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雅思培训丨雅思大作文评分标准.docx

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雅思培训丨雅思大作文评分标准 朗阁雅思培训中心 刘雅敏 很多考生在写作上为了追求“高大上”的表达方式,却在内容和逻辑上作出让步,这其实是捡了芝麻丢了西瓜,要知道逻辑才是雅思作文评分标准中的灵魂——Coherence and Cohesion(以下简称CC)。无论中文文章还是英语作文,逻辑性是读者能否理解文章内容、明白作者意图的关键,所以考生在备考过程中务必重视自己文章的逻辑性。 然而中文逻辑和英语逻辑的表达是有很大区别的,中文讲究“形散神不散”,而英语则看中“形不散神也不散”。举例来讲,中文会说“因为我昨天喝大了,所以今天上班迟到了”,然而英语语境是不会出现类似逻辑的,为什么呢?这句话貌似合理,事实上存在严重的逻辑漏洞,只不过中国人说话委婉含蓄,听者不去细究罢了。因为有很多可能性,比如由于“喝得过大了”而酒精中毒直接进了医院输液,所以不能准时上班,或者与“喝酒”没有关系,虽然喝了,但迟到原因是闹钟电池没电了,所以睡过了头,故迟到……。既然中英文逻辑差异如此大,考生如何才能在CC这一评分标准上保证分数呢?笔者认为主要可以采取两种手段:“形连”和“意连”。“形连”是指形式上的衔接,主要是指连接手段的使用,而“意连”的意思是“内容上的衔接”,是指前后文在内容上前后呼应。 “形连”主要有八种逻辑顺序,也就有八类逻辑衔接手段:举例论证、对比论证、因果论证、递进论证、假设论证、类比论证、目的论证、以及下定义。接下来笔者将重点阐释这八类论证方式的衔接手段: 一、举例论证 衔接手段:For example, For instance, To illustrate, As apt illustration, such as, like, including. 范例:Rather, teachers and parents can use a variety of methods to discipline their young charges, such as detention, withdrawal of privileges, and time-out. (C10T1) 前面一组衔接手段放在句子开头,后面接句子,“such as”、“like”、以及“including”放在句子中间,后面加词。另外,“For example”和“For instance”使用频率过高,建议读者使用“To illustrate”和“As an apt illustration”。 事实上,考官范文中,在举例时,直接使用连接词的情况不多,而是通过其它方式(比如表语从句:A typical case is that….)直接摆出例子,自然流畅,值得推荐。比如剑十范文: What would a Japanese tea ceremony be without its specially crafted teapot, or a Fijian Kava ritual without its bowl made from a certain type of tree bark? (C10T3) 二、对比论证 衔接手段:however, While, Whilst, Whereas, Conversely, Oppositely, Rather, Instead, By contrast, In contrast, On the contrary, Compared with…, In comparison with…, 让步状语从句。 范例:Once the age of reason is reached however, a child can be rewarded for good behavior and discouraged from bad. (C10T1) 以上连接词主要放在句首,连接两个完整的句子。说到对比转折,读者可能第一反应是“but”。不过首先,从其中文意思“但是”就可以看出,与“however”(“然而”)相比,该词语气较强,而且其用法较为固定,只能用于句中,远没有“however”灵活。 三、因果论证 衔接手段: “因为”:because, since, as, for, in that, now that, as a result of, because of, due to, thanks to, owing to, on account of, in view of, in (the) light of, 原因状语从句。 “所以”:so, hence, thus, therefore, As a result, Resultingly, Accordingly, As a consequence, Consequently, give rise to, contribute to, lead to, result in, cause, trigger, incur, generate, engender, set off, stimulate, provoke, 结果状语从句。 范例:The spread of multinational products can often bring in its wake(带来……的结果) a loss of jobs, as people turn to buying the new brand, perhaps thinking it more glamorous than the one they are used to. (C9T3) “因为”一组中注意“because”后面一般跟主观原因,“since”和“as”后面往往跟客观原因,由于大约70%以上的文章都是议论文,所以客观论证是主体,即很少会出现主观原因,“because”用的时候要留神。“For”可作为连词跟句子,表示“因为,原因是”,但与其说因果关系,不如说“For”后面的内容更像是对主句信息的补充。此外,“now that”和“in that”译成中文,是“既然”,仔细揣摩,是有“因为”的意味,但很明显,这两个短语都包含很强的委婉语气,使用时应注意语境。 “所以”一组中“therefore”中文意思是“因此”,而不是“所以”(“so”), 语气较正式,故建议用在结尾段中较合适。