专升本英语翻译技巧.ppt

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,大纲要求,第四部分：翻译（Part IV Translation),共10题，考试时间为20分钟。这一部分包括两节。,A节（Section A）为英语译汉语，有5题，本节测试目的是检查学生对常用句型和词语的综合理解和运用能力。,B节（Section B）为汉译英，本节的测试目的是检查考生实际运用语言的综合能力。,翻译技巧,做好翻译的关键在于了解英汉两种语言的差异，把握两种语言不同用语习惯，按照“,忠实,”，“,通顺,”两大原则，是译文尽可能多的反映原文信息。英汉两种语言,在结构,上存在较大差异。,英汉语言对比,1.句法结构顺序,汉语：主体+行为标志+行为+行为客体,S +Ad.+V +O(C),英语：主体+行为+行为客体+行为标志,S+V +O(C)+Ad.,I have not seen him for over 30 years.,我30多年来一直没有见过他。,2.句法结构重心,汉语,把,修饰语,放在主体前，故,重心在前,；,英语,句子,重心放在句末,，即把较长的较复杂的成分放在后面。,你们班家住在乡下的同学有多少？,How many students are there in your class whose homes are in the countryside?,3.信息重心,汉语的,信息重心,后置,，即把要强调的内容放在后面表达；,英语的把主要的信息放在前面,先说。,我原打算今年一月访问中国，后来不得不推迟了。,I had to postpone the visit which I had intended to pay to China in January.,他5岁生了一场病，变成了聋子。,He became a deaf after an attack of illness at 5.,4.直率与含蓄,英语表态在前，叙事在后；观点在前，事实在后。汉语正好相反。,收到你们的消息，我很愉快。,I am very happy to receive your message.,6.逻辑与领悟,英语注重逻辑性，强调主谓配套，时态呼应，成分定位，有形连接。汉语不太注重逻辑，成流水状。,谁都知道，西北地区是艰苦些。,Everyone knows life in the north-west of china is harder.,注意事项,英语信息重点在前，汉语信息重点在后。,You will lose your chance if you dont take action right now.,如果不马上采取行动，你就会坐失良机。,英语多用复合长句。，汉语多用简单短句。,Chilly gusts with a taste of rain in them had almost dispeopled the streets.,阵阵寒风，带着雨意，街上冷冷清清，几乎没有什么行人了,英语多被动，汉语多主动,He was asked by the local government to set up an injuries center at the hospital.,当地政府要求他在医院创建一个创伤医疗中心。,英语属静态语言，汉语属动态语言,That would be the confirmation that it was in general use.,这证明它的使用是十分普遍的。,英译汉,将英语译为汉语，需要注意两个层面，,一个词汇，一个句法,。另外，句法中着重于从句。,一、词汇的翻译,1.词义选择。根据上下文关系和自身搭配，选择正确的词义。,It is quite another,story,now.现在的情况完全不同了。,This,story,is very interesting.这个故事很有趣。,The war is becoming the most important,story,of this generation.这场战争将成为这代人生命中最重大的事件了。,2.词义的引申,将词义作抽象化的引伸,Every life has its,roses and thorns.,每个人的生活都有苦有甜.,将词义作具体化的引伸,Vietnam War was his,entre,to the new administration.,越南战争成了他进入新政府的敲门砖.,delicate skin 娇嫩的皮肤 delicate porcelain 精致的瓷器 delicate health 虚弱的健康 delicate living 奢侈的生活 delicate stomach容易吃坏的胃,词义的褒贬 注意感情色彩。,My brothers,ambition,is becoming a pilot.Hitlers,ambition,is to conquest the world.,词义的转换,英语,在表达上多用,名词，形容词，介词,，而汉语多用,动词，副词,eg.The very,sight,of it makes me nervous,一看到他，我就感到紧张。,Independent thinking is an absolute,necessity,in study.学习中必须进行独立思考。（2008.59）,词汇的翻译,增词法,。“增词法”就是在翻译时按意义上、修辞上和句法上的需要增加一些词，以便更忠实通顺地表达原文的思想内容。,They say her father,was,a worker in the small company.Maybe he was as poor as us.,听人说，以前她的父亲在一个小工厂里当工人。他那时也许和我们现在一样穷。,减词法,He put,his,hands into,his,pockets and then shrugged,his,shoulders.