长难句翻译研究生.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,长难句翻译研究生,英语,重形合,，句子结构可以,借助各种连接手段加以扩展和组合构成复杂的长句,。这类长句可由若干分句、子句、多种短语及词组构成。而,汉语多意合,，连词运用得较少，,结构较为自由，以短句居多,。,因此正确处理长句的翻译是确保译文忠实、通顺的重要环节。,1.2,语言表达,可将长句中各个部分分别译出，并运用一定的方式，根据汉,语的特点，不拘泥于原文形式，对译出部分进行整合，确保,译文的通顺和流畅。,1.英译汉长句翻译的步骤,英语句子虽然较长，但还是遵循一定的基本结构。在翻译时，,可以按照如下步骤进行：,1.1,句法分析,在英译汉中，,首先需要理清原文的基本句法结构，并且判,断出句子的类型，是简单句、并列句还是复合句，并找出主,语和谓语，然后判断出各种修饰成分的关系 以及句中代词所,指代的对象。,该句的主句是,“,they appeal to people everywhere as funny stories,”,。第一部分,“,Whether these stories are cartoons or jokes,told by a slapstick comedian or a cross-talking team,”,为让步状语从句，第三部分是由两个并列句组成的原因状语从句。,例如：,Whether these stories are cartoons or jokes,told by,a slapstick comedian or a cross-talking team,(1),they appeal to people everywhere as funny stories(2),because they have a note of reality to them,and the,unexpected punch line is quite funny(3).,（,1,）这些故事无论是漫画还是笑话，是由演滑稽剧的喜,剧演员说还是由搭档的相声演员讲,（,2,）它们都受人们喜爱,（,3,）因为它们贴近现实生活，而且里面那些出人意料的,妙语十分有趣,三部分分别译成中文是：,按照中文表达习惯，通过对三个部分的整合，并适当增添词语，该句译文为：,无论这些故事是漫画还是笑话，是由演滑稽剧的喜剧演员说还是由搭档的相声演员讲，都为各地人们所喜爱。人们喜爱这些有趣的故事，因为它们贴近现实生活，而且里面那些出人意料的妙语十分有趣。,原序和换序译法,1.原序译法,某些英语长句所表达的事情或动作是按照时间或逻辑关系排列的，其语序和汉语基本相同，在翻译时可以按照原序翻译，这称为原序译法。例如：,When Grandma left her chair,Blitzen would quickly,jump into the chair,flashing her Lab smile from,sparkling brown eyes which clearly said,“Aha,I,fooled you again.”,外祖母从凳子上一起身，布利茨恩就迅速跳上那凳子，从它那闪亮的棕色眼睛里掠过一丝拉布拉多式的微笑，无疑是在说：“啊哈，你又上了我的当。”,但是很多英语长句的翻译无法按照原顺序翻译，而需要对原句顺序进行调整，,在不改变原意的条件下，用汉语重新组合，以时间、因果、假设与结果等逻辑关系译成意思连贯、内容完整的汉语句子,。以下为换序译法中的几种不同情况。,2.换序译法,1),Such is human nature in the West that,a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white-collar workers.,2.1 总、分关系调整,本句的基本句型是,“,such that,”,翻译时对语序作调整，先说具体信息，再作总结，可以译为：,许多人常常宁愿栖牲比较高的工资来换取白领工人的社会地位，这在西方是人之常情。,2),It is reasonable to say that,the truly humorous individual is not only well liked,but is often the focus of attention in any gathering.,本句的基本句型是,“,it is reasonable to say that,”,，翻译时把宾语从句提前，故译为：,一个真正有幽默感的人不仅受人喜爱，而且在任何聚会上也往往是人们注意的焦点，这么说有一定的道理。,However,it must be remembered that,although the identical twins who were studied lived in different families far removed from each other,the environments in those families were not,on the whole,substantially different.,2.2 插入语换序,然而，必须记住的是，尽管被研究的同卵双胞胎生活在相距甚远的不同家庭里，但总体而言，那些家庭的环境基本上没有什么差异。,句中,“,on the whole,”,为插入语，翻译时提前。全句译为：,句中定语从句,“,that once worked as a team to produce high-quality goods,”,修饰,“,a small firm,”,，翻译时提前。全句译为：,2.3 从句换序,2.3.1 定语从句提前,A small firm that once worked as a team to produce high-quality goods,is likely to,be absorbed into a vast organization where their work is mechanical and there is no possibility for personal expression.,一家曾经精诚合作生产出高质量产品的小公司,现在可能被并入了一家大机构，员工的工作很机械，没有机会表现自我了。,2.3.2 目的状语从句提前,A student of mathematics must become familiar with all the signs and symbols commonly used in mathematics and bear them in mind firmly,and be well versed in the definitions,formulas as well as the technical terms in the field of mathematics,in order that,he may be able to build up the foundation of the mathematical subject and master it well for pursuing advanced study,.,为了打好数学基础，,并牢牢掌握之，以便继续深造，数学专业的学生必须熟悉和牢记数学中的常用符号。