语音学习方法论.doc

English Office of Chongqing University of Science & Technology Chris G. Chen
语音学习方法
语音是任何一门语言的物质外壳。拥有准确、纯正、流利的英语语音，你说出的英语就如同批上了一件引人注目的漂亮外衣。
语言中每个音素都有区别意义的作用，发音上的错误就会引起意义上的误解。如leave[li:v]意义是“离开”，live[liv]意义是“住；生活”，两个词仅是元音[i:]和[i]不同。如发错音，意义也就混淆了。同样eyes[aiz]意义是“眼睛”，ice[ais]是“冰”，两个词仅辅音[z]、[s]不同，发错音也会影响意义的理解。可见，正确发音有重要的意义。
一个字母在不同的词中的各种读法，主要取决于这个字母在一个词中前后和什么字母结合，根据这个字母在一个词中所处的不同位置而发出不同的音。字母在各个不同词中应该如何发音有一定规律可循，了解这些读音规则可减少英语学习拼读中的困难。
此外，英语语音和语法、构词法、拼词法都有关系。很好地掌握语音不但有利于正确地通过声音来表达思想，而且对语法和词汇的学习也有帮助。
可以说，要将一门语言真正学得比较巩固，首先就要有效地掌握语音；要想听得清、读得准、说得出，就要有效地掌握语音。
学习方法：抓与汉语发音差异较大的重点环节进行比较、强化训练
一、先听音，后开口，听清发准
听是语音学习的根本方法。先听音，后开口和听清发准，是语音学习的基本步骤。在许多情况下，学生语音语调不好，是由于听得不够，或者听和开口的次序先后不当所致。
听作为语音学习的方法，在不同的阶段或层次中可有不同的目的和进行方式：
模仿性的听
在以模仿为目的的听中，学生可以静静地听录音带，也可以听教师朗读。在听的时候在心中默默模仿。听完以后模仿一遍。
辨音性的听
在以辨音为目的的听中，学生的注意力在于比较和区别。学生可以先后听两组或几组音，辨出哪一组发的是哪个音；也可以由他人把一个音标写在来，读一个句子或一组词，让学生辨出含有该音的词。
熏陶性的听
以熏陶为目的的听不一定都要求学生分辨。主要是多接触英语的语流，以略补由于缺乏语言环境造成的不足。这时可以分几项提出不同要求，比如：注意听连读，注意听失爆，注意听语调等等。在语音阶段这种熏陶所起的作用不很明显，但以后却相当重要。
听的活动在语音学习中十分重要，要安排尽量多的时间。单位时间要短，频率要高。
二、严格要求与适当“宽容”结合
在语音学习中，如能极有分寸地将严格要求与适当宽容结合，学习将会更加轻松，时间使用将会更加有效。
严格要求：这首先是就语音的整体和学习自始至终的整个过程而言，也是就学生听音、辨音、模仿发音的态度和表现而言。认真对待每次的听和每次开口模仿，耳，口、心齐动，并成为习惯。
适当宽容：这是就单个语音项目(如一个单音)的一次训练而言，也指个人语音客观存在的差异性。每个人对语音的接受能力是不一样的，同时语音的学习，不是呈点状一下子完成的，而是呈线状边发展边完善的，每个人的发展曲线都不尽相同。个人的语音是否正确，标准，不是绝对的，而是相对的。就是英国人，或伦敦人说英语，其语音也都是在大同之中有小异。这方面也说明语音学习严格过度，就会白白浪费时间。