他双手插进口袋，然后耸了耸肩。,词汇的翻译,句法翻译,调整语序,常常需要把英文中位于主要信息之后的次要信息前移。,定语前移,This is the best solution,imaginable,.这是能想到的最好解决办法。,状语前移,He had to quit the position and went to exile,having been deprived of his power,.他被剥夺了权力，只好离职，流落他乡。,拆分法,They,not unexpectedly,did not respond.他们没有答复，这完全是意料之中的事。,融合法,We look forward to the day,when the scientists can discover more secrets of the universe,.,我们期待有一天科学家们能揭开更多宇宙奥秘。,句法翻译,被动语态的译法,译成汉语主动句,On the contrary,both,their knowledge and experience,are enriched.,相反，他们的知识和经验更丰富了。,By the end of the war more than 2000 people had been saved,by the organization,.,到战争结束时，这个组织拯救了2000多人的生命。,To explore the moons surface,rockets were launched into the space again and again.,为了探测月球表面，人们不断向太空发射火箭。,译成汉语无主句，主要用于翻译被动句,The use of satellite makes it possible to observe the universe much better.,利用卫星能够更好地观察宇宙。,借助“被，由，让，为，遭，加，予以，为 所”等词译为汉语被动句,Nuclear power has been known to the scientist for a long time.,核能为科学家们所认识已经有很长时间了。,译成汉语判断句,In addition,not all the technology is based on science.,另外，并不是所有的技术都是以科学为基础的。,被动语态的译法,肯定与否定,有些词汇,本身带有否定意味,，例如；avoid,before,beyond,deny,escape.,It was beyond his power to sign such a contract.,他无权签订这种合同。(2001.65),部分否定,结构,翻译为肯定,更符合英语习惯。,Dont lose time in posting this letter,双重否定,Its significance and importance can never be overemphasized.,关于这一点的意义和重要性，怎么强调也不为过。,特殊结构,All that glitters is not gold.发光的不都是金子。(2003.65),Nobody is admitted without permission.未经允许，任何人不得入内。,主语从句,主语从句包含的信息为重要信息，位于句首。What he told me was only half-truth.,他告诉我的只是半真半假的东西而已。,形式主语It 与accept,agree,argue,claim,report,say,suggest等动词连用，,一般增补主语，或译为无主句,。,It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determined his character and later personality.,人们普遍认为，孩子早年的经历很大程度上决定了他们的性格和未来的人品例如（2008.57；2008.60；2008.64）。,宾语和表语从句,一般直译,I understand that he is well qualified,but I feel that he needs more experience.,我知道他很符合条件，但是我觉得他还需经验。（2008.62）,事物并不总是如其表象,Things are not always as they seem to be.（2008.63）,同位语从句,同位语从句修饰的名词例如：hope,idea suggestion,statement（例如2008.60）,一般直译,She had no idea why she thought of him suddenly.,她不明白自己为什么突然想起他来。,定语从句,前置,Pollution is a pressing problem（which we must deal with right now）.,污染是我们现在就必须解决的一个迫切问题。（2007.60；2008.56）,后置，定语太长时,It is he who received the letter that announced the death of your uncle,是他接到那封信，说你的叔叔去世了（2007.65）。,状语从句,一般包括时间，地点，原因，条件，让步，目的，结果。英译汉时,多放于句首,，,结果状语除外,。,Now that all of us are here,lets start our meeting.,既然大家都到了，我们开始开会吧 。,She sat behind me so that I could not see the expression on her face.,她坐在我身后，我看不到她的表情,。