另外,“consequence”译为“后果”,故“As a consequence”和“Consequently”含有语气,后面适合加不好的结果。与前面的“give rise to”、“contribute to”、“lead to”、“result in”、“cause”不同,从“trigger”到“provoke”这一组动词都有“刺激了”、“激发了”的意思,适合用在因果关系较弱的语境中。 四、递进论证 衔接手段: (1). Besides, In addition to, In addition, Additionally, Furthermore, What’s more, What’s worse, To make matters worse, Worse still, (2). Firstly, / In the first place, / First of all, / At first, / At the beginning, / To begin with, / To start with, / Initially, …… (3). In the meantime, / By the same token, / Simultaneously, /At the same time, / Meanwhile, 范例:First, it is true that it is only those who reach the very top of their profession who can get these huge salaries… . Furthermore, the majority of stars do not hold their top positions long. (C7TB) 第1类是“进而”、“另外”的意思,其中“What’s more”中的“more”可根据具体语境换成“better”、“worse”等形容词的比较级,使得和语境更贴切。第2类是指“第一”、“第二”……等,以上给出了“第一”的表达方式,要注意表达的“多变”,切不可“firstly”, “secondly”, “thirdly”一套用下来,需进行“混搭”,比如:“Initially, …. In the second place, …. In addition, ….”。第3类中的“Meanwhile”除了“与此同时”的含义,其前后连接的两个句子含有对比意味,使用时需注意。 五、假设论证 衔接手段:If, On condition that, Provided that, Providing that, Suppose, Supposing,Once, as long as/so long as, in case, for fear 范例:If the relentless of international brands into every corner of the world continues, these bland packages might one day completely oust the traditional objects of a nation…. (C9T3) 这一组连接词的应用较容易,即条件状语从句的使用,由于出错率低,笔者比较推荐这种论证方式。不过,若多次出现,要尽量避免重复使用“If”, 剩下的几种表达方式基本均可替换它。 六、类比论证 衔接手段:Similarly, Equally, Likewise 范例:To see the same products in shops the world over is boring, and does not impel visitors to open their wallets in the same way that trinkets or souvenirs unique to the particular area too. (C9T3) 该类连接手段用于将相似的事物拿来做比较,以体现这一类事物的某一特征或作者对于一个问题的某种倾向。 七、目的论证 衔接手段:for the purpose of, for the purpose that, in order to, so as to, 目的状语从句。 范例:In order to be a good member of any society the individual must respect and obey the rules of their community and share their values. (C8T1) 该论证方式主要指目的状语从句,所以衔接手段就是目的状语从句的引导词,以及表目的的介词短语。 八、下定义 衔接手段:This means that…. 范例:…. To be a valuable member of any community is not like learning a simple skill. It is something that an individual goes on learning throughout life and it is the responsibility of every member of a society to take responsibility for helping the younger generation to become active and able members of that society. (C8T1) 读者可能认为“下定义”就是抄字典上的英文词条解释,然而并非如此,该论证方式旨在通过下定义的方式表达作者对前一个句子中的某个词或短语的观点,衔接手段较多样灵活。 最后,笔者建议考生应该将“形连”和“意连”这两种衔接手段结合使用,切不可单独使用其中任何一种,否则过犹不及。另外,通过以上标注有下划线的范例,我们可以看出:同一个句子中、以及句子和句子之间(即句子外部/段落中间)尽量出现多种(大于等于两种)衔接手段,使得文章逻辑衔接手段灵活多样、逻辑性严密。希望以上分析能够对考生们的备考有所帮助。 (本文来自朗阁教育雅思培训考试教研组,供广大考生学习使用,转载请注明出处)
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