法律英语2.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,1,Lesson Two,Legal Profession,法律职业,2,If there were no bad people,there would be no good lawyers.,Charles Dickens,British novelist,倘若世上没有坏人，也就不会有好的律师。,英国小说家 狄更斯,C,3,Background,律师,法官,检察官,法学教师,法律职业,变换频繁,Harlan Fiske Stone,4,5,Part 1 The Bar,Bar,法庭中将公众与法官、律师及其他诉讼参与人分隔开的,隔板,。,后来用于通指法律职业或律师职业。,美国律师协会（,ABA,）,6,7,律师,美国,Lawyer,Attorney,Attorney,at-law,Counselor,Counselor,at-law,Litigator,诉讼律师,英国,Barrister,诉讼律师,大律师，出庭律师,Solicitor,初级律师（无权出庭的律师）,8,The regulation of the legal profession is primarily the concern of the states,each of which has its own requirements for,admission to practice,.,对法律职业的管制主要是州政府的事。各州都有自己的,允许律师执业,的条件。,9,Most require,three years of,college,and,a law degree.,Each state administers its own,written examination,to applicants for its bar.,三年大学法学学位书面考试,10,Almost all states,however,make use of the,Multistate Bar Exam,a day-long,multi-choice test,to which the states adds a day-long,essay,examination emphasizing its own law.,各州律师联考州综合问答题,11,The,Multistate Bar Examination,(MBE)is a six-hour,two-hundred question multiple-choice examination,covering contracts,torts,constitutional law,criminal law,evidence,and real property.,12,A substantial fraction of all applicants,succeed,on the first try,and many of those who,fail,pass on a later attempt.,全部申请者中大部分能在第一次考试中通过，没有通过的人很多在后来的考试中得以通过。,13,In all,over forty thousand persons succeed in,passing these examinations,to the bar in their respective states.,每年各州有,4,万多人通过律师考试。,No apprenticeship,is required either before or after admission.,在进入律师行业之前或之后不需要有学徒经历。,14,The rules for admission to,practice before the federal courts,vary with the courts,在,联邦法院执业,的要求各州不同。,but generally those entitled to practice before the highest court of a state may be admitted before the federal courts upon compliance with minor formalities.,有资格在州最高法院执业的人办理了一些无关紧要的手续后可以在联邦法院执业。,15,A lawyer,s practice is usually confined to a,single community,for,although a lawyer may,travel to represent,clients,one is,only permitted,to practice in a state where one has been admitted.,律师通常在一个地区执业,可以代表当事人到其他州办理事务,只是在被准入的州获得执业资格,16,It is,customary,to retain,local counsel,for matters in other jurisdictions.,为处理在别的管辖区内的法律问题而聘请,当地律师,是很平常的事。,有些州曾把,“,本州居民,”,规定为申请律师资格的前提条件。但联邦最高法院在,1985,年裁定这种规定为非法。此外，在美国担任律师的人,并不必须是美国公民,。,17,One who moves to another state can usually,be admitted without examination if,one has practiced in a state where one has been admitted for some time,often,five years,.,如果一个人,已经执业,5,年以上,，那么当他移居到另外一个州的时候，通常,不用再参加该州的律师资格考试,就可以,获准执业。,18,A lawyer may not only,practice law,but is permitted to,engage in any activity,that is open to other citizens.,从事律师业务,参加任何其他公民可以参加的活动,19,It is not uncommon for practicing lawyer to serve on,boards of directors,of corporate clients,to,engage in business,and to participate actively in,public affairs,.,在公司的董事会任职,从事商业活动,积极参与公共事务,20,A lawyer remains,a member of the bar,even after becoming a,judge,an,employee of the government,or of a,private business concern,or a,law teacher,any may return to private practice from these other activities.,律师在成为,法官,、成了政府雇员或私企雇员，或者作了法学,教师,以后，该律师仍是律师界的一员，而且也可以从其他活动中重新回来做执业律师。,21,A,relatively small number,of lawyers,give up,practice for responsible executive positions in commerce and industry.,有,很少数量,的律师为了从事工商业活动而,放弃,执业。,22,The,mobility,as well as the,sense of public responsibility,in the profession is evidence by the career of,Harlan Fiske Stone,who was,at various times,a successful,New York lawyer,a,professor and dean,of the Columbia School of Law,Attorney General,of the United States,and,Chief Justice,of the United States.,律师,教授院长,总检察长,首席大法官,23,Harlan Fiske Stone,1872-1946,Distinguished jurist,Harlan Fiske Stone was born on October 11,1872 in Chesterfield,New Hampshire.,著名法理学家,24,After graduating from Amherst College in 1894,he continued on to Columbia University from which he received his,law degree,in 1898.The next year he was,admitted to the New York bar.,加入纽约律师协会,25,In 1910 Stone became the,dean of the Columbia Law School,.In 1924 he was appointed by President Coolidge to be,Attorney General,.,哥伦比亚大学法学院院长,司法部长（总检察长）,26,In 1925 he was nominated to the,Supreme Court,.While on the Court,Stone was a strong supporter of President,Roosevelts,New Deal,legislation.Roosevelt appointed Stone,Chief Justice,in 1941.Stone died in 1946 at the age of 73.,最高法院法官,罗斯福新政,最高法院首席大法官,27,There is no formal division among lawyers according to function.,美国没有律师职业的划分。