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翻译语言失误分类表及说明Feb108.doc

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翻译语言失误标注分类表 词形 动词 名词 代词(句子层面) 码 类型 码 类型 码 类型 码 类型 fm1 spelling vp1 pattern np1 pattern pr1 reference fm2 word building vp2 set phrase np2 set phrase pr2 anticipatory it fm3 capitalization vp3 finite/non-finite np3 agreement pr3 agreement vp4 non-finite gerund mistake & missing np4 case pr4 case vp5 mood np5 countability pr5 wh- vp6 modal np6 number pr6 indefinite vp7 be+verb be/v+modal be+inf. np7 quantifiers vp8 absence of main verb +类似汉语中的连动表达,没有形态变化 np8 other determiners +missing determiners vp9 misuse of main /subordinate v 形容词 副词 介词 连词 码 类型 码 类型 码 类型 码 类型 aj1 pattern ad1 order pp1 pattern cj1 pattern that/whether aj2 set phrase ad2 modification set phrase pp2 set phrase cj2 set phrase aj3 degree ad3 degree pp3 absence cj3 absence aj4 -ed/-ing confusion aj5 predicative/attributive 词语 搭配 句子 时态 码 类型 码 类型 码 类型 码 类型 wd1 order cc1 noun/noun sn1 run-on sentence tn1 use of a tense causing different interpretation wd2 part of speech cc2 noun/verb sn2 sentence fragment tn2 wrong choice of tense wd3 substitution cc3 verb/noun sn3 dangling modifier tn3 tense agreement between sentences wd4 improper diction causing pragmatic mistakes cc4 adj/noun sn4 illogical comparison/ expression tn4 tense-related verb form 单词形式上的错误 wd5 redundancy phrases, words cc5 verb/adv sn5 topic prominence null-subject wrong subject tn5 subject-predicate agreement wd6 repetition cc6 adv/adj sn6 coordination parallelism wd7 ambiguity sn7 fixed pattern inversion +散乱无章的句子 wd8 choice of words not in line with the original Chinese text sn8 voice sn9 wrong place of modifiers 标点符号 冠词 衔接(句际层面) 代词 (篇章层面) 码 类型 码 类型 码 类型 码 类型 pc all types ar1 definite cn1 missing connection cp all types of inconsistencies in the use of pronouns at the paragraph or discourse level ar2 indefinite cn2 wrong connection ar3 absence cn3 illogical reasoning ar4 overuse 漏译(翻译) 从句 中式表达 码 类型 码 类型 码 类型 码 类型 mt1 fail to translate some key word sb1 objective clause co1 literal trans of Chinese word mt2 fail to translate a phrase sb2 adverbial clause co2 literal trans of Chinese phrase mt3 fail to translate a clause sb3 relative clause co3 expressions of Chinese order mt4 fail to translate a sentence sb4 subject clause co4 sentence grammatically correct, yet not idiomatic; Chinglish expression at clausal level +逐字翻译导致语用错误 (You go back)ect. sb5 predicate clause df degree of fidelity unfaithful translation of a clause or unit above sb6 apposition clause df1 df at clause or sentence level sb7 participle phrase df2 unfaithful use of direct/indirect speech sb8 infinitive phrase 翻译语言失误标注分类说明 在语料标注过程中,我们采取两级分类:第一级是大类,每一类里再用数目字细分。在翻译语言失误标注赋码表中共有19大类失误,主要为词形([fm])、动词([vp])、名词([np])、代词(句子层面)([pr])、形容词([aj])、副词([ad])、介词([pp])、连词([cj])、词语([wd])、搭配([cc])、句子([sn]),时态([tn]),标点符号([pc]),冠词([ar]),衔接(句际层面)([cn]),代词(篇章层面)([cp]),漏译(翻译)([mt]),从句([sb]),中式表达的([co])和不忠实原文的翻译([df])。