,Exercise,Its great pleasure to have a friend coming from afar.,有朋自远方来不亦乐乎？,The good traditions of the Chinese people are certain to be passed on from generation to generation.,中华民族的优良传统一定会代代相传。,Love is like warm sunlight,which will not only bring joy to those,who are loved,but also add more pleasure to those who love.,爱犹如温暖的阳光，它不仅给被爱的人带来欢乐，还给付出爱的人增添更大的愉悦。,People from all walks of life express their great respect to our soldiers，because they are the loveliest people in the world.,各行各业的人向战士们表达了崇高的敬意,因为他们是世界上最可爱的人.,96.A friend in need is a friend indeed.,患难朋友才是真朋友。,97.This idea sounds good,but will it work in practice?,这个注意听起来不错，但实际上行得通吗？,98.It is estimated that about 80%of the worlds population cannot afford to proper food,housing or medical care.,据估计，世界上大约有80%的人口支付不起合理的饮食、住房和医疗保健费用。,99.Americans often say that there are only two things a person can be sure of in life:death and taxes.,美国人常说，人的一生只有两件事是可以肯定的：死亡和纳税。,100.We know that,a cat,whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than ours,can see clearly at night,.,我们知道，由于猫的眼睛比人的眼睛能吸收更多的光线，所以它在夜里能看得很清楚。,C-E,汉译英方法与技巧,Translate Chinese into English,词的选择,一、,根据上下文正确理解原文的词义,词的正确选择首先取决于对原文词义的确切理解，而对原文词义的确切理解又取决于对原文上下文的推敲，英译汉情况如此，汉译英也是如此。例如：,（一）“情况”：这个词的基本意义与英语中的circumstances,situation，condition等词相近，但是究竟怎样翻译，还须根据上下文来决定,(1)在这种情况下,under these/such circumstances,such being the case,in accordance with this specific condition,(2)这种情况必须改变。,This state of affairs must change,(3）现在情况不同了。,Now things are different,(4)他们的情况怎么样？,How do matters stand with them？,（5）前线有什么情况？,How is the situation at the front？,（6）前面有情况，做好战斗准备。,Theres enemy activity aheadPrepare for combat,这里的“情况”指“敌情”，故译为enemy activity。,（,7）可是在其他地方，情况却完全两样了。,But the picture outside this place is quite another story,（8）我们可能去那儿，那得看情况而定。,We may go there，but that depends（或it all depends）,（二）“水平”：汉语中“水平”这一词与英语level相近。如“理论水平”译作theoretical level，但在不同的上下文中，它的含义不同，可采用不同的译法。例如：,(1)他的英语水平比我的高。,He knows more English than I,这里，汉语“水平”一词虽未译出，但其意已暗含在句子之中，因此就不言而喻了。若照汉语按字面硬译成The level of his English is higher than that of mine就不符合英语表达习惯。,(2)各级领导干部必须提高领导水平。,Cadres at all levels should improve their art of leadership,这里的“领导水平”，实际上指领导能力、领导艺术，故译作art of leadership。,二、辨析词义和正确选词,（一）注意词的广义与狭义,（二）注意词义的强弱,（三）注意词义的褒贬,（四）注意词的语体色彩,（五）注意词的政治含义,（1）“侵略”：,invasion和aggression都是汉语“侵略”的对应词。,invasion指军事人侵,，,而aggression的含义范围较广，可指政治、军事、经济、文化各个方面,。,（2）“自主”：,autonomy和initiative都可以和汉语的“自主”相对应。,autonomy指政治上有自治权利；initiative主要指思想上、行动上有主动性或独立性,。“独立自主”中的“自主”是指后一种意思，所以用initiative,。,（六）注意词的搭配,选择最合适的表达来翻译各句的“心”,1.