,英国：,Barristers,：,出庭律师,、大律师、诉讼律师,Solicitors,：,诉状律师,、小律师、非诉律师,28,there is no branch of profession that has a special or exclusive right to,appear in court,nor is there a branch that specializes in the preparation of,legal instruments,.,美国：,出庭代理诉讼,准备法律文书,attorney,29,The American lawyer,s domain includes,advocacy,counseling,and,drafting,.Furthermore,within the sphere broadly defined as the,“,practice of law,”,the domain is exclusive and is not open to others.,代理诉讼，出庭辩护；,咨询服务；,起草文书；,律师实务,30,In the field of advocacy,the rules are fairly clear:any individual may,represent himself or herself,in court but,with the exception of a few inferior courts,only a lawyer may represent another in court,.,出庭辩护：,当事人本人,代理律师,31,The lines of demarcation are less clear in the areas of,counseling and drafting of legal instruments,as for example between the practice of law and that of accounting in the field of,federal income taxation,.,咨询服务与起草法律文件之间的划分不明确。,就联邦所得税，律师执业与会计执业划分不清。,However,the strict approach,of most American courts is indicated by a decision of,New York,s highest court,that a lawyer admitted to practice in a foreign country but not in New York,is prohibited from giving legal advice,to clients in New York,even though the advice is limited to the law of foreign country where the lawyer is admitted.,然而，大多数美国法院的严厉规定是根据纽约最高法院的一项决定做出的。该规定指出：,在外国而非在纽约取得执业资格的律师，,禁止给纽约的当事人提供法律建议,，即便所提供的建议仅限于外国法。,32,33,A foreign lawyer may,be admitted to the bar,of one of states and may,even without being admitted,advise an American lawyer,as a consultant on foreign law.,外国律师可以被一个州的律师协会,接纳为会员,，甚至在没有被接纳的情况下，也可以作为佚名顾问就,外国法,向美国律师提供咨询意见,。,34,Part two Lawyers in Private Practice,The remaining six practice in,law firms,which are generally organized as,partnerships.,剩下的,6,个人组成律师事务所，一般采用,合伙制。,Four or five of these six are,partners,and the others are,associates,a term applied to salaried lawyers employed by a firm or another lawyer.,6,个人中有,4,、,5,个是合伙人,；,其他,1,、,2,个是合作者，他们受雇于律师事务所或其他律师，领取工资。,35,36,This trend toward,group practice,is relatively recent origin.,合伙开业,37,Throughout most of nineteenth century,law practice was,general rather than specialized,its chief ingredient was,advocacy rather than counseling and drafting,and the prototype of the American lawyer was the,single practitioner.,律师业务是一般化的，而不是专业化的,主要业务是出庭辩护，而不是提供咨询和起草文书,美国律师的原型是单独开业者。,38,Marked,specialization,began in the later part of that century in the large cities near the,financial centers,.,19,世纪后期，在金融中心附近的大城市，出现了显著的,律师专业化,。,39,With the growth of big business,big government,big labor,the work of the lawyer accommodated itself to the needs of clients for,expert counseling and drafting,to,prevent as well as to settle disputes,.,随着大企业、大政府及大的劳动力的增长，律师工作本身适应了当事人需要专家提供,咨询和起草法律文书,，从而避免和解决纠纷的需要。,40,The,best lawyers,were attracted to this work,最好的律师,被吸引来做这些事。,leadership of the bar gravitated to persons,who rarely,if ever,appeared in courts,and who were sought after as,advisors,planners,and negotiators,.,律师界的领导人物开始垂青那些,极少出庭,即使确曾出庭的话,的律师，那些供不应求的,咨询顾问、策划人员及谈判专家,。,41,Today the lawyer regards it as,sound practice,to be continuously,familiar with clients,business problems,and to,participate at all steps in shaping of their policies.,Major business transactions are rarely undertaken without advice of counsel.,今天，律师仍然将继续熟悉其委托人的各种生意问题以及参与委托人制定其计划的一切过程视为他们必不可少的一项实践。没有法律顾问的建议，大宗商业交易的进行是很少发生的。,42,Part 3 House Counsel,受雇于某公司而非独立开业的律师,Out of every twenty lawyers,two are employed by,private business,concerns,such as,industrial corporations,insurance companies,and,banks,usually as,house or corporate counsel,in the concern,s legal department.,20,个律师中有,2,个受雇于,私人企业,，如工业公司、金融公司、银行。