雅思写作基础教材——图表作文部分小结.doc

雅思写作基础教材——图表作文部分小结

Pie chart
1、对题目的改写
部分 as a percentage of 整体
The pie chart gives information in percentage terms about…
Over the same range of
2、Overall, In general, …（饼图中的比例最大的部分）
3、“占”了多少百分比
Make up
Account for
Represent
Contribute
Comprise
Occupy
4、对百分比的描述
A small percentage
A significant percentage
A substantial proportion
One-third (one over three)
Two-thirds
More than/ over/ just over
Less than/ under/ just under/ almost
A quarter
Three quarters
5、对整体的描述
Of the pie chart/ the chart/ the total/ the total preferences/ the total participation/ the total production
6、最高级、比较级（使用较生动的语言来描述图表）
The most popular
The second most popular
The least popular
The second least popular
Be more/ less popular than
7、主语多样化à句式多样化
图例types of fast foodàhamburgers, pizza
Teenagers
Percentage of teenagersàonly 3% of teenagers
The least popular fast food
或
Riola had a substantial proportion of its agricultural production in wool, at 87%.
Wool made up a substantial proportion of Riola’s agricultural production, at 87%
A substantial proportion of Riola’s agricultural production was in wool, at 87%.
8、紧跟其后的是…（句式多样化）
This is/was followed by…
Remotely/Closely following is/ are /was/ were…
9、相等
Share equal popularity/ output/ percentage
10、引用数据的多种方法
, at 30%.
, with 30% of students involved in/ choosing this activity.
, with 30% participation.
, with a 30% participation rate.

, which was/ represented 30% of the pie chart.

, being/ equaling/ making up/ accounting for/ representing/ contributing/ comprising 30% of the total.

Make up/ account for/ represent/ contribute/ comprise/ occupy 30%

Only 3% of teenagers choose this kind of food.

Bar chart
1、对题目的改写
In relation to/ in terms of
The bar chart/graph shows four different types of advertising in relation to/ in terms of the respective amounts of money, measured in thousands of dollars, spent on them by two companies.
Show/give information about/reveal/illustrate/demonstrate/indicate/describe/outline
2、Overall, In general, …
（单色有趋势的柱状图）
随着B的下降，A在上升：
A increases as B decreases.
With age
Over time àas time passed by
（双色孤立的柱状图）
比较两种颜色柱子的相对高度e.g. Overall, A spent more on advertising than B.
3、主体段写法
（单色有趋势的柱状图）
由于柱子和柱子之间呈现规律性的变化，因此挑选最有特征的一些柱子进行描述（如最大、最小、相等、有倍数关系的柱子），对于特征不是很明显的柱子可以忽略不写，或一笔带过简略地写。
The next/ second highest score is approximately 79, which is for students who average two hours of television viewing.
This is followed by the second highest score of approximately 79, which is for students who average two hours of television viewing.
Closely following is the second highest score of approximately 79, which is for students who average two hours of television viewing.
Students who watch no television and students who watch about 3 hours of television per day share equal score of about 76.
（双色孤立的柱状图）
孤立的柱状图柱子和柱子之间没有关联，是相互独立的项目，因此每一个项目都必须在文章中提到，并且在写作时要注意两个层面的比较——项目和项目之间的比较（如两个公司都在TV这个项目上花钱最多，都在Billboard这个项目上花钱最少）；项目内部的比较（如在TV这个项目上A公司比B公司花钱多，而在Internet这个项目上B公司花的钱是A公司的两倍）
注意：若孤立的项目很多（如有7种做广告的方式），则可以按照不同颜色柱子的相对高度进行分类/分段，然后写作（如黄柱子＞蓝柱子的项目写一段，黄柱子＜蓝柱子的项目写另一段）。
4、倍数表达法
Twice as many as
Three times as much as
5、spend用法
Spend some time/ money (in) doing sth.
Spend some time/ money on sth. (n.)

Line graph
1、对题目的改写
时间：In three-yearly intervals
In decade intervals
In yearly intervals
单位：measured in thousands of dollars, in millions per year
2、Overall, In general, …
描述曲线从起点到终点是什么变化趋势（涨跌平波），不需要看中间具体的变化，只看从起点到终点的相对高度即可。
3、描述四大变化趋势的多样化词汇
上升/增加Increase：There was a gradual/dramatic/sharp increase in computer use in all categories.
动词：increase, climb, grow, rise, go up
急剧上升：jump, shoot up (shot up), soar, surge, rocket
名词：increase, climb, growth, rise, jump
短语：show an upward trend, be on the rise

下降Decrease：The number of male smokers decreased from 21% in 1960 to 17% in 2000.
动词：decrease, decline, reduce, fall, drop, sink, slide
急剧下降：collapse, plummet, plunge
名词：decrease, decline, reduction, fall, drop
短语：show a downward trend, be on the decline

保持不变Steadiness：The numbers remained steady throughout the twenty-year period.
名词：a period of stability/steadiness
系动词：stay, keep, remain, maintain
level off, level out, stabilise
形容词：constant, the same, unchanged, stable, steady
短语：remain relatively stable /constant /steady, keep mostly unchanged