三、入门阶段的语音学习与整个学程的语音学习结合
语音层次的学习重点在手使学生掌握语音和语调的简单标准或机械性标准。这种标准是纯粹语言学上的，是假设所有性别，年龄、职业、地位的人在任何场合说话都用同一种语音，语调。入门阶段语音学习主要是这一层次。这一层次的学习方法以示范和模仿为主。发挥创造性只能在学习方法和技巧上。
1. 音标记忆法
元音：发音时声带振动、声音洪亮，气流通过口腔不受唇、齿、舌阻碍的音素叫元音；
辅音：发音时气流通过口腔或鼻腔受阻的音素叫辅音。发音时声带振动的是浊辅音(Voiced Consonants)，发音时声带不振动的是清辅音(Voiceless Consonants)
元音音素(Vowels)分组记忆法
单元音(Pure Vowels)
双元音(Diphthongs)
前元音
中元音
后元音
i结尾
U结尾
[结尾
[i]
[[]
[U] [R]
[ei]
[[U]
[i[]
[i:]
[[:]
[U:][R:]
[ai]
[aU]
[Z[]
[e][A]
[Q]
[a:]
[Ri]

[U[]
元音音素分组记忆法
四大组
四单个
基本型
延长型
前置型
后置型
[i]
[i:]
[i[]
[ei][ai]
[Q]
一座山
[[]
[[:]
[[U]
[Z[]
[A]
一朵花
[U]
[U:]
[U[]
[aU]
[e]
一个呃
[R]
[R:]
[Ri]

[a:]
一个啊
元音音素例词记忆法
[i]
him
[ei]
day
[i:]
see
[ai]
fine
[e]
let
[Ri]
boy
[A]
back
[[U]
boat
[[]
again /doctor
[aU]
now
[[:]
first
[i[]
here
[Q]
cut
[Z[]
pair
[U]
good
[U[]
poor
[U:]
soon

[R]
box

[R:]
horse

[a:]
far

字母读音拆分法记忆部分元音音素
元音音素
元音字母
含该元音的辅音字母
[ei]
A[ei]
H[eitF] J[dVei] K[kei]
[i:]
E[i:]
B[bi:] C[si:] D[di:] G[dVi:] P[pi:] T[ti:] V[vi:]
[ai]
I[ai]
Y[wai]
[[U]
O[[U]

[(j)U:]
U[jU:]
Q[kwjU:] W[5dQbljU:]
[e]

L[el] F[ef] M[em] N[en] S[es] X[eks] Z[zed]
[a:]

R[a:]
[Q]

W[5dQbljU:]

辅音音素(Consonants)记忆法
爆破音
Plosive
摩擦音
Fricative
破擦音
Affricate
鼻音
Nasal
舌侧音
Lateral
半元音Glides/
Semi-vowels
[p][b]
[f][v]
[ts][dz]
[m]
[l]
[w]
[t][d]
[W][T]
[tr][dr]
[n]

[j]
[k][g]
[s][z]
[tF][dV]
[N]

[F][V]

[h]

[r]

辅音音素记忆法
十小对
八单个
爆破组
摩擦组
破擦组
[p][b]
[f][v]
[ts][dz]
[m][n][N]
三鼻音
[t][d]
[W][T]
[tr][dr]
[w][j]
两半元
[k][g]
[s][z]
[tF][dV]
[l]
一舌侧

[F][V]

[h][r]
两摩擦
辅音音素例词记忆法
[p]
pen
[v]
voice
[h]
he
[dz]
beds
[b]
back
[W]
think
[r]
run
[m]
mouth
[t]
time
[T]
that
[tF]
chair
[n]
name
[d]
do
[s]
say
[dV]
job
[N]
song
[k]
come
[z]
zero
[tr]
try
[l]
like / tell
[g]
get
[F]
show
[dr]
dry
[w]
we
[f]
fat
[V]
pleasure
[ts]
cats
[j]
yes
分解法记忆辅音音素
字母
P
B
T
D/Z
V
K
G/J
Z
U
读音
[pi:]
[bi:]
[ti:]
[di:][zed]
[vi:]
[kei]
[dVi:][dVei]
[zed]
[jU:]
辅音
[p]
[b]
[t]
[d]
[v]
[k]
[dV]
[z]
[j]
元音
[i:]
[i:]
[i:]
[i:][e]
[i:]
[ei]
[dVi:][dVei]
[e]
[U:]

