科学研究和论文写作5节.ppt

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,主要内容,第,1,章 科学研究与科研课题,第,2,章 科学研究的进行,第,3,章 科技论文的基础知识,第,4,章 科技论文写作中的一般问题,第,5,章 科技论文的撰写,第,6,章 科技论文的发表,第,5,章 科技论文的撰写,第,1,节 题名,第,2,节 署名及作者信息,第,3,节 摘要和分类号,第,4,节 关键词,第,5,节 分类号及文献标识码,第,6,节 目录,第,7,节 引言,第,8,节 文献综述,第,9,节 实验方法或计算方法,第,10,节 实验结果,第,11,节 讨论,第,12,节 结论,第,13,节 参考文献,第,14,节 符号表,第,15,节 附录,科学论文有比较清晰的结构，一般包括,：,Title,Abstract,Introduction,Support(theoretical or experimental),Discussion,Conclusion,Reference,题名拟定要点,中文题名一般不超过,20,个汉字。应避免选择重复的词语，同时避免同义词和近义词的连用，也要减少形容词的使用。,题名要准确得体，不要太大，以免失之笼统，也不要太具体。,题名不成句,必要时可以加上副标题,题名中用科学名词要规范，也要尽可能不要化学式,尽可能反映创新点和难点，最好能包括更多的关键词,有英文题名，且应该与中文题名一致，不是完整的句子。,Characteristics of an effective title,Potential readers,will use the title to decide whether to read your work so it should give a clear indication of what is to follow.,The title should provoke,interest,in the topic.,It should use the,fewest number of words possibl,e to represent the content of the text.,It should be an,honest representation,of the content of the dissertation.It should indicate the topic and the scope of the topic.,标题,-,以最精炼的语言充分概括论文内容,务必,传达论文的主要发现,具体,简洁,完整,吸引读者,不要,滥用专业术语,使用罕见缩写词,使用含糊词汇,过于细节,仅关注部分内容,命题易犯的毛病,虚、大、空,不宜用一个大领域或学科分支的名称作为学位论文题目。,“,纳米材料的物理化学研究,”,“,磷的生命化学研究,”,“,摩擦化学机理研究,”,“,非电解质溶液的热力学研究,类似的题目可用于学术专著或学报特约撰写的评论，但不适用于学位论文或小论文,又如：同一篇化学论文可选用四个题目,：,题目,3,简明扼要，且切题。显然最为得体,1.,聚合物的溶解性研究,3.,聚氯三氟乙烯与有机溶剂间相平衡的温度效应,2.,聚氯三氟乙烯的溶解热力学问题,4.,关于在加温下聚氯三氟乙烯与邻苯二甲酸二丁酯和一氯三氟乙烯等溶剂之间的相平衡研究,3.,聚氯三氟乙烯与有机溶剂间相平衡的温度效应,Language and punctuation features of titles,Computer supported collaborative learning:lessons from a college classroom,Integrating technology into the classroom,3D CAFE modelling of transitional ductile fracture in steels,The cultural acceptance of e-commerce in China,Embryo research:the scientific,ethical and legal conflict,Childrens out-of-school literacies:what do they tell us?,The legality,rationality and morality of an assisted death,通常由名词、形容词、必要的介词和冠词；不包含动词,Procedure for Deciding the Title,Decide on all the,key words,which help convey the content of your study and include these in your title,Take out any words that are,not necessary,Vary the order of the words,until you feel they accurately reflect what your study is about,第,2,节 署名及作者信息,作用,条件,顺序,真名,单位署名,第,3,节 摘要和分类号,目的,内容：四要素,写作中的注意点,英文摘要,摘要目的,它是解决读者既要尽可能掌握浩瀚的信息海洋，又要面对自身精力十分有限这一对矛盾的有效手段。,论文的,“,名片,”,运用摘要,“推销”你的论文,类型,指示性摘要（介绍性摘要）主要叙述一篇文章的主题思想，帮助读者了解是否有必要参阅全文。通常用于评述文章和会议报告；,信息性摘要概括介绍论文的研究目的、研究方法、研究结果与结论，但不照搬各部分标题,结构性摘要按照期刊要求直接标出各部分标题。通常用于医学期刊,摘要四要素,目的、方法、结果、结论,摘要特点：,摘要应简明,摘要的编写应该客观、真实,摘要应具有独立性和自明性,Purpose,:Summarize your contributions,Style,:,What is the problem,What is your work,Features of your work,Advantages of your work,Results,编写摘要时的注意事项,排除在本学科领域方面已经成为常识的内容。,不得简单地重复文章篇名中已经表述过的信息。,要求结构严谨，语义确切，表述简明，一气呵成。,要用第三人称，不要使用,“,作者,”,、,“,我们,”,等作为摘要陈述的主语。,要采用规范化的名词术语。,不要使用图、表或化学结构式,必要提及的商品名应加注学名。,应该使用法定计量单位以及正确地书写规范字和标点符号。,英文摘要,(Abstract),内容基本与中文摘要相同,但不要逐字逐句直译。要按英文科技论文摘要通用格式和英语习惯重新组织段落和语句,普遍问题：句型及语法错误较多,，,中文味浓,提高技巧的途径是模仿好的范文,，,主要是英语国家作者写的论文（摘要）,不要自行创造句型,，,它几乎百分百是错的！,在句型及语法正确的前提下改善修辞,摘要中都涵盖了哪些内容？分别是第几句？,在描述研究背景时用的什么时态和语态？,在描述研究目的时用的什么时态？为什么？,研究方法用的什么时态？,研究发现用的什么时态？,研究结论和启示用什么时态？,哪些句子用了被动语态？为什么？,Several research studies,concur,that parents are the most important people in their childrens world and that they perform better at school when their parents are involved in their education at home.(1)They also,agree,that the provision of an enriched literacy home environment which is consolidated at school is one of the most critical ways in which parents and teachers can work collaboratively to influence children in their acquisition of enduring literacy.(2)This small-scale research project,was undertaken,in order to ascertain the perceptions of Barbadian Early Childhood Education teachers on the role of parents in early literacy development at home.