波动Fluctuation：There was a minor fluctuation between 1980 and 1950 in India.
动词：fluctuate/vary (vi.) between A and B, fluctuate upward/downward from A to B
名词：a fluctuation [C, U], a variation [C, U]
短语：have a fluctuation between 900 units and 1,000 units, show some fluctuation/ variation

描述极值
最大值：a peak, a summit, the highest point
最小值：a bottom, a nadir, the lowest point
动词：peak, summit, bottom out (at +数据)
短语：reach a peak of, touch the bottom

修饰趋势程度（adj.）
速度慢：gradual, steady, gentle, slow
幅度小：slight, minor, marginal
适中：modest适度的, moderate中等的àa relatively moderate rise
速度快：sharp, dramatic, drastic, fast, speedy, rapid, steep, swift
幅度大：great, marked, substantial, significant, considerable, surprising, amazing

4、描述趋势变化的基本句式
描述变化的三个基本句型
In 1991, the price increased suddenly. (v. + adv.)
In 1991, there was a sudden increase in price. (adj. + n.)
In 1991, a sudden increase was seen/ witnessed in price.
This was followed by a sudden increase in price in 1991.
主语多样化à句式多样化
In 1991, the price increased suddenly in China.
The year 1991/ The three-year period saw/ witnessed/ experienced a sudden increase in price in China.
China saw/ witnessed/ experienced a sudden increase in price in 1991.

There was a trend of a gradual decrease in the number of birds since 1995.
A trend of a gradual decrease was witnessed/ seen in the number of birds since 1995.
This was followed by (a trend of) a gradual decrease in the number of birds since 1995.

It then rose significantly to about 105 million in 1989. à There was a significant rise to about 105 million in 1989. à A significant rise was witnessed/ seen to about 105 million in 1989.

It fell sharply over the next three years to about 95 million in 1992. à There was a sharp fall/ drop/ decrease/ reduction/ decline/ sink over the next three years to about 95 million in 1992.
5、多条曲线的写法
按照变化趋势进行分类/分段，再进行描述
Share similar growth pattern
Have opposite growth patterns
Opposite trends
6、曲线的交点
be equal to
be equivalent to
Overtake àovertook àovertaken
Outnumberà be outnumbered by…
7、与时间连用的介词
between…and/ from…to/ from…until
in
for/ during/ over
与数据连用的介词
from…to
at
of / by

变化的幅度（涨幅）
2 million à 7 million
There was an increase of 5 million.
It increased by 5 million.
(7-2) / 2 = 250%
It increased by 250%.
8、对未来变化趋势的预测
Predict it is predicted that…
Forecast it is forecast/forecasted that…
It is predicted that there will be a rise until 2010.
Predictàpredictedàpredicted
Forecastà Forecastà Forecast
Forecastà Forecastedà Forecasted
在预测未来变化时，用will，不能使用might, could, may等词
(noun à use this structure in your introduction)
The chart includes a forecast/prediction for the next twenty years.
The chart shows oil prices in dollars per barrel from 1995 with forecasts/predictions to 2015. / in two-yearly intervals starting from 1995, and future predictions to 2015.
(passive verbs à use this structure when describing data in the chart)
It is forecasted that this rise will continue for the next ten years. / It is predicted that oil prices will continue to rise to 2014.
It is forecast that there will be a rise in the future. / until 2013
9、好的表达
Oil prices dropped for two years, before rising again in/after 2000.
, in particular from 2006 to 2009

Table
1、对题目的改写
只要是动态的图表就可以使用changes一词，如：The table shows the changes in ethnic population groups in Atlantis City over a twenty-year period./ The line graph illustrates the changes in birds population in Europe from 1977 to 2007.
2、Overall, In general, …
把表格中的total的变化趋势写上，即使表格中没有给出total这一列，我们也可以自己算出total，再进行描述
3、有两个时间点的动态表格的描述
可以按照时间进行写作
也可以按照项目进行写作（但要注意在表格中可以横向进行比较，也可以纵向进行比较à 即可以在项目和项目之间进行比较，如哪个国家的留学生人数最多，也可以在项目内部进行比较，如中国的留学生人数在2000年和2006年之间发生了怎样的变化）
4、有三个及三个以上时间点的动态表格的描述
按照项目进行描述，并且在项目比较多的情况下，可以先按照变化趋势进行分类，再进行描述（类似多条曲线的写作顺序）
5、倍数表达
double, increase twofold
treble, increase threefold
quadruple, increase fourfold
注意：twofold, threefold, fourfold等词既可作adj.也可作adv.
Double, treble, quadruple三词最好使用其动词形式，不容易出错。

流程图
1、开头段总述整个流程分为几个步骤
2、主体段按照顺序逐个描述每个步骤的具体流程
3、流程图中的动作有三个表现形式（避免出现人称词）
动名词：Adding sugar to milk makes the milk sweet.
名词：The addition of the sugar makes the ice cream sweet.
动词的被动语态：Sugar is added to the milk.
注意：动名词和名词做主语时，句子的谓语动词用单数形式。