字母
F
L
M
N
S/C
H
读音
[ef]
[el]
[em]
[en]
[es][si:]
[eitF]
元音
[e]
[e]
[e]
[e]
[e][i:]
[ei]
辅音
[f]
[l]
[m]
[n]
[s]
[tF]

学习须知：
1. 语音学习过程中可以借助汉语读音找到似曾相识的感觉和发音效果，不必每个音都反反复复去对口形，只有[r]、[W]、[T]、[tr]等少数几个较难发的音才有必要；
2. 虽然可以借助汉语读音找到似曾相识的感觉和发音效果，但不允许用汉语注音方式。从英语到汉语似乎只差之毫厘，可是再从汉语返回英语就会谬以千里。比如orange注音为“饿儿玩鸡”似乎可行，可按照汉语读出来却引人发笑；
3. 长元音音长为短元音的3倍左右，短元音发音急促，通常出口即停；双元音口形由第一个单元音圆滑地滑向第二个单元音，其中第一个单元音读得比第二个长一些；辅音除[m]、[n]、[N]、[l]可以拖音外，其余音必须出口即停。

2. 音标与单词拼读
单词拼读技巧：英语单词拼读类似于汉语拼音，但还要注意做到紧凑、轻重分明、辅音连缀宜快、变调练习。
紧凑：整个单词读得紧凑连贯，音标之间不能有缝隙，不能读成断断续续的几部分。
轻重分明：重读音节要读得长，重而突出；轻读音节要读得短，轻而低落，要做到轻重分明。
变调练习：为了给以后的句子朗读和听力、口语训练打基础，每个单词都应该按照升调、平调、降调进行练习，不应只读降调。
辅音连缀宜快：辅音连缀必须读得快，一口气猛冲出去，读慢了就会在辅音之间夹入元音。
要注意失去爆破等特殊现象。
Exercises for the 4 Front Vowels
[i]舌尖轻抵下齿，双唇中常
words:
____ it sit bit fit big kick give live miss ill fill think rich which fish wish ship hill chick visit limit
____ belong delay desire remain return secure prefer elect event extreme horses races prices causes pages judges babies armies parted waited needed guided carried worried forest honest shortest
____ build
____ myth busy pretty
phrases:
a big clinic / a big dictionary / a big ship / the pink silk / a bit chilly /the spilt milk / the thick stick / a bit dizzy / fix it / give him six / little by little / bit by bit / finish it quickly / pretty busy / fifty pictures / Miss Smith / interesting films / put into practice / be interested in /
sentences:
We should try to put the principal into practice
Tim is as thin as a pin.
Finish it quickly. It isn’t difficult.
This little inn is the best in the village. Let’s put up in it.
–– Is Lily in?
–– Lily is ill in bed.
–– Oh, I’m sorry.
Tongue twisters:
The little kid will fix his little ship.
If I assist a sister-assistant, will the sister’s sister-assistant assist me?
In India, innocent infants are thrown into the river.
Why is Sister Lily sitting there knitting in silence?

[i:]舌尖轻抵下齿，舌前部上抬，嘴唇向两侧伸成扁平
words:
____ be me sea we he she even immediate
____ bee see feeble indeed succeed tree deed feel free three breeze
____ reason teacher feature tea eat neat meat beat meal clean please
____ receive ceiling
____ belief convenient field piece niece grief
____ people
phrases:
a team leader / a League meeting / the Chinese people / the East Sea Fleet / a real secret/ the deep sleep / the sweat dream / the green trees / a piece of lean meat / the deep sea
sentences:
Sit down, please.
Seeing is believing.
Take it easy.
Do you see the key on the seat?
The peacekeeping troops try to keep the peace of that place.
Please read it.
Please keep it a secret.
Eve is Peter’s niece.
A friend in need is a friend indeed.
–– Would you like coffee or tea？
–– Tea, please.
–– OK. I have tea too.
Tongue twisters:
I scream, you scream, we all scream for ice-cream.
Do you see the green leaves of each tree in the field?
comparison: [i] and [i:]
sin—seen /fill—feel / hill—heel / sick—seek / lick—leak / rid—read / slip—sleep / grin—green / chick –cheek