,专职法律顾问，公司法律顾问,43,the growth of corporations,the complexity of business,the multitude of problem posed by government regulation,firms to have in their employ persons with legal training,非常了解企业的特殊问题和条件,44,The,general counsel(,总法律顾问,),An officer of the company,Serve on,important policy making committees,Serve on,the board of directors.,公司管理人员重要决策委员会董事会,45,House counsel,remain members of the bar,保留律师协会会员身份,entitled to appear in court,有资格出庭进行诉讼,46,House counsel,However,it is the house counsel,s skill,as advisor,rather than as an,advocate,that is a valued asset.,然而，公司法律顾问作为一名咨询员所拥有的才能而非辩护本身才是价值不菲的资本。,47,Constantly in touch with the employer,s problem,house counsel is ideally situated to practice,preventive law,and may also be called upon to advise the company on its,broader obligation,to the public and the nation.,不断接触企业的各种法律问题，使得公司顾问成为理想的,预防法律纠纷,出现的行家，而且也会常常被邀请就公司对其公众和国家所负义务提供咨询。,48,Part 4 Lawyers in Government,Two out of twenty,lawyers are now employees of the federal,city,county,and municipal governments,exclusive of judiciary,.,20,个律师中有,2,个,受雇于联邦、都市、县和地方政府，这中间还,不包括法官,。,49,Many of those entering public service are,recent law graduates,许多加入公共服务的是,刚毕业的法学大学生,。,who find government,salaries,sufficiently attractive at this stage of their careers,政府,薪水,有足够的吸引力,seek the training that such service may offer as a,prelude to private practice.,锻炼自己，作为,私人开业的前奏,50,Limitation on top salaries,discourage some from continuing with the government.,最高薪水的限制,挫伤了一些律师继续在政府工作的积极性。,51,The majority serves by appointment in,legal departments,of a variety of,federal and state agencies,and,local entities.,大多数的政府律师在,联邦、州政府,和,地方机构,的,法律部门,任职。,52,The United States Department of Justice,alone employs more than two thousand,and,the Law Department of the City of New York,more than four hundred.,美国司法部,2000,多人,纽约司法局,400,多人,53,Others are engaged as,public prosecutors,.,Federal prosecutors,the United States attorneys,and,their assistants,are appointed by the,President,and are subordinate to the,Attorney General,of the United States.,其他政府律师是,检察官,。,联邦检查官、美国政府律师,和,助理检察官,由,总统,任命，受命于美国,总检察长（司法部长）。,54,The,Attorney General,as head of,the Department of Justice,and chief law enforcement officer of the Federal Government,represents the United States in legal matters generally and,gives advice and opinions to the President,and,to the heads of the executive departments of the Government,when so requested.The Attorney General appears in person to,represent the Government,before the U.S.Supreme Court in cases of exceptional gravity or importance.,55,States prosecutors,sometimes known as,district attorneys,are commonly elected by each county and are not under the control of the,state attorney general,.,州检察官,，又叫,地区检察官,，,一般由其所在县的公民选举产生，不受,州司法局长,的控制。,56,Lawyers in government are,directly engaged in legal work,政府律师直接从事法律工作。,law training is,infrequently,sought as preparation for general government service.,因为一般政府服务,很少,要求事先进行法律培训。,57,A small but important minority,an exception,those who have been,appointed to high executive positions,those who have been,elected to political office,.,例外：,被任命担任高级行政职务,，,被选举担任政治性官职的人。,58,Lawyers have made up roughly half of the,Congress of the United States,and of,the state government.,美国,国会,和,地方政府,中有大约一半的人是律师。,59,Chief Justice Stone,Harlan Fiske Stone,1872-1946,“,No tradition of our profession is more cherished by lawyers than that of its leadership in,public affairs,.,”,在我们的职业传统中，没有一个像其担任,公共事务,领导的传统那样受到律师们的钟爱。,60,Legal Profession,Multistate Bar Exam,federal courts,boards of directors,Judge,Attorney General,Chief Justice,重点专业词汇,61,Barristers,Solicitors,Attorney,practice of law,Lawyers in private practice,single practitioner,house Counsel,corporate counsel,62,The United States Department of Justice,public prosecutors,Federal prosecutors,district attorneys,Congress of the United States,63,Exercises,1.Questions about the text,2.Dictation,3.Discussion,64,Skill assessment,Working in a law office requires several skills,including communication skills,computer skills,and legal training.Prepare a personal resume,using a word processing program,demonstrating that you possess those skills.,