(3)The data,were obtained,from postal self-completion questionnaires,completed by twenty teachers.(4)The findings,revealed,that the teachers strongly support parental involvement in early literacy development.(5)They,believe,that children enter school with literacy concepts which they acquire through their home experiences and consequently the school should not be the sole institution with the responsibility for literacy development.(6)There,was,general agreement that successful literacy development requires sustained collaborative efforts by parents and teachers.(7)This definitely,has,clear implications for policy and practice in teacher training and improvements in home-school relationships.(8),第,4,节 关键词,选取方法,关键词顺序,英文关键词,关键词,关键词对索引来说至关重要：它们使你的论文更易于被识别和引用,;,关键词要具体,避免使用罕见缩写词和一般性词汇,第,5,节 分类号及文献标识码,第,6,节 目录,实 例：,第,7,节 引言,作用和内容,期刊论文和学位论文引言的不同,引言的作用,：,向读者解释论文的主题和目的,帮助读者更方便地阅读论文，了解课题的背景和,意义,向读者解释清楚：为什么做这项研究？怎么做？,主要内容,A clear,statement,of the topic area,An introduction to the context and,importance,of the topic,A definition or definitions,of the key terms in the title,A clear description of the,aim or purpose,of the writer,Indicate,a gap,in the existing literature or area of study,or a specific problem,A clear indication of the,structure of the writing,with a sequenced overview of the,content,注意事项,对前人的结果，要用流畅的语言概括和评述。不要大段直译照抄，使文体不伦不类,对本领域进展与动向要给出恰当评价,期刊论文引言要遵循规则,要尽可能清楚地给出论文所研究问题的性质和范围；,引言要简要回顾相关文献中的工作；,引言应明确指出采用的研究方法，,引言应该陈述主要的研究结果；,引言应该简单指出研究结果得出的主要结论。,Introduction,Purpose,:Background and organization of the paper,Style:,Problem X is important,A,B,and C have been done,A,B,and C have their weakness,Our work D,Features and advantages of D,Results,Organization of the paper,establishing a research territory,by showing that the general research area is,important,central,interesting,problematic,or relevant in some way.(optional);,by,introducing and reviewing,items of previous research in the area.(obligatory),1,.,recently,there has been growing interest in.;,2.the possibility of has generated wide interest in,3.the development of is a classic problem in,4.the development of has led to the hope that,5.the has become a favourite topic for analysis,6.knowledge of has great importance for,7.the study of has become an important aspect of,8.a central issue in.is,Recently investigators have examined the effects of X on Y.,In the past two decades a number of researchers have sought to determine.,Previous studies have reported.,Note:,动词的选择，时态及语态,establishing a niche,:by indicating a gap in the previous research,raising a question about it,or extending previous knowledge in some way.,Nevertheless,it is a fact that there is still controversy and considerable uncertainty,So far,however,there has been little discussion about,.,However,far too little attention has been paid to.,Most studies in X have only been carried out in a small number of areas.,The research to date has tended to focus on X rather than Y.,Negative Words,Verbs,:Concentrated on,disregarded,failed to consider,ignored,been limited to,misinterpreted,neglected to consider,overestimated,overlooked,been restricted to,suffered from,underestimated;,Adjectives,:controversial,incomplete,inconclusive,misguided,questionable,unconvincing,unsatisfactory,negative openings,Uncountable:little information,little attention,little work,little data,little research,Countable:few studies,few investigations,few researchers,few attempts,Occupying the niche,by outlining purposes or stating the nature of the present research.(obligatory);,by announcing principle findings.(optional);,by indicating the structure of the research project.