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*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,科技英语,30学时,En,glish for Science and Technology,1,第1页,第1页,本课程主要内容,科技英语特点 16学时,科技英语中惯用概念英译 10学时,科技英语中非谓语动词 4 学时,2,第2页,第2页,序言,Preface,科技英语含义,科技英语与其它英语区别,科技英语主要性,3,第3页,第3页,科技英语含义,不同于普通英语；,更不同于文学英语；,也不完全等同于专业英语。,English for Science and Technology,专门服务于理工科专业和各行业科技人员。,4,第4页,第4页,科技英语与其它英语区别,文学英语：需理解美国文化背景，语言美丽,普通英语：以语法为主线，基础词汇,科技英语：注重翻译技巧，严谨，忠于原文，但不一定要直译，,如:英文中被动句中文中积极句。,5,第5页,第5页,科技英语主要性,国际间科技情报和资料交流；,世界上科技杂志有六万各种，二分之一以上是英文刊物；,各国科技人员学习需要；,交流需要；,6,第6页,第6页,1 科技英语特点,1.1 科技英语特点概述,1学时,1.2 科技英语特殊语法现象,6学时,1.3科技英语中一些惯用句型 4学时,7,第7页,第7页,1.1 科技英语 特点概述,一、科技英语在词汇方面特点,二、科技英语句法上特点,三、科技英语修辞上特点,8,第8页,第8页,一、科技英语在词汇方面特点,专业词汇出现率低；,词义专一；,多起源于拉丁语和希腊语；,广泛使用缩略语,；,前后缀出现率高,9,第9页,第9页,缩略语,普通英语中缩略语：i.e.即，etc.等，co.公司；,科技英语中缩略语多为单位名称、设备名称，仪器，办法，药剂等，普通在上下文中有原型。如：,英国电气工程师学会 Institution of Electrical Engineers 简称 IEE,美国科学情报研究所 Institute for Scientific Information 简称 ISI,核磁共振 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance简称 NMR,聚丙烯酰胺 PAM,10,第10页,第10页,前缀,Semi-半，部分,Micro-小，微,Thermo-热,Auto-自，本身,Semi-conductor 半导体,Semicircle 半圆,Microbiology 微生物学,Microchemistry 微量化学,Microelectronics 微电子学,Microfilm 缩微胶卷,Thermodynamic 热力学,Thermometer 温度计,Autobiographic 自传,Automat 自动售货机,Automation 自动化,11,第11页,第11页,后缀,-ance,-ity,-ment,-ness,-sion,-tion,-th(序),-ure,-able,-ible,-ant,-al,-ic,-ive,-ous,12,第12页,第12页,二、科技英语句法上特点,长句多；,大量使用被动语态；,惯用形容词短语做后置定语；,使用非谓语动词频率尤其高。,13,第13页,第13页,三、科技英语修辞上特点,时态利用有限；,修辞手法简朴；,逻辑-语法词使用普遍，如：,表示原因,caused by,as,because of,due to,owing to,for,as a result of,because,表示逻辑顺序,however,but,nevertheless,otherwise,表示限制,only,if only,except,besides,unless,suppose,supposing,assuming,provided,providing,表示假设,2,14,第14页,第14页,1.2 科技英语特殊语法现象,五、关于动作主体问题,六、命令句使用办法,七、by,with使用办法,八、关于“名词+名词”问题,九、很少用“s”表示所有,十、定语从句中与which、when连用介词位置,一、关于be going to 表示未来问题,二、will,can,may使用办法,三、无人称被动句使用办法,四、should使用办法,15,第15页,第15页,特殊语法现象,十一、关于if 子句问题,十二、从句紧缩式,十三、完毕时使用办法,十四、as使用办法,十五、such that,such as to 使用办法,十六、关于抽象名词使用办法,十七、动词+后缀当形容词,十八、惯用前缀,十九、多用正规动词，少用“动词+副词”,16,第16页,第16页,一、be going to 表示未来问题,科技英语中很少用be going to 表示未来。,The new aircraft is going to fly for the first time on Monday.,The new aircraft will fly for the first time on Monday.,这架新飞机将在礼拜一初次航行。,17,第17页,第17页,二、will,can,may使用办法,The new motorway will have three traffic lanes in each direction。,Production of the new machine will commence next year.,明年开始生产这种新机器,。,新高速公路两侧各有三条相反方向交通线,。,表示纯正未来用will,（1）,18,第18页,第18页,二、will,can,may使用办法,These planes will fly at,这几架飞机飞行速度可达到每小时800英里,。,表示能力用will,can,capable,和be able to,（2）,can fly,are capable of flying,are able to fly,800 miles per hour.,19,第19页,第19页,二、will,can,may使用办法,This solid will vaporize when we heat it.,Friction will cause the bearings to become heated.,摩擦会使轴承变热,。,当我们给它加热时，这种固体会汽化,。,表示经常发生事用will,（3）,20,第20页,第20页,will,can,may使用办法,Metal which cools rapidly,Unguarded belts or chains,The testing of new machines,may,can,cause fracture.,cause accidents.,take a long time.,表示有时发生事用may,can,（4）,21,第21页,第21页,二、will,can,may使用办法,We can easily calculate the friction losses.,Work on the new engine can start in a few weeks.,几周内能够开始这种新型发动机工作,。