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,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,高考英语长难句分析,红兴隆第一高级中学,于文云,1/87,序言,纵观历年高考英语试题，能够发觉阅读文章中出现了许多,结构复杂,句子。不难了解，命题者在句子难度上大做文章，无非是想经过增加句子长度和使用复杂结构来,打断和干扰考生,正常阅读习惯和思维方式，从而到达,考查考生综合阅读能力,目标。下面我们来了解长难句最常见形式。,2/87,一、复合从句,这些句子往往较长，一个从句套着另一个从句，环环相扣，使得考生搞不清楚整个句子结构。其实，不论句子有多长有多复杂，它只由两部分组成，即,主干和修饰成份,。主干是整个句子骨架，主要指,主谓宾结构,(如:I want a ticket.)或,主系表结构,(如:The man is a teacher.)。而修饰成份在句中只起修饰或补充主干作用，它既能够是单词，也能够是短语，更常见则是从句，尤其是定语从句和状语从句。,3/87,一、复合从句,这些从句都很常见，考生比较熟悉，但很多时候不少考生分不清单词、短语和从句之间相互关系，这么会造成整个句子分析混乱。这时，考生应经过仔细分析，,将每个修饰成份划出来，找出句子主干,，这么整个句子结构就清楚了。,4/87,二、分隔结构,为了调整语气和增加补充信息，更主要是为了平衡句子结构，防止头重脚轻，使语义严密，结构紧凑，可将语法关系亲密两个句子成份用其它语法成份分隔开来，这就是所谓分隔结构。考试中出现较多是,插入语,、,用破折号插入新话题或补充信息。,另外，还有一些句子成份（普通是定语）过长而出现,后置,，也能够看作是插入现象，只不过它只是句子原有成份位置调整，没有新增信息。,5/87,三、成份省略,在英语句子中，,节约用词,是一条主要修辞标准。省略主要是为了,防止重复,，突出关键词并使上下文紧密连接。成份省略普通和从句相结合，一正一反，使句子富于改变，增强表现力。,比如在以than，as引导比较状语从句中，一些成份往往被省略，会给了解带来一定影响，而且这类句子出现频率较高，考生需要熟记。,6/87,四、改变语序,改变语序主要指,倒装句式,。这种打破相对固定常规语序做法，或是为了强调句子意义表示重心，或是强调一个表示语气，如虚拟语气、否定语气等。这些句子往往和一些副词、连词相关，有显著标志。,当然，被动句、双重否定句等句式在阅读考试中也频频出现，限于篇幅本文未将其归入。希望考生能结合阅读实践来体会上述句法特征。,7/87,突破策略 (1)结构分析法,所谓结构分析法，就是经过语法分析，快速搞清句子结构，把握住句子基本框架。,基本步骤是：,首先，,判断该句是简单句、并列句还是复合句；然后，找出句子关键成份，分清主语和谓语，再分清句子从属成份。,8/87,方法一：较复杂单句处理方法,找主谓语,，即找主干成份,However,many scientists who specialize in ageing are doubtful about it and say the human body is just not designed to last past about 120 years.,此句主语为many scientists，主语里面包含了一个由who引导定语从句。主句有两个谓语，即are doubtful和say，say后面又包含了一个宾语从句。,9/87,Some companies have made the manufacturing of clean and safe products their main selling point and emphasize it in their advertising.,此句主语为some companies,有两个谓语，即have made和emphasize，their main selling point 是宾语补足语。,方法一：较复杂单句处理方法,找主谓语,，即找主干成份,10/87,At the press of a button,a microcomputer locks all other floors chute(道)doors and sets the recycling container turning until the right box comes under the chute.,此句主语为a microcomputer，也有两个谓语，即locks 和sets。,方法一：较复杂单句处理方法,找主谓语,，即找主干成份,11/87,方法二：并列复合句处理方法找,并列,连词,The hot sun had caused the dough(面团)to double in size and fermenting yeast(酵母)made the surface shake and sigh as though it was breathing.,本句话中有两个主语，the hot sun 和 fermenting yeast,分别有自己谓语had cause ,made,是由and 连接两个并列句,12/87,Miss Germaines mother looked anxious through the wedding and Mr.Cordells parents are reported to be less than delighted.,方法二：并列复合句处理方法找,并列,连词,本句话中也有两个主语，Miss Germaines mother 和 Mr.Cordells parents,分别有自己谓语looked ,are reported,也是由and 连接两个并列句,13/87,方法三：主从复合句处理方法找,隶属,连词,Whereas a womans closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage，it wasnt unusual to hear a man say he didnt know his friends marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.,whereas引导了一个从句，即 a womans closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave afailing marriage,而it wasnt unusual to hear a man say he didnt know his friends marriagewas in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.为主句，其中it为形式主语，真正主语为不定式。,14/87,方法四：并列和主从复合句并存处理方法先读懂并列复合句，再看主从复合句,15/87,If you ask people to name one person who had the greatest effect on the English language,you will get answers like“Shakespeare”,“Samuel Johnson”,and“Webster”,but none of these men had any effect at all compared to a man who didnt even speak EnglishWilliam,the Conqueror.,首先搞清并列复合句，即but连接两个句子，再看but前有一个条件状语从句，but后为一个单句，单句里又有一个who引导定语从句。