(optional),The aim,of the present paper is to give,In this paper,we give preliminary results for,The,main purpose,of the experiment reported here was to,This study,was designed to evaluate a program to,The present work,extends the use of the last model by.,We,now report the interaction between.,Previous works,Purpose,:Why your work,the differences,Style,:,Categorization of previous works,One or two sentences for a work,Strength,Weakness,Dont over-criticize previous works,Purpose,:Introduce your work,Style,:,Motivation,Definition,notation,Explanations,If you were the reader,what questions you want to ask?,Your contribution,第,8,节 文献综述,-,文献综述的作用,尊重前人,表明起点和创新,成果备查：本论文与文献中的差别就是论文的成果,主要内容和目的,to provide a,historical context,for your research,to give an,overview of the current context,in which your research is situated,to show,relevant theories and concepts,for your research,to,provide definitions and relevant terminology,for your research,to describe related research in the field and how your work,extends,this or addresses a gap in previous work in the field,to provide,supporting evidence,for a practical problem which your research is addressing,文献综述的写法,要注意起点。,有理论深度的论文起点要适当提高。,不要写得太远，只写与论文作对比的内容,在文献综述中主要介绍前人文献的成果、特色、理论，特别是新的思维，但不要细节。,在文献综述最后，最好能给出一个简明的总结,学位论文的文献综述一般可以占整个论文的,10,25,paraphrase/summary or direct quotation,大多数情况下，工程、科学、医学论文经常采用,summary,，而艺术类的论文有时选择直接引用；当作者的观点非常强烈、有效时可以采用直接引用。,Chen(1997),has argued,that there should be awareness raising campaigns in local supermarkets regarding the dangers of a high fat diet.,Changes in the purchasing habits of customers,were noted,after awareness raising campaigns took place(Chen 1997).,According to Ely et al.(1997,p160),interpretation means drawing meanings from the analyzed data and attempting to see these in some larger context.,Attitude,agree or endorse the information in the reference?,challenge or express uncertainty about the information?,neither challenge nor express uncertainty about the information?,Introduction or Literature Review,focusing on an historical or contemporary,overview,of the field of study,；,A,concise reference,to research already carried out in the field,An overview of the theories,underpinning,the current research,A discussion of the key concepts and terminology relevant to the current research,A,detailed,overview of related research studies in the field,第,9,节 实验方法或计算方法,是学位,论文的,主体的一部分。,是体现其科技价值和学术水平的核心部分,该部分结构,可因课题性质的不同而异；但均须合理划分章、,节,实验方法,有独创性的研究技术路线，或较复杂的研究方案宜借助流程图来辅助说明,标准仪器设备仅需标明其型号、厂家,通用或标准的实验、测试方法不必详细介绍，只需标明有关参考文献出处,自行设计的实验方法和装置应有详细说明和附图,必要时，可附上实验装置照片,图,3.2,激光蒸发源与飞行时间质谱仪组合实验装置,主要内容,A,general description of the type of study,：,general strategy and approach,the subjects or participants of the study:,who or what the subjects of the study,Sampling techniques,：,how and where the subjects or participants were selected;the number and the reasons why you selected this particular group and number.,Measures:,how the variables are categorised and measured.the categories and themes and how they can be developed.,Procedures,describe when,where and how the data is collected.,A,description of the materials,involves the use of any apparatus or equipment used in the data collection.,In the,data analysis,you have to mention any statistic tests and computer software used in the study.,Theoretical analysis,Purpose,:Theoretical support to your work,Style,:,Definition,notation(can be omitted if existing),Lemma,Theorem,Proof,Put tedious details in Appendix,Experiments,Purpose,:Experimental support to your work,Style,:,Experimental design,Be sure that other researchers can repeat your experiments according to your descriptions,Comparisons,Discussions,What is revealed by the experiments?,Put tedious details in Appendix,The fifty countries,selected,for the analysis,were chosen,on the basis of current available