,我们能够很容易算出摩擦损耗,。,表示能够用can,（5）,22,第22页,第22页,will,can,may使用办法,This problem,Low-speed bearings,The steel,Thermo-couples,may be,can be,approached in several ways.,lubricated with grease.,quenched in either water or oil.,used to measure high temperatures.,表示也许性用may,can,（6）,23,第23页,第23页,三、无人称被动句使用办法,The driver starts the engine.,The engine is started.,（司机）开动发动机。,He welded the plates together.,The plates are welded together.,把钢板焊接在一起。,The furnace smelts the ore.,The ore is smelted in the furnace.,高炉熔化矿石。,24,第24页,第24页,三、无人称被动句使用办法,The man sharpened his tool.,His tool was sharpened.,那人磨尖了它工具。,We must lubricate bearings.,Bearings must be lubricated.,（我们）必须润滑轴承。,A lathe can cut screws.,Screws can be cut on a lathe.,车床能加工螺丝。,25,第25页,第25页,或,三、无人称被动句使用办法,Attention should be paid not to damage the machine.,（操作者）应当注意不要损坏了机器。,The heat in the center of the earth is being made use of in some countries.,在一些国家，人们利用地球中心热。,Use is being made of the heat in the center of the earth in some countries.,26,第26页,第26页,四、should使用办法,Safety precautions should be obsered at all time.,These machines should be handled with great care.,这些机器应当小心操作,。,任何时候都应注意安全办法,。,表示“告诫”,（1）,The results of the experiment should be plotted on a graph.,应将试验结果绘在图表上,。,27,第27页,第27页,四、should使用办法,Carbon content in steel should not be more than 0.5%.,The steel should not contain more than 0.5%of carbon.,钢里含炭量不应超出0.5%,。,阐明某一情况,（2）,The maximum internal diameter should be 40 thousandths of an inch.,最大内径应为40/1000英寸,。,或,28,第28页,第28页,四、should使用办法,This building should be completed by the end of next year.,The process of cooling should continue for several hours.,冷却过程要延续好几种小时,。,这座大楼应在明年年终前竣工,。,表示“期待”,（3）,29,第29页,第29页,五、关于动作主体问题,动作主体是人时，句末不用by短语；,动作主体不是人时，句末应用by 短语；,动作主体为人，但省去影响句子意思时，应加by短语。,2,30,第30页,第30页,Agriculture cannot be developed without sufficient water.,Explosion is caused,动作主体,没有足够水就无法发展农业。,爆炸石油燃料与空气中氧快速化合而引起,。,动作主体是人，不用by,动作主体不是人，用by,combination of the fuels with the oxygen in the air.,by the rapid,31,第31页,第31页,Three machines can be controlled,All responsibility for the accident must be accepted,动作主体,一个操作者能够同时控制三台机器。,设计者应承担产生事故一切责任,。,by the designer.,by a single operator.,强调动作,主体，用by,32,第32页,第32页,六、命令句使用办法,表示无人称指令,Allow,Let,Take,祈使句,动词开头,Should,命令句,e.g.,Water,should,be heated before,The bearing,should,be lubricated before,33,第33页,第33页,命令句,Let me by!让我过去！,Let it alone!别管它！,Let him be!别打扰他！,日,常,英,语,将轮胎里气放掉！,科,技,英,语,Let the air out of the type！,把瓶子里水倒出来。,Let the water out of the bottle.,34,第34页,第34页,每十分钟测一次温度！,Take the temperature every ten minutes.,假设X等于每分钟转数。,Let X equal the number of revolutions per minute.,记下水面位置。,Take the water level.,让水冷却十分钟，然后再测温度。,Allow the water to cool for ten minutes and then take the temperature.,计算出将产生膨胀量。,Calculate the amount of expansion which will take place.,35,第35页,第35页,七、by,with使用办法,by,by means of,用耐火砖能够减少热损耗。