(必考)欧洲文化入门复习资料.doc

第一章
填空题：
1. The richness of European Culture was created by ________element and _________element. Greco-Roman Judeo-Christian
2. The Homer’s epics consisted of_________. Iliad and Odyssey
3. ________ is the first writer of “problem plays”. Euripides
4. __________ is called “Father of History”. Herodotus
5. ________The greatest historian that ever lived. Thucydides
The dividing range in the Roman history refers to ________. 27 B.C.
  “I came, I saw, I conquered.” By _______. Julius Caesar 
The representation form of Greek Democracy is __________. citizen-assembly.

判断题
1. Euclid says “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world”. (×) Archimedes
2. Herodotus’s historical writing is on the war between Anthens and Sparta. (×) Greeks and Persians

名词解释：
1. Pax Romana
答：In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana
2. “Democracy” in ancient Greece
答： 1）Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”, but in Greece by “the whole people” the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens.
   2） Women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy.
论述题：
1. How did the Greek Culture originate and develop?
答：1) Probably around 1200 B.C., a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics.
2) Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C.
   A. The successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century.
   B. The establishment of democracy.
   C. The flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writing in Athens.
3)The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.
4) In the second half of the 4th century B.C., Greece was conquered by Alexander, king of Macedon. Whenever he went and conquered, whenever Greek culture was found.
5) Melting between Greek culture and Roman culture in 146 B.C., the Romans conquered Greece.

2. What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development?
答： There has been an enduring excitement about classical Greek culture in Europe and elsewhere Rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.
  1) Spirit of innovation
  The Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy; They first wrote history as opposed to mere annals; They speculated freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fetters of any inherited orthodoxy.
  2) Supreme Achievement
The Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour努力: Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy, historical writing, architecture, etc.
  3) Lasting effect
A. Countless writers have quoted, borrowed from and otherwise used Homer’s epics, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophanes’s comedies, Plato’s Dialogues,ect.
B. In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics: Byron’s Isles of Greece, Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’s Ode on a Grecian Urn.
C. In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.

3. What is the similarity and difference between Greek culture and Roman culture?
答：1) similarities:
A. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly.
  B. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified, and their myths to be fused.
C. Their languages worked in similar ways, both being members of the Indo-European language family.
2) differences:
A. The Romans built up a vast empire; the Greeks didn’t, except for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegrated.
  B. The Romans were confident in their own organizational power, their military and administrative capabilities.

4. What is the Rome historical background?
答：1) The history of Rome divided into two periods: Before the year 27 B.C., Rome had been a republic; from the year 27 B.C., Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus and Roman Empire began.
  2) Two centuries later, the Roman Empire reached its climax, marked by land area’s extension: Encircling the Mediterranean.
  3) Strong military power: the famous Roman legions.
  4) In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana.
  5) Another important contribution made by the Romans to European culture was Roman Law.
  6) The empire began to decline in the 3rd century.
   A. In the 4th century the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium. Renamed it Constantinople (modern Istanbul).
   B. After 395, the empire was divided into East (The Byzantine Empire) and West
   C. In 476 the last emperor of the West was deposed by Goths and this marked the end of the West Roman Empire.
   D. The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453.

第二章
填空题：
1. ___________is by far the most influential in the West. Christianity
2. The Hebrews history was recorded in _________of the Bible. the Old Testament
3. The New Testament is about _________. the doctrine of Jesus Christ
4. The story about God’s flooding to the human being and only good-virtue being saved was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament, the Bible, which was known as _________. Noah’s Ark.
5. The Birth of Jesus was recorded in ________. Matthew
6. The story about Jesus being pinned in the cross to death was known as _________. The Last Supper.
7. The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by _________. John Wycliff.

名词解释:
1. The Old Testament
The Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man.
2. Pentateuch
The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy.
3. Genesis
Genesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious account of the origin of the Hebrews people, including the origin of the world and of man, the career of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.
4. Exodus
Exodus is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious history of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt, the period when they began to receive God’s Law. Joshua brought the people safely back toCanaan.
5. The Book of Daniel
The Book of Daniel belongs to The Old Testament of the Bible. It tells about the Hebrews being carried away into Babylon.