心有余而力不足。Ones ability falls short of ones _.,2.您的建议我永远会铭记于心。I will always bear your advice in _.,3.如果你忘了他的生日她会很伤心的。Youll hurt her _if you forget her birthday.,4.居心叵测 to nurse evil _.,heart;mind;brain;intention;wish;popularity;feeling,wishes,mind,feelings,intentions,5.得人,心,者得天下。Those who gain _among people will gain the power.,6.劳,心,者治人，劳力者治於人。Thos who work with _rule those who work with their brawn are ruled.,7.哀莫大于,心,死。The greatest despair comes from a devastated _.,heart;mind;brain;intention;wish;popularity;feeling,popularity,brain,heart,翻译下列词语，注意词语的不同搭配关系,1.浓茶,Strong tea,浓墨,Thick ink,浓烟,Dense smoke,2.治国,Administrate a country,治家,Manage a household,治病,Cure disease,3.打的,Take a taxi,打水,Fetch water,打井,Dig a well,4.基本工资,Basic wage,基本建设,Capital construction,基本设施,Infrastructure,基本物质,Essential commodity,基本利益,Fundamental interest,词类的转换,一、汉语的,动词,转换成英语的,名词,汉语中动词用得较多，而英语则不然，一句话往往只用一个谓语动词，而且英语的名词也比汉语的名词用得多。由于两种语言各自所具有的这种特点，汉译英时常常需要把汉语动词转换成英语名词。有时，随着汉语动词的这种转换，修饰该动词的副词也自然需要转换。,(1)你必须,好好地照顾病,人。,You must,take good care of,the patient,(2)他在讲话中,特别强调,提高产品质量。,In his speech he,laid special stress on,raising the quality of the products.,(3)绝对,不许违反,这个原则。(无主语),No violation,of this principle can be tolerated.,二、汉语的,动词,转换成英语的,形容,词,汉语中一些表示,知觉、情感等心理状态的动词,，往往可以转换成英语形容词，通常多以,“,be形容词”,结构来表达。,（1）我,为她的健康担忧。,1,am anxious about,her health,（2）他们,怀疑,他是否能负担得起。,They,are doubtful,whether he can afford it,（3）我们,不满足于,现有的成就。,We,are not content with,our present achievements,三、汉语的,动词,转换成英语的,介词或介词词组,与汉语相比，英语用介词较多，而且有一些英语介词本是由动词演变而来的，具有动词的特征。因此在汉译英时，汉语的一些动词常常可用英语的介词或介词词组来翻译。,（1）我们全体,赞成,他的建议。,We were all,in favor of/for,his suggestion,（2）他们,不顾一切,困难和挫折，坚持战斗。,They kept on fighting,in spite of all,difficulties and setbacks,四、汉语的,名词,转换成英语的,动词,在汉译英中，比较普遍的现象是汉语的动词转换成为英语的名词。但也有相反情况，即汉语的名词转换为英语的动词。与此同时，原来修饰该名词的形容词也常随之而转换成英语的副词，作为状语来修饰由汉语名词转换成的英语动词。,(1)他的讲演给听众的,印象,很深。,His speech,impressed,the audience deeply.,(2)大部分学生对老师,态度很恭敬,。,Most students,behaved respectfully,towards their teacher,句子的翻译,汉语的句法特征：,主语由诸多不同类别的词语充当，主语隐含或无主句情况时常可见；谓语成分复杂，不受主语支配，无人称、数、时态的变化。句子与句子之间多无明显的逻辑关系连接。,英语句法特征：,主语突出，只能由名词或相当于名词性的词语担任；谓语绝对受主语的支配，人称和数上必须主谓一致，有时态、语态和语气的变化；句子与句子之间多以连接词相联。,牢记！,英语是,主语显著语言,，英语句子构建在主谓轴上。因此,选择确定主语和谓语是成功构句的关键,。,主语的确定,1.以原句主语作为译文主语,2.重新确定主语,3.增补主语,1.,我们的房子,是一百多年前建造的。,Our house,was built over a hundred years ago.,2.,这本书,非常有趣，我一口气就把它读完了。,This book,is so interesting that I finish it without a break.,3.,电脑,在我们的日常生活中起着非常重要的作用。,Computers,play a very important role in our daily life/in our everyday life.,以原句主语作为译文主语,可以是句子中其他词语，也可以是句外词语。