many countries,including China.Many of the plants both in natural and managed ecosystems are colonized by mycorrhizal fungi that transfer a range of mineral nutrients to their hosts.It is not yet well established if cadmium affects mycorrhizal colonization,or is transported via mycorrhizas.etc.,Always write the Introduction bearing in mind the research speciality(expertise)of the readers,10/22/2025,29,Dr.Taowu Ma Jishou University,29/58,Notes for Introduction:,5 The Introduction proceeds to review briefly information relevant to your paper,highlighting,any gaps,uncertainties or inconsistencies in previous research.,6 It must end with a brief statement giving the,aims,of the research,e.g.including(in an experimental study)plant species used,important techniques etc,or(in a field survey),the location,type of survey,and why it was done.,10/22/2025,30,Dr.Taowu Ma Jishou University,30/58,Notes for Introduction:,7 When you have written the whole paper go back to the Introduction,and check that it does lead into the rest of the paper.,8,Especially,:,re-read the first sentence,:is it still really necessary?Can you think of a better one to set the scene?,10/22/2025,31,Dr.Taowu Ma Jishou University,31/58,Section 6:,Materials and Methods,After the Introduction,the second major section of the experimental research report or paper,often labeled,Methods,describes the steps you followed in conducting your study and the,Materials,you used at each step.,Methods,The method section is useful to readers who want to know how the methodology of your study may have influenced your results,or who are interested in replicating or extending your study.The main part of the method section is a,description of the procedural steps used in your study and the materials employed at each step,.However,other elements are commonly described in this section as well.,10/22/2025,32,Dr.Taowu Ma Jishou University,32/58,Information Elements Included In Methods,-Experimental design,-Population/Sample,-Location,-Restrictions/Limiting Conditions,-Sampling Technique,-Procedures,-Materials,-Variables,-Statistical Treatment,10/22/2025,33,Dr.Taowu Ma Jishou University,33/58,Materials,Although the second major section of the experimental research report or paper is often called“Methods,it is sometimes titled“,Materials and Methods,”.,This combined title indicates that researchers generally describe these two aspects together when they write up their research.That is,they simultaneously describe any equipment or other materials they used with each step in their procedure.,The most important aspect of the Materials and Methods is that they should be detailed in such a way that other people are able to,replicate,your study exactly as you did.,10/22/2025,34,Dr.Taowu Ma Jishou University,34/58,Notes for Materials and Methods:,1 Must allow the reader to 1),understand what you did,and 2),repeat,it exactly,using the same methods.,2 Explains details that may be unfamiliar(e.g.soil types analytical methods,locations of field-work).,3 Explains replication&also sampling methods(e.g.in field surveys),4 Tables may be helpful to summarize complex properties,5 Give equations used in calculations,6 Explain statistical procedures,7 Give appropriate references throughout,10/22/2025,35,Dr.Taowu Ma Jishou University,35/58,Section 7:,Results,The third major section of the experimental research report is called Results,in which,you present the findings of your study,but,never comment on them,except that a section of Results and Discussion is presented instead.,The Results section of the report presents the findings of the study in both,figures,and in,written text,.Figures(graphs,tables,and diagrams)present the complete findings in numerical terms,while,the accompanying text,helps the reader to focus on the most important aspects of the results and to interpret them.,10/22/2025,36,Dr.Taowu Ma Jishou University,36/58,Notes for Results:,1 Sometimes combined with Discussion section,2 Do not repeat Methods,if Results section is separate from Discussion,do not discuss results here,3 Select the results that are relevant to the story in this paper,4 Tables,Figures or both?Be consistent as much as possible,but take into account the impact of data as presented,5,Do not include both a Table and a Figure that show the same data,6 In the text,mention the results in the same order as in the Table or Figure;but,do not repeat the detailed information,(e.g.all the values),10/22/2025,37,Dr.Taowu Ma Jishou University,37/58,More on Tables:,Do not,clutter with detail,(e.g.too many columns too close together;too many decimal places that are not needed),More on Figures:,Figures can have more impact;e.g.bar diagrams or graphs with time-courses but can also be too cluttered(e.g.too many narrow bars too close together),If results show no significant differences between some treatments,just say so in text;e.g.shoot P concentrations were 3.0-3.5 mg kg,-1,;there were no significant differences between treatments(results not shown)this unclutters tables or figures.,10/22/2025,38,Dr.Taowu Ma Jishou University,38/58,More on statistics:,Take appropriate advice when designing experiments,field surveys etc,Do not make
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