data from the OECD.They,were categorised,into two groups(a larger and a smaller)according to the size of their populations,with the million as the dividing line.Next they,were subdivided,into developed and undeveloped countries based on their per capita income.What,emerges,from the data,is,the significance of exports relative to government expenditure and investment.It,appears,this tendency,relates,to the size of the countries rather than whether they,are developed,or not(see Hunt 2002;Hill 2000),时态和语态,普遍问题和背景描述用一般现在时；,已经完成的程序和过程使用一般过去时；,最后得出的普遍性规律总结用一般现在时；,研究过程的描述通常使用被动语态,option1,option2,option3,Findings,or,Result,Result,and,Discussion,Findings,Discussion,Conclusion,Discussion,and,Conclusion,Conclusion,第,10,节 结果,结果与讨论,实验结果是论文的关键；研究成败由此判断。全部结论和推论均以此为依据,用表格、曲线、图解、照片等来辅助说明，帮助读者理解,对结果如无深入的分析讨论，只是“研究简报”，不算是科技论文,对主要实验结果要逐项探讨、判断分析。这是由表及里、由此及彼，从现象到规律，从感性到理性的提炼升华过程,结果,这项研究的主要发现,务必 切勿,用图表对数据作总结 在图表和正文中重复出,现相同数据,展示统计分析结果 用图表来表现可用文本,简单表达的数据,与相似研究作对比,第,11,节 讨论,目的和主要内容,A reference back to the original aims of the research,An overview of the main findings and their significance,The relationship of the findings to existing research studies,：,compare and contrast with those similar studies.Points of agreement and disagreement can be highlighted and explanations for any differences suggested.,Integration of the findings with existing theory,；,Discussion of any practical implications of your findings,；,Reference to the extent to which your findings are generalisable,：,limitations of the research,，,how they affect the generalisability of your findings.,Discussion of any methodological implications,：,the strengths and weaknesses of the methods,Mention of future research,：,what research still needs to be done in the field and make suggestions for directions that future research could follow,7.,It may be relevant to discuss used and make recommendations for the ways in which future research should be conducted.,8.,It is common to examine.,讨论部分的要素,尽量揭示结果部分说明的原理、关系和普遍性意义。,指出结果部分的特例或无法用关系描述的情况，说明尚未解决的问题。不要试图掩盖或规避不理想的数据；,说明实验结果与分析同文献中的工作一致的地方在哪里，不同的地方在哪里。,不要畏缩，大胆指出科研工作具有的理论意义和可能的实际应用价值,尽可能清楚地陈述结论,为结论部分的每个论点总结论据。,学位论文中的讨论,论文与文献测定（或计算）相比，指出一致和不一致的地方；,各种因素（变量）对研究目标的影响，这类变化趋势的原因分析；,各种工艺参数的优化；,实验值的关联，包括方程的修正、模型的选择、关联误差等；,实验结果的理论分析，解释现象或规律；,对于计算型的论文，最重要的是模型或方法的建立，并且其与文献中的比较。,Expressing degrees of certainty,Walking to work,undoubtedly,makes you fit and healthy.,Walking to work is,highly likely,to make you fit and healthy.,It is,possible,that walking to work makes you fit and healthy.,Walking to work,clearly,makes you fit and healthy.,There is,strong evidence,that walking to work makes you fit and healthy.,Walking to work,probably,makes you fit and healthy.,Walking to work,is likely,to make you fit and healthy.,From the most caution to most definite:possible,probably,likely,strong evidence,clearly,highly likely,undoubtedly,The use of quantifiers,Those expressing,quantity,：,the majority of,，,many of,，,a number of,，,very little of,，,some of,The survey revealed that,few,undergraduate students use the library during the vacations.,Most of the,participants in the study favoured flexible working hours.,Those expressing,frequency,：,seldom,，,in general,，,never,，,occasionally,，,usually,Customers,rarely,complain about the long queues in the January sales.,On the whole,the results of the experiments were successful.,The use of cautious verbs,be used in statements to add a degree of tentativeness or caution.,The evidence,appears to show,that bilingual children have confidence in themselves.,The evidence,seems to show,that online shopping is increasing in popularity.,The chart shows that families,tend to,prefer to take their holidays in August.,The evidence,suggests that,employees are reluctant to make changes in their