通晓定义、公式以及术语。,翻译本句时，根据汉语的表达习惯，把,“,in order that,”,引导的目的状语从句提前。全句译为：,2.3.3 条件状语从句提前,The impulse to assert himself has enabled him to survive in a dangerous world,but,ironically,he is now likely to destroy his own species,unless,alternative,non-violent ways of expressing aggression can be found.,正是一种想要显示自己权威的冲动使人能够在这充满危险的世界上生存下来。然而具有讽刺意义的是，除非人能找到别的非暴力的发泄好斗本性的方法，否则就可能毁灭自己。,翻译本句时，根据汉语的表达习惯，把unless引导的条件状语从句提前。全句译为：,一旦了解英语的基本结构和句型，再往下学似乎就越来越难了，这其中的原因，也许教师比学生更容易理解。,2.3.4 时间状语从句提前,It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons,why learning English seems to become increasingly difficult,once,the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood.,拆分译法,英语长句往往由主从复合句构成,，结构严谨，,翻译时可按照汉语多用短句的习惯，把长句的从句或短语分解为若干分句，再逐句翻译，这称为拆分译法,。拆分主要有以下方法：,1将英语原句中的并列复合句拆分,翻译,：另外一点也很清楚，在多数情况下，什么是对的，什么是不对的，这些中国人都有一致的看法。在和本杰明及其他西方小孩的随意交往中，他们都展现了自己的共同看法。,1)It was equally clear that the Chinese agree on what is right or wrong in most situations;in casual encounters with Benjamin and other Western children,they were simply exhibiting their shared beliefs.,分析,：把英语原句中用分号连接的两个并列从句，拆分成两个独立的句子，并将每个句子中的不同成分，也按照意思和逻辑关系分成一个个短句，这样使译文的句子不会太长，而且层次分明，意思清晰。,2)Some people may worry that this is suggesting one sex is better than the other,but a moments reflection should allay this fear.,分析：英语原句是由转折连词but连接的并列句，在译成汉语时，将两个并列句译成了两个独立的句子。,翻译：一些人也许会担心：这意味着一种性别比另一种性别更优越。但稍稍思考一下，就清楚对此不必过分担忧。,3)As one who has enjoyed humor since I first,recognized it,Ive made an attempt to explain and,discuss humor with students in such diverse,cultures as Latin America and China,.,翻译：,我是第一次辨识出幽默便喜欢上了它的人，因此我曾试图跟学生议论和探讨幽默。这些学生文化差异很大，有来自拉丁美洲的，也有来自中国的。,2定语从句的拆分,2.1 在关系代词处拆分,分析：英语原句中第一部分是主句，第二部分是关系代词which引导的定语从句，翻译时把主句和从句在关系代词处作了拆分。,1)Then we begin to read novels,which are stories about people like ourselves,who have to meet either difficulties,which,are known to all of us or an exceptional set of circumstances calling for the exercise of great courage and skill.,翻译：然后我们开始阅读小说。这些小说的主人公都像我们一样，他们不得不遇到我们熟知的困难，或需要坚强勇气及熟练技巧才能度过的特殊环境。,2)Even top corporate managers,who have mostly affected styles of leadership that can be characterized only as tough,cold and aloof,have begun to learn the lesson,and earn the benefits,of writing notes that lift people up.,分析：从译文中可以看出，由who引导的定语从句被翻译成独立的句子，并放在由主句译成的另一个独立的句子前面。,翻译：那些通常做作的公司高层经理们，其领导作风可以被形容为强硬、冷漠、脱离群众。甚至这些人也开始学习写便笺去鼓舞人心，且获益匪浅。,1)“She doesnt like boys,and just listens to the girls,”said a boy in another class,where,his sex got 63 per cent of the teachers attention.,2.2 在关系副词或介词加关系代词处拆分,分析：英语原句中第一部分是主句，第二部分是关系副词where引导的定语从句，翻译时把主句和从句在,关系副词处作了拆分。,翻译：,“,她不喜欢男生，她只听女生发言，,”,另一个班上的一位男生说。而在他的班上，男生占据了老师63%的注意力。,2)It was the moment I ceased being a child,when I began to have an adults awareness of the pain and tragedy in life.,分析：此句第一部分是主句，第二部分是,关系副词when引导的定语从句，翻译时在此处切断，,译成两个独立的句子。,翻译：在那一刻，我不再是个孩子了。那时，我开始用成人的眼光来看待生活中存在的痛苦与悲伤。