这里需要说明的是,此体系中的代词分为两类:([pr])和([cp])。([pr])指句内出现的指代失误,([cp])包括句际间的指代一致,如句子之间前后指代连贯性、叙述中代词使用前后一致性等。标点符号([pc]),冠词([ar]),从句([sb])和时态([tn])属于多发性常见失误,故被单独列类,并根据情况具体细化。比如,从句中标注不同类型的8类错误。这样使我们对典型的从句错误进行分析,便于更好地描述和分析中国英语学习者在从句方面的错误。时态失误分为5小类也是出于同样的考虑。 最后漏译([mt])和中式翻译([co])是我们在标注过程中摸索出来的,也是翻译标注的特色体现。学生在翻译时,特别是在做考试翻译时,因一时找不到合适词汇,可能会漏译某个词或词组或者整个句子。中式翻译指的是具有典型的汉语次序或语序的英语单词拼成的句子和翻译,这类错误在语言形式上表现各异,很难通过语法类别加以区分。为了确保标注的公正性和客观性,我们采用这一类别表示这类错误。此外,一些学生只是简单翻译句子的大意,而不是准确地将原文翻译出来,我们将这类失误标为([df]):即不忠实原文。将这类现象单独列出来,便于人们研究在何种情况下学习者趋向于出现这类失误。 以下我们从词汇层面、语法层面、句法层面、和语篇层面对标注系统作简单说明。 A. 词汇层面: 主要表现在不同词性词的使用失误、缺失和词的搭配。 l 拼写错误出常规拼写错误外,还包括同音异形词或近音近形词的拼写错误,如: it is not so difficult to make a proper evaluation on the meaning of one's life if we generally consider such elements as weather [fm1, -] his attitude to life is serious and careful…[vp4](non-finite)包括动名词的缺失或误用,如: human beings, as well as other things and lives, are at [pp1, -3] a properly-proportioned status [wd3, -] in nature instead of [vp4, 1-] the dominant role [co2, 4-] [sn6, -](此处缺少playing一词) l 动词使用失误现象[vp]包括情态动词使用失误[vp6]、be动词与动词原形、be动词与情态动词以及动词与情态动词直接搭配使用等现象[vp7],以及句中缺少主要谓语动词的失误[vp8]等;如: who can't spent [vp6, 1-] the youth and waste every minutes [np6, 1-]… they are all keep [vp7, -] seriously to their life [np6, 1-] [cc3, 4-]… l 介词缺失[pp3]和连词缺失[cj3],如: However, we can judge a person as a whole [pp3, 5-] whether he has a serious attitude towards lives [np6, 6-]… l 词语间的语义搭配错误标注[cc]统一置于整个短语或词块(chunk)之后;如: It's surely hard to make an absolute standard [cc3, 3-] The working people, great statesmen and deep [wd8, -] thinkers [cc4, 1-] B.语法层面:主要体现在冠词、时态、语态、主谓一致等方面失误的标注。 l [ar]单独作为一类,并细化为定冠词使用失误([ar1]),不定冠词使用失误([ar2]),冠词缺失([ar3])以及冠词的滥用([ar4]);如: The [ar1, -1] day he [cp, -] lived [tn2, -], he would always work as much as possible, It is certainly difficult to propose a [ar2, -1] absolute standard; l 时态使用失误([tn])作为单独一类,细化为五个小类,其中包括由于时态误选造成译文偏离原文意思([tn1]),时间状语存在的情况下和只靠语境判断情况下的时态误选([tn2]),句际间的时态不一致现象([tn3]),关于时态的动词曲折变化失误现象([tn4])以及主谓一致在时态应用方面的错误([tn5])。如: In the past [wd8, 2-], all of those who had succeeded [tn1, -] took serious [wd2, 1-] of [pp1, 2-] their lives… As far as he lives, he always work [tn5, -] and study [tn5, -] as much as possible… C.句法层面:主要指出现在不同句子结构方面的失误([sn]),如从句语序和结构([sb])、非谓语动词形式的误用([sb])、以及某些固定句子结构的使用失误([sn7])。 Generally, we can estimate one's life-value [fm2, -] from his attitude towards life. Whether he is serious to [pp1, 1-] life, to [pp1, 3-] work, etc. [sn2, -] While, [pc, 1-] generally consider a person's attitude to life, work and living [sn5, -], it won't be difficult to make an assessment [wd3, -] of the existing value of his life. l 鉴于主题的错误([sn5])在翻译中较为频繁,将其范围扩至无主语和主语选择错误。 Moreover China [wd3, -] have taken [tn2, c] that [sn5, -] [mt2, -] do [tn2, c] not controlled by the material as the life pilosophy [fm1, -]. [sn9, -] l 把CLEC中主从句失误([sn7])细化为各种不同从句使用错误和不定式短语错误([sb])。 