,Heat losses can be reduced,by,fireworks.,Heat losses can be reduced,by,lining the furnace with fireworks.,The heat loss reduction can be achieved,by means of,fireworks.,with,with the help of,36,第36页,第36页,The necessary heat for the carbon-steam and carbon-carbon dioxide reactions is commonly generated by burning part of the carbon in the gasifier.,碳和蒸汽以及碳和二氧化碳反应所需热量通常靠在气化炉中燃烧一部分碳来提供.,传动装置上通常有安全销，预防过载。,The drive units are normally equipped with shear pins for overload protection.,37,第37页,第37页,By和 with,By means of 后面不能跟动名词短语。,Heat losses can be reduced by means of lining the furnace with firebricks.,Heat losses can be reduced by means of firebricks.,38,第38页,第38页,八、关于“名词+名词”问题,表示原材料,表示典型成份,表示工作介质,an iron pipe,=a pipe made of iron,oil product,=products made of oil,manganese steel,=steel which contains manganese,coal mine,a steam engine,=an engine worked by steam,表示工作对象,an air compressor,=a device for compressing air,39,第39页,第39页,表示用途,表示方式,表示所属,表示关于,表示形状,a drive motor,=a motor for driving machines,a foot brake,=a brake operated by foot,=molecules of water,the production cost,water molecules,=the cost concerning production,a star wheel,=a wheel shaped like a star,40,第40页,第40页,ash content,surface property,mineral matter,rate constant,nitrogen dioxide,experiment results,adsorption mechanism,moisture content,air pressure,diamond insert,看看下面名词组合是什么类型,satellite communication techniques,卫星通讯技术,41,第41页,第41页,九、很少用“s”表示所有,s普通表示生命体所有，如：,Marys watch,my uncles house,the cats food,科技英语中用“名词+of+名词”或“名词+名词”,the property of minerals,the surface of the earth,42,第42页,第42页,有时，为,办法、技术、反应、定律、方程式,等命名，需尤其注意,欧姆定律 ohms law,牛顿定律 New-tons Law,波尔曼技术 Bollmans technique,一个人,发觉者,华氏温度计 a Fahrenheit thermometer,本生灯 a Bunhrenheit burner,一个人创造者,施特芬-波兹曼定律 the Stofan-Boltzman Law,尤利-汤普森反应 the Joule-Thompson effect,两个或两个以上人,用复合结构,43,第43页,第43页,十、定于从句中与which、when连用介词位置,44,第44页,第44页,十一、从句紧缩式,当主句与从句是同一主语时，,用“连词+过去分词”，或介词+抽象名词。例：,1.物体放在阳光下时，它会变热。,When,an object is placed in the sun,it becomes hot.,An object becomes hot,when,it is placed in the sun.,An object becomes hot,when,placed in the sun.,45,第45页,第45页,2.安全火柴只有在被擦时才着火。,Safety matches light only,when,they are stricken.,Safety matches light only,when,stricken,.,3.当光线汇集在一点时，会产生大量热。,When,light is converged at a point,it would produce large quantity of heat.,When,converged at a point,the light would produce large quantity of heat.,46,第46页,第46页,介词+抽象名词,，例：,4.Considerable lateral pressure is exerted by the concrete,while,it is being compacted.,在压模时，混凝土产生较大侧压力。,Considerable lateral pressure is exerted by the concrete,during,compaction,.,compact,compaction,5.,after,it is separated,after,separation,47,第47页,第47页,连词+形容词,，例：,6.,When,necessary,必要时,Once,If,possible,有也许话,一旦,While,当时,小结：可用紧缩式连词或介词有：,When,while,once,if,as,after,during,等,48,第48页,第48页,十二、抽象名词使用办法,抽象名词起源：动词、形容词,1.,v.n.,consume,separate,emit,produce,apply,communicate,grow,transmit,install,.,c,onsumption,separation,emission,production,application,communication,growth,transmission,installation,49,第49页,第49页,抽象名词起源：动词、形容词,2.,a.n.,responsible,accurate,efficient,responsibility,accuracy,efficiency,50,第50页,第50页,emit,emission,transmit,transmission,consume,consumption,1.