,1.他的身材魁梧，长着一副大长方脸。,He was a giant of a man with a long square face.,2.王晓的,英语,讲得很好。,Wang xiao,speaks English very well.,3.这种汽车的,耗油量,比那种汽车的耗油量多三倍。,This type of car,uses three times more fuel than that type does.,4.任何新生事物,的成长,都是要经过艰难曲折的。,All new things,have to grow up through twists and turns.,重新确定主语,增补主语,1.不知不觉已入隆冬。,Time,went by and before,I,was aware of it winter was waning.,2.沉默啊，沉默啊！不在沉默中爆发，就在沉默中灭亡。,Silence,silence!Unless,we,burst out,we,shall perish in this silence.,3.看着一堆老照片，心里掠过一丝丝歉意。,Looking at a pile of old photos,I,could not help feeling regretful.,谓语的确定,选择谓语时必须考虑英语句法规范，遵循,“主谓一致”原则,，保证谓语和主语在,人称和数上一致,，,动词时态、语态,正确。鉴于此，强化语法意识，增强句法观念至关重要。,旅途中的情景很多，在此就不一一描写了。,My experiences of this trip are too numerous to be described one by one.,汉语中有些及物动词需要英语的不及物动词翻译，有时情况正好相反。,敲门,to knock on the door,到达纽约,to arrive in New York,等候公共汽车,to wait for the bus,拜访一位朋友,to call on a friend,跟丈夫离婚,to divorce ones husband,比妻子寿命长,to survive/outlive ones wife,和苏珊结婚,to marry Susan,为人民服务,to serve the people,在确立译文谓语动词的时候，尤其要注意英语动词的各种搭配，如：,(1)在翻译“打（拍、抓）某人某个部位这类表达时，对应的英语及物动词一般需先接“某人”，再以合适的介词引出确切部位。,打的头部,hit sb on the head,轻拍的背部,pat sb on the back,抓住的领口,grab sb by the collar,抓住的头发,pull sb by the hair,拉住手,take sb by the hand,抓住的胳膊,catch/seize sb by the arm,牵着的鼻子走,lead sb.by the nose,打了的脸,hit sb in the face,(2)在翻译“除去（夺）某人的某种东西”时，对应的英语动词通常先接“某人”，再由介词“of”引出“某种东西”,剥夺某人的东西,Deprive sb of sth,抢夺某人的东西,Rob sb of sth,消除某人的嫌疑,Rid sb of sth,解除某人的忧虑,Relieve sb of sth,治好某人的牙疼,Cure sb of his toothache,其他与of连接的动词,Remind sb of sth,Drain sb of sth,Inform sb of sth,Suspect sb of sth,语序的调整,一.句内语序调整,1.状语的位置：灵活，,一般按照动词-方式-地点-时间 的顺序。（,在汉语里的顺序通常是：,时间、地点、方式,。而英语则一般是：,方式、地点、时间,。,）,他每晚都在图书馆用心读书。,He reads,hard in the library every evening.,2.定语位置,单词作定语放在中心词前，较长定语如词组或句子则放在中心词之后。,举世闻名的万里长城,The world famous Great Wall,山东曲阜是中国古代著名的思想家、教育家孔子的故乡。,Qufu,Shandong Province,is the birthplace of Confucius,a well-known ancient Chinese thinker and teacher.,转换语态和正反对译,这座桥将在今年年底建成。,The construction of the bridge,will be,c,ompleted,by the end of this year.,我还没来得及拦住她，她就向大家宣布了这个消息。,Before,I could stop her,she shouted the news to everyone.,当时女孩子没有受教育的机会。,Girls were,denied,the chance to education at that time.,否定句的翻译,英语中的否定手段：,1.词汇手段 no/not/never/nor/neither/hardly/rarely/seldom/scarcely/few/little/,否定前缀或后缀/lack/fail/deny/miss/exclude/run short/out of/beyond/without/above/except/before/unless/other than,2.句法手段,Morethan/other than/rather than/know better than/tooto,翻译方法,1.直接译成否定句,注意否定转移情况,我认为他不够格。,I dont think he is qualified.,2.