However, it's not hard to … by generally observing whether he/she has a serious attitude to life, and what is his/her attitude to work and life [sb1, 6-]. l 分词(现在分词和过去分词)作状语以及不定式结构(infinitive)使用失误现象(主要指其逻辑主语与主句主语不一致现象)从垂悬修饰语([sn3])中单独划出,分别标为[sb7]和[sb8];如 And in the Chinese old time [pp2, 4-], the main [wd2, -] of life psysical [fm1, -] [wd8, -] is [tn2, c] not dwelling on material [wd8, -] and being a slave of physical [fm1, -] [wd8, -] [sb7, 9-]. Moreover Ancient [fm3, -] Chinese people didn't [tn2, c] believe the idea that working for the thing [wd3, -] and stopping for the thing [wd3, -] [sb8, 8-]. [df, -] D.语篇层面:主要考虑了句子之间人称代词使用不一致的失误([cp])和句际之间衔接词使用的失误([cn]),如: Every Great [fm3, -] mind [wd8, -] both in history and now [co2, 4-] treats his life seriously. Every day they [cp, s-] spent [tn2, t-] [tn3, s-] [wd8, -]… Once [wd8, -] they are alive, they will go to work and study possible as they can [ad3, 3-]. So that [cn2, s-] cherish their precious life [np6, -] and make good use of their time. [sn5, 10-] E.翻译本身的特色: 翻译不仅仅是两种语言之间的语码转换,它还是不同文化的载体。故与作文不同,译文不仅要忠实于原文,还要兼顾表达的正确性、地道性和优美。这也是人们常说的“信、达、雅”。鉴于该语料库收集的使学习者的翻译,主要考虑了前两个方面,没有涉及雅和语体。具体的标注如下: l 译文的正确性:除从常规方法进行标注外,还从词语的选用(如[wd4] [wd8])和时态的使用([tn1])上进行标示,指出不正确或不符合原文的表达;另外,由于对中英文理解的偏差,出现了修饰语位置的错误放置而导致与原文的意义产生出入的现象([sn9]),增加了该失误现象[sn9]的标注。 Surely, it is very difficult to make up [wd4, 1-] an absolute criterion. Do we have a general [wd8, -1] standard?(注:原文为“绝对的标准”) Chinese working people in all ages [sn9, 5-], including [wd8, -] many great politicians and thinkers, all have serious attitude toward their life [np6, -]. l 译文的地道性:主要从词语搭配([cc])以及表达是否符合英语规范([co])进行标注; When [wd8, -] one of them was [tn2, -] alive a day [co3, 7-]… (当他活着一天) l 译文的忠实性:主要检查是否有漏译([mt])和简而化之的翻译([df])。 All the [mt1, -] people, famous [wd8, -] politicians and ideolists [fm1, -] [wd8, -](漏译“劳动”人民) What is the meaning of human life? [df, -](注:原文为“一个人的生命究竟有多大意义?”) 翻译标注补充说明 该文档是多次检查后总结的常见问题统一解决方案,请大家仔细阅读,可能遇到的问题就在其中(1-10点是今天下午讨论后新补充的内容,为了大家查阅方便就放在一个文档内了). 1. 请不要随意改动文本格式(不要使用enter键),并在英文状态下进行标注. 2. 防止在text格式下的拼写错误的漏标:请先把文本复制到word中利用其检查拼写的功能,对照word检查拼写错误,但不要在word中修改,而应在text格式中修改,因为从word到text复制过程中,可能导致整个文本格式的改变。 3. fm1还应包括同音异形、近音近形的单词拼写;fm2还应包括 coinage类的错误,如thoughter [fm2, -] 4. 只有与sn相关的错误,或标点符号本身错误才把相应的标注置于标点符号外. 5. 数数时错误单词本身不用数, 标点符号也不用数. "-"代表错误单词本身位置. 6. 请注意中括号内外的空格,括号内有一个空格,中括号外前后有两个空格,但是如果后面是标点符号,则后面不需要再空格,直接跟标点符号,如the tortoise accepted [vp1, -]. 7. 不同的赋码中括号间有一个空格.多个赋码遵循由小到大的先后顺序: 单词-短语-从句-整句(或以上). 8. 句子层面(以句号/问号/感叹号等为标志[非逗号或分号])的标注(sn)在句号/问号/感叹号等后面标注赋码,但在标点符号后要有一空格.但sn6 (平行结构方面的错误)因为可能发生在不同的层面,所以可以就近错误层面进行标注(即不一定都是在句号外). 9. 标注sn1时,不用在句内再标cj3(缺失连词)的赋码,以免造成重复标注.但是对于sb1-6有关各种从句的标注,如果出现连词/定语从句关系代词的错误,要同时标注连词cj赋码/关系代词pr7赋码和sb1-6具体类型赋码,此时,sb赋码中括号应该放在句号之前.(参见下第23点) 10. 请注意在自己的失误分类表中增加有关vp9这项,属于"不分层次的动词连用错误"(参见下第15点),如there is a man stand [vp9, 3-] under the tree... 11. 