,16/87,(2)意群阅读法,意群阅读法即把意义和语法结构上相关联几个词连接成较完整信息。,此方法不但有利于提升阅读速度，而且有利于对句子整体了解。比如：,17/87,When two cars travelling at 30 mh hit each other,an unbelted driver would meet the windshield with a force equal to diving headfirst into the ground from a height of 10 meters.,分析：是状语从句，,是主句，,是with引导介词短语作状语，修饰谓语。这么，把整个句子划为4个意群，能够大大提升阅读速度。,18/87,经典例题,例1、What Winter knows of the 19-year-old,who,saved his life,is,only,that,he died in a car accident,and that,his family was willing to honor his wishes and donate his organs for transplantation(移植).,19/87,解析：此句主语为What Winter knows of the 19-year-old who saved his life整个从句，其中主语里面又包含了一个由who引导定语从句；主语谓语为is，后面that引导两个并列表语从句。,点评：分析长难句时找出主句谓语是至关主要一步。,20/87,例2、Pasteur discovered,that,heating the wine gently for a few minutes,after,it,had fermented,would,kill off,the yeast,that,was left in the wine,with the result,that,the wine,would remain,fresh for much longer.,21/87,解析：此句主语为Pasteur，谓语即discovered，第一个that引导是宾语从句。在宾语从句中after引导状语从句，第二个that引导定语从句。第三个that引导同位语从句。,点评：that在长难句里面用得非常多，所以正确了解that在不一样从句中使用方法非常主要。,22/87,跳出陷阱,1.This chance discovery ended a 12-day search by the Library Company of Philadelphia for a historical,treasure,a 120-page,diary,kept 190 years ago by Deborah Logan“a woman who knew everybody of her day,”James Green,the librarian told the magazine“American Libraries”.,23/87,分析,：第一句主语为James Green,the librarian，谓语为told，第一个宾语为the magazine“American Libraries”，第二个宾语为宾语从句，此宾语从句主语为This chance discovery，谓语即ended，后面宾语中心词为a 12-day search。,24/87,2.The alarm had been raised because Vicki became suspicious(怀疑)of the guest who checked in at 3 pm the day before New Years Eve with little luggage and wearing sunglasses and a hat pulled down over his face.,25/87,分析：The alarm had been raised为主句，because 引导一个原因状语从句，原因状语从句里又包含了一个由who引导定语从句。,26/87,3.At the conference in San Francisco,Donald Louria,a professor at New Jersey Medical School in Newark,said,advances in using genes as well as nanotechnology(纳米技术)make it likely that humans will live in the future beyond what has been possible in the past.,27/87,分析,：主语为Donald Louria,a professor at New Jersey Medical School in Newark，主语中心词为Donald Louria，谓语为said，said后面都是省略了that宾语从句，宾语从句主语为advances in using genes as well as nanotechnology，主语中心词为advances，谓语为make，it为形式宾语，真正宾语为that引导宾语从句。,28/87,1.First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the seventeenth century,the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds,including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem,and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecolab polytechnique.(NMET.C篇),29/87,这个定理，先是由十七世纪法国数学家皮尔法特提出，曾使一批出色数学大师为难，包含一位法国女科学家，她在处理这个难题方面取得了重大进展，她曾女扮男装为了能够在伊科尔理工学院学习。,简析,：夹杂,过去分词短语,，,介词短语,，,动名词,及,两个定语从句,30/87,2.It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers,although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when e-mail is introduced,the printers start working overtime.That is,the growing demand for paper in recent years is largely due to the increased use of the Internet.(NMET.E篇),31/87,因为因特网使用，计算所使用纸张数量是极难，然而几乎任何在办公室工作人能告诉你，当引进电子邮件后，打印机就开始超时工作。也就是说近年来人们对于纸张日益需求主要是因为因特网越来越多使用。