一年四季日惯用水量不同。,The daily,consumption of water,varies with the season.,2.,送电,时广泛使用变压器。,Transformers are widely used in the,transmission,of electrical power.,3.原子裂变能,放出,中子。,Nuclear fission results in the,emission,of neutrons.,51,第51页,第51页,install,installation,specify,specification,4.厂家负责,安装,这种新设备。,The,installation,of the new equipment is the responsibility of the manufactures.,5.所有相关资料均应在,规格,中详细阐明。,All the relevant information should be detailed in the,specification,.,52,第52页,第52页,6.用这种办法,试验,机器需要消耗电力。,If machines are,tested,by this method,there will be some loss of power.,The,testing,of machines by this method entails some loss of power。,7.用泵能,抽取,油箱中油。,The contents of the tank are,discharged,by a pump.,Discharge,of the contents of the tank is performed by a pump.,用抽象名词或动名词代替动词,test,testing,discharge,discharge,53,第53页,第53页,8.有必要检查一下这些结果是否准确。,It is necessary to examine whether,these results are accurate.,It is necessary to examine the accuracy of these results。,9.需要相关哪种燃料最适当情报。,Information is needed as to which type of fuel is most suitable.,Information is needed as to the most suitable type of fuel,.,用抽象名词或动名词代替从句,54,第54页,第54页,10.不清楚,这些结果有多么准确,。,It is doubtful how accurate the results are.,The accuracy of the results is doubtful.,11.工作进展取决于,这个机构效率如何,。,The progress of the work will depend on how efficient the organization is.,The Progress of the work will depend on the efficiency of the organization.,55,第55页,第55页,十三、as使用办法,“认为”“称为”“表述为”“定义为”“当作是”“作为”“当作”,1.This type of motor is know as an induction motor.,这种发电机,称为,感应发电机。,2.Electric current may be considered as a flow of electrons through a medium.,电流可,当作是,穿过介质内一股电子流。,3.These materials may be classified as conductors.,这些材料能够,归,在导体类。,56,第56页,第56页,“以形式（或形态）”,4.The steam is cooled and condensed as a film of water.,蒸汽冷凝,成,一层水膜。,5.The carbon in cast iron is present partly as free graphite.,铸铁中碳部分,以,自由石墨,形式存在,。,57,第57页,第57页,“正如 ”、“如”、“如图”、“如上”、“如前”,6.As Fig.1.2 shows,As we have just proved,As we have stated in the previous chapter,As is shown in the illustration,As is know,As was mentioned a short time ago,As shown in the table,As pointed out by professor Smith,As above,As before,as+积极句,as+,被动句,as+,过去分词,as+,其它词,58,第58页,第58页,as不翻译出来,7.The bridge,as originally planned,would have been too expensive.,本来设计那座桥造价太贵。,8.The uranium,as used in the reactor,is the form of a thin rod.,在反应堆中用铀是一个细棒。,as不翻译出来,59,第59页,第59页,因此,as+such,9.The earth is a conductor of electricity and,as such,may form part of an electrical circuit.,地球是一个导体，,因此,就也许形成部分电路。,10.A simple governor is dependent on gravity,as such,it must be kept vertical.,一个简朴调速器是依托重力工作，,因此,必须将其竖立放置。,因此,60,第60页,第60页,普通英语中,十四、such that,such as to,1.Her excitement was,such that,she shouted.,她兴奋地叫起来。,2.It was,such,a lovely day,that,everybody was feeling happy and cheerful.,那是一个如此美好日子，人人都感到高兴高兴。,如此以至于,3.His illness was not,such as to,cause anxiety.,他病还没严重到令人忧虑地步。,4.I am not,such,a fool,as to,believe that.,61,第61页,第61页,科技英语中,1.The size of the flow-meter is,such that,the flow is unaffected by it.,流量计大小,是这样设计,，即它不影响流速。