译成肯定句,人民军队离不开人民，就像鱼儿离不开水一样。,The people is to the peoples army what water is to fish.,他无可指责。,He is above blame.,他考试不及格。,He failed to pass the exam.,我年轻的日子已经一去,不,复返。,Gone are the days when I was young,3.译成否定句,直到.才,直到考完试我才能去看你。,Not until I finish taking the exam can I pay a visit to you.,（一）英语中含否定语气的词语有,1,动词：,fail，miss，lack，ignore，refuse，withhold，refrain（from），neglect，deny，overlook，exclude,等等。例如：,1.他上火车站去接他的朋友，可是,未能,在人群中见到他。,He went to the station to meet his friend，but he,missed,him in the crowd,2.使我们失望的是他,不顾,大局。,To our disappointment，he,failed to,take the overall situation into account.,3.他,不愿,接受那笔款子。,He,refused to,take the money,2.名词：absence,failure，refusal，ignorance,neglect exclusion等等,，例如：,1.他开车时,心不在焉,，几乎闯祸。,His,absence of mind,during the driving nearly caused an accident,2.我们,完全不知道,他的计划。,We are,in complete ignorance,of his plan,3.他,未能履行,诺言，我们大家都很失望。,His failure to,carry out his promise has disappointed everyone of us,3.形容词和形容词短语：few，little，free from，far from,safe from，short of等等,。例如：,1.据悉敌军给养,不足,。,It is reported that the enemy troops,are short of,supplies,2.这次演出根本,没有失败,，而是十分成功。,The show was,far from being a failure,；it was a great success.,3.他的作文中,几乎没有,语法错误。,There are,few,grammatical mistakes in his composition,4.副词和副词短语：little，otherwise，too to等等。例如：,1.我,根本不知道,他会遇到什么麻烦。,I,little knew,what trouble he was going to have,2.他显然有,不同的,想法。,He evidently,thinks otherwise,.,3.他兴奋得,说不出话来,了。,He was,too excited to speak,5.连词unless，before，until,rather than,or等等。,1.不了解这一点，就不能得到起码的知识。,Unless we grasp this point we shall never be able to acquire even elementary knowledge,2.部队宁可绕道走，也不踩庄稼。,The troops would rather take a roundabout way than tread on the crops.,3.他宁愿饿死，不愿行窃。,He will die of hunger before he steals,6.介词和介词短语：without，above，except，beyond，instead of，in place of，out of等等。例如：,1.社会主义,无疑,比资本主义优越。,Socialism is,beyond doubt,superior to capitalism,2.,要不是,你帮忙，那件任务我是无法按时完成的。,Without your help,，I could not have fulfilled the task in time,3.我要铅笔，,不要,钢笔。,I want a pencil,instead of,a pen,（二）英语中含有半否定语气的词有,seldom，hardly，barely，scarcely，rarely等。例如：,1.那些黑人挣到的钱,几乎不够,养家糊口。,The Negroes,barely,earn enough money to keep their families alive,2.他太自私了，,几乎,谁也不喜欢他。,Hardly,anybody likes him，because he is too selfish,3.我最近,不常见,他。,I have seldom seen him recently.,I have seen him very,seldom,recently,专升本英语翻译常考句型,Notuntil.句型,1.She did not go to bed until her mother came back.她直到她妈妈回来才上床睡觉。,2.Tom did not watch TV until he finished his homework.（2003.68）,3.It was not until in my thir