[e]舌尖轻抵下齿，舌前部稍抬但较[i:]低，唇形中长较[i:]宽
words:
____ get debt yet wet neck check bed egg beg pen ten tell fell best text next spend very ever connect never seven metal gentle yellow fellow section question attend accept forget correct collect
____ dead heaven
____ any many
____ friend
phrases:
very well / get ready / ten desks / ten pence / the next step / the fresh egg / the dead men / went to America / the best pen / the red dress / twenty cents / the next sentence / my best friend / a television set / wet with sweat / terrible weather / press the bell/ fresh and energetic / step by step / get together / make a dead set at（联合攻击）/
sentences:
Well, let’s get everything ready.
Better late than never.
Ben is wet with sweat.
Remember to get me ten eggs.
All is well that ends well.
Better to do well than to say well.
East or west, home is best.
Good, better, best. Never let it rest. Till good is better, and better best.
I will never forget the splendid time we spent together.
Let’s get together when the weather is better.
–– How did you spend your holiday?
–– I went to Beijing.
–– Was it expensive?
–– Yes, very.
Tongue twisters:
He sent ten men to mend the dent in the engine of the tender.
Ted sent Fred ten hens yesterday so Fred’s fresh bread is ready already.
comparison: [e] and [i]
fell—fill / set—sit / when—win / hell—hill / dead—did / lest—list

[A]舌尖抵下齿，舌前部稍抬但较[e] [i:]低，开口较大，双唇稍扁
words:
____ cap map fat bad mad back lack gas mass catch match man ran hand land bank thank lamp stamp act fact carry marry happy fancy manage matter latter pattern gather handle battle absent anxious family national capital annual satisfy character avenue salary natural practical
phrases: a black cat / a mad man / traveling bag / as a matter o fact / the fat man / the sad lad / the black flag / hand in hand
sentences:
A fact is a fact.事实胜于雄辩。
Fancy that！真想不到！
Don’t let the cat out of the bag.别泄露机密。
Handsome is as handsome does.品德优美才算真美。
Thank you for the stamp.
It’s very bad of you to talk back to your dad.
That black man has taken my jacket.
–– Ann is traveling to Japan.
–– How happy she is!
–– Yes, she is very happy.
Tongue twisters:
Can you can a can as a canner can can a can?
Catch that mad black cat.
comparison: [A] and [e]
bag—beg / gas—guess / mat—met / sad—said / bad—bed / land—lend / sand—send / pack—peck / pan—pen / lad—led /
This bed is bad. / This is a bad pen. / What daddy said made me sad.

Exercises for the 3 Central Vowels
中元音发音时，舌位、牙床、唇形保持不变，否则会发成双元音。
[[]唇形自然
words:
____ ago again among above agree about ahead admire abroad approve attempt asleep amuse attend affirm assist attack advance breakfast purchase
____ fever teacher winter worker daughter father mother writer soldier gather never other order paper danger
____ doctor labor forget
____ welcome polite
____ upon difficult
____ sugar collar
____ movement
____ holiday
____ centre
____ famous
____ pursue
____ labour
____ picture
phrases:
along the river / among the workers / never forget / a sheet of paper / a drop of water / the workers of China / for a moment / the doctor’s daughter / at the counter / an hour and a half / from cover to cover / a quarter to seven / a glass of water / a book about China / brothers and sisters / once upon a time /
sentences:
Birds of a feather flock together.
I am afraid that the color is unsuitable for my mother.
Readers are supposed to keep silent in the library.
My younger brother is a doctor.
Shall we have a chat or go to the cinema?
Please return the alarm clock to the teacher.
Let’s go for a walk along the river.
We’re going to have a get-together after supper.
You’d better do it faster.
Give me some butter and sugar.
–– Look at the clock.
–– What’s the time?
–– It’s a quarter to seven!
Tongue twisters:
Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers
A peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked
If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers
Where’s the peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked?