,3)Chinese“cross-talk”is a special type of slap-stick in which two Chinese comedians humorously discuss topics such as bureaucrats,family problems,or other personal topics.,分析：把英语原句中,“,in which,”,引导的定语从句拆开，译成一个独立的句子，使译文结构清晰，意思明确，句子又不会太长。,翻译：中国的相声是一种特殊的滑稽剧。相声中两名中国喜剧演员幽默地谈论诸如官僚主义者、家庭问题或其他一些有关个人的话题。,Then they went to the southern part of the island,but found it rocky and covered with bushes,growing so thickly that it was not easy to push ones way through.,3在非谓语动词处拆分,分析：此句的非谓语动词短语,“,growing so thickly.,”,作为定语修饰bushes，在翻译时把此处与主句作了拆分,，而且这一短语本身也分译成汉语的两个短句。,翻译：接着他们到岛的南部，只见遍地岩石与灌木丛。灌木丛长得相当浓密，要穿过去实在不容易。,4含有多个从句的长句拆分,有时一个句子中含有几个不同的从句。在翻译此类包含多个从句的长句时，,首先要把握句子的中心意思，分清从句之间的关系，然后根据汉语的行文习惯，适当断句，,使之成为通顺可读的汉语句子。例如：,1)Another dimension of sex-biased education is the typical American teachers assumption that boys will do better in the“hard”,“masculine”subjects of math and science while girls are expected to have better verbal and reading skills.,分析：英语原句中，有一个由that引导的同位语从句，该从句中又有一个由while引导表示对比的并列句，将对女孩和男孩的不同看法进行对比。翻译时根据汉语表达的习惯将主句和从句，并列复合句之间进行了拆分。,翻译：美国教师中一个具有代表性的想法是，男孩擅长数学和自然科学，这些学科都是,“,难懂的,”,、,“,适合于男性的,”,，而女孩则在语言和阅读技能上比男孩强。这是教育中性别偏见的另一种表现。,2)The president said at a press conference dominated by questions on yesterdays election results that he could not explain why the Republicans had suffered such a widespread defeat,which in the end would deprive the Republican Party of long-held superiority in the House.,翻译：在一次记者招待会上，问题集中于昨天的选举结果，总统就此发了言。他说他不能解释为什么共和党遭到了这样的大败，它最终会使共和党失去在众议院中长期享有的优势。,分析：把主句和后面的宾语从句作了拆分，,从而使该长句分译成了两个独立的中文句子。,英语长句译成汉语可用三种方法：,原序译法、换序译法和拆分译法。但在翻译实践中，不只是单纯地使用一种翻译方法。在句子结构较为复杂、两种语言的逻辑关系和思维顺序差异较大时，我们还可以采用,重组法,，即理清长句的复杂结构，,重 组 法,摆脱原文语序和句子形式的约束，综合使用几种长句翻译方法和其他技巧，按照汉语的逻辑和叙述习惯重新组合句子,，使译文流畅、自然。,所有小说里最有名的侦探也许是舍洛克福尔摩斯，他的住所是，“伦敦贝克街,221b,号”。现在仍有信件寄到那里，要求他帮忙解决各种各样的迷案。,例如：,Letters still get sent to“221b Baker Street,London”,home of Sherlock Holmes,perhaps the most famous fictional detective of all,asking for his help in solving a variety of mysteries.,1、按照原文顺序进行翻译，但进行适当拆分，并适当增加词语。,It is a strategy that more and more companies are employing and one that experts around the country say we ought to be following with our children,both at home and at school.,译：现在这种策略已被越来越多的公司所采用。,而且,，全国各地的专家认为，对待孩子也应仿效这种做法，无论是在家里还是在学校。,2、对句子进行适当拆分,，,并调整语序,。,1)The construction of such a satellite is now believed to be,quite reliable,(1),its realization being supported with all the,contemporary science,(2),which have brought into being,not only materials capable of withstanding severe stresses,involved and high temperatures developed,but new,technological processes as well,(3),.,析：英语原句中，,(1),是主句，,(2),是独立主格结构，,(3),是非限制性,定语从句，补充说明（2）中的“,contemporary science,”，,在翻,译时拆开了定语从句，并将此从句提到句首，,使行文较为自然。,译：现代科学的一切成就不仅提供了能够承受高温、高压的材料，而且也提供了新的工艺流程。依靠现代科学的这些成就，相信完全可以制造出这样的人造卫星。,3、对句子的某些短语进行结构转换，某些语法结构进行拆分，适当增添词，并调整语序。,析：（1）,句子主干,“,The big problem of and the big problem of have to be solved,”,，,翻译中被拆分为两个汉语句子，并对短语,“,The big problem of,”,进行了结构转换，使之成为汉语的句子,；,（2）定语从句,“,which ranges from,”,在译文中采用了换序方法，将它提前；,在此句翻译中进行了重新组合，还采用了增词技巧。