,简析,：夹杂较复杂句型结构，关键词just about几乎;overtime超时地。,32/87,3.Perhaps the best sign of how computer and internet use pushes up demand for paper comes from the high-tech industry itself,which sees printing as one of its most promising new market.(NMET.E篇),33/87,或许，表明电脑及因特网使用促进人们对于纸张需求最好迹象源于高科技产业本身，印刷业被认为是高科技产业极有前景新市场之一。简析：夹杂较复杂句型结构，关键词promising有前途,34/87,4.The action group has also found acceptable paper made from materials other than wood,such as agricultural waste.(NMET.E篇),这个行动组也发觉一个人们可接收纸，制成这种纸原料不是木料，而是农业废料。简析：关键词other than而不是。,35/87,5.Mostly borrowed from English and Chinese,these terms are often changed into forms no longer understood by native speakers.(NMET.D篇),这些术语，主要从英语和汉语引入，经常会变成不再被说本族语人们了解形式。简析：关键词term术语。,36/87,6.It is one of many language books that are now flying off booksellers shelves.(NMET.D篇),它是现在很畅销许多外语书中一本。简析：比喻生动形象。,37/87,7.The mass media and government white papers play an important part in the spread of foreign words.(NMET.D篇),大众传输媒介和政府白皮书(正式汇报)在外国词传输过程中起主要作用。,简析：关键词the mass media and government white papers大众传输媒介和政府白皮书(正式汇报),38/87,8.Tales from Animal Hospital will delight all fans of the programme and anyone who was a lively interest in their pet,whether it be a cat、dog or snake!(NMET.C篇),来自动物医院(这个电视节目)故事(这本书)，将使这个电视节目标兴趣者以及对不论是猫、狗还是蛇这类宠物有浓厚兴趣任何人感到高兴。简析：关键词fans兴趣者，whetheror，不论是还是。,39/87,9.Newton is shown as a gifted scientist with very human weaknesses who stood at the point in history where magic ended and science began.(NMET.C篇),牛顿被证实是一位很有才华科学家，他处于一个魔术终止科学开启历史时期，他也有普通人所特有弱点。简析：夹杂两个定语从句,40/87,10.But for all the texts that are written,stored and sent electronically,a lot of them are still ending up on paper.(NMET.E篇),但对于全部这些以电子伎俩统计，贮存及传递文本而言，许多文本仍要(打印)在纸上。简析：关键词text文本;end up最终成为(处于)。,41/87,11.With their shining brown eyes,wagging tails,and unconditional love,dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence,according to Intermountain Therapy Animals(ITA)in salt Lake City.(NMET.B篇),据盐湖城ITA观点，闪烁棕色眼睛，摇着尾巴，并有没有条件爱心，狗能成为无判断力(忠实)听者，这是刚开始搞阅读小孩所需要。简析：夹杂with组成介词短语及过去分词短语。,42/87,12.The Salt Lake City public library is sold on the idea.(NMET.B篇),这家盐湖城公共图书馆接收这个观点。,简析：关键词sell on(to)使接收。,43/87,13.Discovered by the Portuguese admiral of the same name in 1506,and settled in 1810,the island belongs to Great Britain and has a population of a few hundred.(NMET.A篇),这个岛屿，于15被同名葡萄牙上将发觉，在18有些人居住，现在属于英国，人口数有几百人。简析：有两个过去分词短语作状语。,44/87,14.They had no connection with the outside world for more than a thousand years,giving them plenty of time to build more than 1000 huge stone figures,called moat,for which the island is most famous.(NMET.A篇),他们已经有一千多年与外界没有联络，这给他们充分时间来修建1000多座巨大石像，被称为莫艾，因为有这个东西这个岛屿极其知名。简析：夹杂有现在分词短语，过去分词短语及定语从句。,45/87,15.Our parties are aimed for children 2 to 10 and theyre very interactive and creative in that they build a sense of drama based on a subject.(NMET.E篇),我们(生日)聚会针对两到十岁小孩，它们互动感强，富有创新，因为它们能基于一个主题构建一个戏剧气氛。简析：关键词aim for 针对;in that 在于。,46/87,47/87,48/87,49/87,50/87,51/87,52/87,53/87,54/87,55/87,56/87,57/87,58/87,59/87,60/87,61/87,62/87,63/87,64/87,65/87,66/87,67/87,68/87,69/87,70/87,71/87,72/87,73/87,74/87,75/87,76/87,77/87,78/87,79/87,80/87,81/87,82/87,83/87,84/87,85/87,86/87,87/87,
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