[[:]双唇扁平
words:
____ her certain person service perfect term
____ early heard beard search learn earnest
____ journey
____ fur hurt purchase furnish nurse church curl burn turn surface
____ sir shirt bird third birth girl first
____ word world worth worst
phrases:
the first year / the first term / the German expert / learn the word / a dirty shirt / a firm girl / a nervous nurse / an early bird / the third word / the third world / an earnest person / perfect service /
sentences:
I would like to have a word with you when you finish your work at hand.
He cursed the nurse for her bad service.
He searched and searched for the bird he heard in the church.
First come, first served.别插队！/讲先后秩序。
Workers of the world, unite!
Perfect service deserves an earnest and worthy return.良好的服务应受到人们的尊敬。
It’s the early bird that catches the worm.早鸟先得食。
The girls learnt world history in the first and third terms at the university.
–– He always arrives work early.
–– But he wasn’t early this morning.
–– You weren’t early either.

[Q] 与将学的[B:]相比开口较小，双唇稍扁。
words:
____ up cup bud mud gun fun thus thunder such luck jump but
____ rough tough touch couple double cousin country
____ does
____ one come some none other mother color money honey dozen cover love worry month Monday
____ flood blood
phrases:
some punch / some honey / a cup of punch / some money / one month / once in a month / a tough son / a funny couple / a sudden jump / just for fun / blood for blood / hurry up / rubbish dump / a running bus / a rusty gun / a Sunday club / trust us
sentences:
It’s sunny today.
My uncle will go to London next Monday.
How lucky he is!
I am not accustomed to making a speech in public.
We heard the occasional rumble of passing truck.
Several provinces in the south of China are suffering from floods.
Tongue twisters:
The spunky skunk slumped and the stinky slug slouched. Soon they switched and the spunky skunk slouched and the stinky slug slumped.
comparison: [Q] and [A]
rug—rag / suck—sack / truck—track / mud—mad / hut—hat / dumb—damn / bud—bad / bun—ban / cup—cap / run—ran /

Exercises for the 5 Back Vowels
[U]圆唇但唇不突出
words:
____ put push bush pull full bull sugar bullet
____ foot cook look book took good wood room woolen manhood
____ should could would
____ woman
phrases:
looks good / a good look / took a book / a good cook / a good book / a good woman / look at the cook / took some sugar / a good-looking woman
sentences:
It’s a good book.
He looks like a good cook.
Look at the woman. Isn’t she good-looking?
I took my book and looked at it as long as I could.
Try as I would, I could do nothing. So I took a broom and left the room.
The cook took some sugar and put it in the soup.
He understood what the woman wanted.
–– Where did you put the book?
–– Which book?
–– The book you bought yesterday.
–– Oh, I put it on the bookshelf.
Tongue twisters:
Good cookies could be cooked by a good cook if a good cook could cook good cookies.

[U:] 包括[jU:] 圆唇且唇突出
words:
____ too food fool tooth moon noon soon choose school zoo
____ do who lose
____ shoe
____ you youth group
____ blue true
____ fruit juice
____ June rule duty music future pupil student refuse reduce excuse produce opportunity university
____ beauty
____ review
phrases:
a new school / a new suit / huge spoons / beautiful music / a group of students / whose shoes / too soon / too few / a music school / a revolutionary movement / a useful rule / choose two /a tooth for a tooth / fruit juice / the new spoon / the cool pool / Sue and Lucy / amusing news
sentences:
I am not in the mood to argue with you.
What he said is proved to be true.
The news is too good to be true.
Don’t lose the opportunity.别坐失良机。
Choose either boots or shoes.
Who said the soup was too cool?
Your spoon won’t be useful for noodles.
Soon it will be June.
What do you choose to do this afternoon?
As a rule, the skies are blue in June.
–– Look at my new shoes!
–– Oh, they are beautiful.
–– Your boots beautiful too.
Tongue twisters:
A tutor who tooted a flute tried to tutor two students to toot. Said the two to the tutor, “It’