,The big problem of comprehension of the English text and,the big problem of how to express it in rich,present-day,Chinese which ranges from the classical to the colloquial,have to be solved in the course of translation.,译：了解英语原义是一个大问题，现代汉语文言口语兼收并蓄，,怎么用这样丰富多彩的文字来表达英语原义也是一个大问,题。这两个问题都要在翻译中得到解决。,The big problem of comprehension of the English text and,the big problem of how to express it in rich,present-day,Chinese which ranges from the classical to the colloquial,have to be solved in the course of translation.,4、对长句中的某些从句进行结构转换，并按照汉语的叙事顺序调整语序。,Dr.Smith resumed the activities of the anti-cancer experiment begun in 1945 and financed by the Federal government,(1),as soon as he recovered from his original disappointment at repeated failures,which had resulted in its forced suspension,(2),.,析：句中,(1),是主句，其中过去分词短语“,begun in 1945 and financed by the Federal government,”作为定语修饰,experiment,，,(2),是“,as soon as,”引导的时间状语从句，包含着,which,引导的非限制性定语从句。翻译时，按汉语叙事习惯，以,时间顺序重新安排语序,，把“,his original disappointment at repeated failures,”,转换成因果关系,，并在翻译时把名词,转译,成了动词。,译：史密斯医生于1945年开始着手由联邦政府资助的抗癌实验。他由于屡遭失败而感到沮丧，被迫终止了实验工作。现在他又重新振作起来，恢复了抗癌实验活动。,Dr.Smith resumed the activities of the anti-cancer experiment begun in 1945 and financed by the Federal government,(1),as soon as he recovered from his original disappointment at repeated failures,which had resulted in its forced suspension,(2),.,英语的长句的语法结构、逻辑关系与语义往往比较复杂，且各种词类、非谓语动词以及充当形式主语和宾语的,it,等交错运用，要把长句翻译得准确、流畅、实质上需要充分运用各种翻译技巧，并结合上下文语境，或顺译，或倒译，或拆分，或结构转换，或增减词汇，对全句进行综合处理，以便通顺、忠实地传递原文意思。,总结,Translation Practice 1,Directions,:,Translate the following sentences into Chinese,using the techniques you learned above.The sentences might be useful when you write the composition.,1)On the other hand,making telephone calls is much faster,so they are more appropriate when you need a quick reply.,另一方面，打电话更快捷，所以当你需要很快得到一个答复时，电话更合适些。,2)Some of the best letters are written in a burst of inspiration,so keep your writing stuff in one place where you can sit down for a few minutes and write a quick note to a friend.,一些最精彩的信是灵感突现时写的，所以要把文具放在你能坐几分钟，很快给朋友写短信的地方。,3)Such a sweet gifta piece of handmade writing,in an envelope that is not a bill,sitting in our friends path when she trudges home from a long day at work,a day our words will help repair.,一封手写的信，装在一个不是帐单的信封中，在我们的朋友劳累了一天疲惫地回家的时候等候在她的路上，信中的话将帮助她消除一天的辛劳。这是一份多么美好的礼物啊。,4)Sometimes you cannot remember all the comments that are made because calls are transient,and cannot be kept for reading later like treasured letters.,有时你无法记住说过的全部议论，因为电话里说的话是转瞬即逝的，而且不能像珍藏的信件那样，可以保存起来以备以后阅读。,5)What would make so many adults hold on to pieces of paper they had received years before as kids,some of them carrying those pages with them everywhere they went?The answer is appreciation.,很多成年人一直保留着多年前他们还是孩子时收到的几页纸，他们中的一些人不管走到哪里还都随身带着。是什么促使他们这么做的呢？答案就是欣赏。,6)Give others recognition at every opportunity because it will build them up and motivate them.And it will make you a person of significant influence in their lives.,利用一切机会表扬别人，因为这会使他们更自信，激发他们的积极性。