,或 The size of the flow-meter is,such as to,have no effect on the flow.,2.The job is,such that,it demands the greatest skill.,不翻译出来,这是一项需要高度技艺工作。,或 The job is,such as to,demand the greatest skill.,是这样，,这种意思,62,第62页,第62页,十五、完毕时使用办法,多以被动语态出现,描述已经发生事，时间不明确；,描述不断发生，或到现在为止重复发生事；,表示“尚未”、“自从始终”等；,表示“最近”,63,第63页,第63页,描述已经发生事，时间不明确,1.高速公路系统建设工作,已,开始。,Work has been started on the new system of motorways.,2.研究中用了几个来自不同地方样品。,Samples from different sources have been used in this research.,3.研究表明吸烟和肺癌之间有一定关系。,Research has shown a probable connection between smoking and lung cancer.,64,第64页,第64页,描述不断发生，或到现在为止重复发生事,4.工程师们碰到许多相关这种材料问题。,Engineers have encountered many problems with this material.,5.The pyrite/aqueous interaction has been studied extensively in the past due its importance in extractive metallurgy.,由于黄铁矿与水溶液互相作用在提取冶金中很主要，人们对它进行了大量研究。,65,第65页,第65页,表示“尚未”、“自从始终”,6.这项工程设计工作,尚未,开始。,Design on the project has not been started yet.,7.,自从,1980年以来,始终,在进行高速公路建设。,Work on the motorway has been going on since 1980.,66,第66页,第66页,表示“最近”,8.这家公司,最近,研制出来一个新型飞机。,The company has just developed a new type of aircraft.,9.由于天气不好，高速公路建设,最近,暂停了,。,Work on the motorway has recently been held up owing to bad weather.,67,第67页,第67页,十六、动词+后缀当形容词,后缀：-able,-ed,-ing,-ive,-ent,machinable steel,可加工钢铁,-able,-ible,-uble,“能够”，“可”,Noticeable effect,明显效果,Controllable effect,可控制反应,Negligible amount,可忽略数量，一点点,68,第68页,第68页,后缀：-able,-ed,-ing,-ive,-ent,Heated metal,加热金属,-ed,“被”，“被过”，“通过”,Corroded iron,生锈铁,Emitted rays,放射线,treated,处理过,Effective remedy,有效医药,-ive,表示性质、特点等,Reactive force,反作用力,Relative motion,相对运动,69,第69页,第69页,后缀：-able,-ed,-ing,-ive,-ent,Absorbent material,吸附剂，吸附型材料,-ant,-ent,表示性能等,Absorbent charcoal,活性炭,Absorbent paper,吸水纸,Absorbent cotton,吸水棉花，脱脂棉,Conducting medium,传导介质,-ing,表示性质、作用等,Lubricating oil,润滑油,Attendant claim,附带要求,Attendant phenomenon,伴生现象,70,第70页,第70页,十七、惯用前缀,前缀：inter-,en-,em-,re-,over-,under-,dis-,de-,im-,sub-,super-,counter-,interact,互相作用,Inter-,“在之间”,interconnect,互联,interwave,交错,interwine,互相盘绕,interwork,互相配合,reuse,重用，再用,re-,“重新”、“再”,recharge,再充电，再装料,recreate,再生,regrind,再磨,regroup,重组,recarbonize,再碳化,recreate,取回，检索，二次呼喊,71,第71页,第71页,前缀：over-,under-,overload,超载，超负荷,over-,“在上”，“过于”,overall,所有，总,overhead,架空，高架,overweight,超重,overgrow,蔓生,undercurrent,低电流,under-,“在下”、“太少”,underground,地下,undercapitalize,投资紧缩,underlay,从下面支撑,undersize,过小,undersea,海底，水下,underload,负载不足,overseas,海外,overmany,过多,overheat,过热,overwind,上卷式,overtemperature,过热温度,underclass,经济最底层,72,第72页,第72页,前缀：dis-,de-,im-,in-,ir-,un-,disadjust,失调,dis-表示反义,de-“使不”“脱”“退”,disjoin,分离,discharge,放电,decarbonize,脱碳,disconnect,解开，折断,impure,不纯，含杂质,im-,in-,ir-,un-,“不”、“非”,inaccuracy,不精密,inactive,无效，不活动,irregular,不规则,irresponsible,不负责任,inaccessible,不可达,demagnetise,退磁,defat,脱脂，除油,dewater,脱水,immature,未成熟,immaterial,非物质,irrecoverable,不可恢复,73,第73页,第73页,前缀：counter-,super-,counteract,抵消，抵制,counter-,“反”、“对”,counteradvice,反对意见,counterbalance,配重，平衡力，托盘天平,countercharge,反控
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