请注意在自己的失误分类表中增加有关df1和df2项: df1指从句或整句翻译与原文不符(即从句和整句层面)(注意和wd8的区别:wd8指某单词或短语的翻译与原文不符,即单词和短语层面);df2是如果原文是直接引语,但译文用了间接引语/转述翻译;或者对原文的翻译“简而化之”/过于简略。(但请不要过多、过泛地使用df1/2标注;要尽量标注具体的错误赋码类型) 12. Vp4不应直接放在to后,而是动词后;类似,vp1不放介词后,而是相关动词后 13. 凡是有关动词及物性用法的错误,不管是否涉及介词,建议统一标于动词后,而非介词后)当出现介词时如consider over归为动词pattern错误,而不是介词pattern(pp1),即标为consider [vp1, -1] over 14. 该使用虚拟语气的但没有使用, 要统一标注错误vp5(考虑到带来的语篇意义的不同) 15. 关于助动词的相关错误总结如下: 1) 缺少助动词标vp8,视为整个谓语动词的不完整,类似情况标vp8:In which way [vp8, -] you hope to be remembered by others? 2) 助动词顺序有误:ID=04中,What you have left for the world?,应标sn7 3) 助动词和be/系动词的混用(该用be动词却用了助动词)标vp7, 如how much does [vp7, -] a bottle of ice-cream? 4) vp6与vp7的区分度应该明确:What's more, did their attitudes may [vp7, 3-] have some [pr6, 5-] effects on their behavior [wd8, -]? 再如., Did their attitude may [vp7, 3-] effect [fm1, -] their performance? 这种情况属于助动词+情态动词的错误使用,现在统一标为vp7;请注意与以下区别: 类似于may affected这种结构属于情态动词的错误用法,以前标为vp6, 现不变。 16. the three acted on [wd8, -] the same thing gave out [wd3, -] three completely different answers [sn1, -]—— 类似这种错误可有多种改法(包括类似there are many people stand under the tree这种结构),这种结构属于不分层次的动词失误(对于acted一词既可以改为standing又可以改为who acted),现在统一标为acted [vp9, -] 17. 过去分词做后置定语错误标sb7,如Every job is a portrait drew by themselves [co2, 3-],[sn8, -],应标为Every job is a portrait drew by themselves [sb7, 2-],不用标co和sn8; 18. no matter 应标[cj1, -]……or, 而不是标cj2;如果出现such as…and so on也是[cj1, -],并数到such; 如Every job is a portrait drew [sb7, -] by themselves, no matter [cj2, 1-] 此处应为[cj1, 2-8](认为是和no matter以及后面or的pattern有误,而非固定连词短语) it is washing a car, sweeping [ar3, -] floor or painting a house. 19. tn2, tn3不用同时标,同一语境下错误tn3,语境变化后选择错误tn2 20. tn4与sn8混淆,如,will you be forgot这里应该是被动语态相关的错误,而不是时态方面的错误,不能标为tn4,应标[sn8, -], 即跟被动语态相关的pp拼写错误,应该标注为sn8,而不是fm1或tn4 21. 关于被动语态or形容词: She felt very moving, because… [sn8, -](较多), 这里应该不是被动句,而是作为形容词 22. 多个动词表达与原文先后顺序有出入,视为不合逻辑的表达,统一标为sn4 23. 容易出现人称代词句内与句际间转换错误标注错误或漏标,如ID=03中,We should show our care, modesty and courtesy, because careful consideration is a kind of attitude that shows your [pr1, 15-] 未标care. 再如, if [fm3, -] we all think like this boy, we'll have a beautiful place to live in. You [cp, s-] (此处如果没有主语you,只是祈使句,则忽略不计。)should show your care, modesty and politeness, because thorough consideration is a kind of attitude to show solicitude. Note:pr3和pr1的区别: pr3只是在number上的agreement,而非数量意外的其他前后人称不一致,即第一个例子中,不能标为pr3,只能是pr1 24. 有关连词缺失和从句同时标出的说明: 只要出现有关从句的引导词或关系代词错误或缺失时(连词和关系代词错误除外,不同标sb),在该句后应同时把相关sb也标识出来.如,关系代词的缺失标pr7(疑问代词\关系代词\其他代词的缺失),同时将定语从句标码sb3在句末标出all后的that应不可省略如ID=01中,All 应标[pr7, 1-] we share together are achievements…[sb3, -] 25. 单词拼写错误or词性判断错误: Successed和scamping类似错误, 标为wd2(从根本上来说是词性判断的失误) 26. 漏译否定词not,标mt1 27. cj不要和cn混淆,前者是就句内而言,后者是句句之间(所谓“句”,应该是以句号或问号感叹号等为标志的) 28. 请把所有的cc都标注在整个的chunk后面,而不是某单个词的后面,如their attitudes make [cc3, -2]此标注应该置“effect”后 different effect on their achievement 7
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