这还会使你成为一个在他们的人生中有重要影响的人。,Translation Practice 2,Translate the following sentences into Chinese.,1.When I can wake up and watch the sun-rise over the ocean,as I do most days,and know that I have an entire day ahead,uninterrupted,in which to write a few pages,take a walk with my dog,read and listen to music,I am flooded with happiness.,大部分日子我都能自己醒来，然后去观赏海洋上空的日出美景，心里知道我有整整一天属于我自己，不受任何干扰，可以写几页稿子，牵狗散散步，读读书，听听音乐。每每这样做这样想的时候，喜悦就如同潮水般向我涌来。,2.Children need the family,but the family seems also to need children,as the social institution uniquely available,at least in principle,for security,comfort,assurance,and direction in a changing,often hostile,world.,孩子需要家庭，家庭也似乎需要孩子。家庭作为独特的社会单位（细胞）似乎需要孩子，以便在一个不断变化、经常充满敌意的世界里获得安全、舒适、保险，并有所依靠。,3.There are times when the outside world intrudes brutally into the rural life,as the cost of gasoline goes up or developers cast their eyes on untouched farmland.,有时外面的世界残酷的闯入乡村生活，例如汽油价格上涨啦，开发商将目光投向未开垦的土地啦等等。,4.But this explanation may appear too simple to satisfy the skeptics,who have recently discovered that Jordan does not lead an untroubled private life.,但是，这种解释也许显得过于简单，不能给那些持怀疑态度的人们一个满意的答复。那些怀疑论者最近发现，乔丹的个人生活并非无忧无虑。,5.Today the ancient,ancestral wisdom of the hand has been largely replaced by the simple,movements of the machine operator;our glass and china,furniture,books,and textiles are almost entirely products of the machine.,手工的智慧古已有之，代代相传，如今大部分已为机器操作员的简易动作所取而代之了。我们用的玻璃、瓷器、家具、书籍和织品等几乎统统是机器制成品。,Translation Practice 3,Directions:,Translate the following sentences into Chinese using the techniques mentioned above,.,The classroom is a mans world,where boys get two-thirds of the teachers attention even when they are in a minority.They,are allowed to tease the girls and they receive praise for sloppy work that would not be tolerated from girls.Boys are accustomed to being teachers pets,and,if girls get anything like equal treatment,boys will protest and even disrupt lessons.,Reference:,教室是男生的天下；即使在他们人数并不占多数时，他们仍占据老师三分之二的注意力。他们被允许取笑女生，他们作业做得马虎却受表扬，要是女生做这样的作业就得不到宽容。男生们已经习惯于做老师的宠儿。如果女生也受到相同的待遇，男生就会抗议，甚至扰乱课堂。,Translation Practice 3,Translation Practice 4,This elderly,unmarried English lady was between 65 and 70 years of age when she made her first appearance in,The Murder at the Vicarage,in 1930.She appeared in twelve novels and twenty short stories over a period of forty-one yearsmaking her quite elderly by her last case!,Translate the following passage into Chinese using the techniques mentioned above.,Translation Practice 4,In appearance,Miss Marple is a tall,thin woman with a pink,wrinkled face,pale blue eyes and snowy white hair which she wears piled upon her head in an old-fashioned manner.Her harmless appearance,meandering conversation and ever-present knitting needles often mislead people into underestimating her as simply a“dithering old maid”.Those who really know her recognize that she is a sharp observer of human nature with“an uncanny talent of being always right”.,Transl