论述简答题：
1. What are the beliefs of Christianity?
答： Christianity based itself on two forceful beliefs which separate it from all other religions.
1）One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, and that God sent him to earth to live as humans live, suffer as humans suffer, and die to redeem mankind.
 2）The other is that God gave his only begotten son , so that whosoever believes in him should not perish, but have everlasting life.

2. What are the different translation editions of the Bible?
答：1)The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as the Septuagint. And it is still in use in the Greek Church today. But it only translated the Old Testament.
2) The most ancient extant Latin version of the whole Bible is the Vulgate edition, which was done in 385-405 A.D. By St. Jerome in common people’s language. It became the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church throughout the world.
3) The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff.
4) After John Wycliff’s version, appeared William Tyndale’s version. It was based on the original Hebrew and Greek sources.
5) The Great Bible ordered by Henry Ⅷ in 1539 to be placed in all the English churches was in part founded on Tyndale’s work.
6) The most important and influential of English Bible is the “Authorized” or “King James” version, first published in 1611. It was produced by 54 biblical scholars at the command of King James. With its simple, majestic Anglo-Saxon tongue, it is known as the greatest book in the English languages.
7) The Revised Version appeared in 1885, and the standard American edition of the Revised Version in 1901.
8) The Good News Bible and the New English Bible.

3. What is the great significance of the translations of the bible?
答：1) It is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English.
2) Miltion’s Paradise Lost, Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Byron’s Cain, up to the contemporary Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, and Steinbeck’s East of Eden. They are not influenced without the effect of the Bible.

第三章
填空题：
1. In _______ a Germanic (日耳曼) general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. 476
2. After 1054, the church was divided into _________ and _______. the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.
3. _______ is the one who translated into Latin both Old and New Testament from the Hebrew and Greek originals. St. Jerome
4. ______introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative verse.
5. Both ___________are the best representative of the middle English. Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales
6. _________ paved the way for the development of what is the present-day European culture. the Middel Ages

名词解释
1. the Middle ages
In European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages. The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific, from the 5th century to 15th century.
2. Feudalism
Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding— a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land.
3. The Manor
The centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. Manors were founded on the fiefs of the lords. By the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses. They came to be called castles.
4. Carolingian Renaissance
Carolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.
5. Gothic
1) The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western Europe.
2) It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style in history.
3) The Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque.

论述简答题：
1. Why is the middle ages is called Age of Faith？
答：1) During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.
2) The Christian church continued to gain widespread power and influence.
3) In the Late middle ages, almost everyone in western Europe was a Christian and a member of the Christian Church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learningfor hundreds of years.
4) It shaped people’s lives. That is why the middle ages is also called the “Age of Faith”.

2. What is the great significance of the Crusades?
答：1) The crusades brought the East into closer contact with the West. And they greatly influenced the history of Europe.
2) During the wars while many of the feudal lords went to fight in Palestine, kings at home found opportunities to strengthen themselves. Thus among other things, Crusades helped to break down feudalism, which, in turn led to the rise of the monarchies.
3) Besides, through their contact with the more cultured Byzantines and Moslems, the western Europeans changed many of their old ideas. Their desire for wealth or power began to overshadow their religious ideals.
4) The Crusades also resulted in renewing people’s interest in learning and invention. By the 13th century, universities had spread all over Europe. Such knowledge as Arabic numerals, algebra , and Arab medicine were introduced to the West.
5) As trade increased, village and towns began to grow into cities. And the rise of towns and trade in western Europe paved the way of the growth of strong national governments.

3. How did learning and science develop in the Middle Ages?
答：1) Charlemagne and Carolingian Renaissance:
A.  He was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the pope in 800.
B.  Carolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.
2) Alfred the Great and Wessex Centre of Learning: 
  A.  He promoted translations into the vernacular from Latin works.
  B.  He also inspired the compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.
3) St. Thomas Aquinas and Scholasticism:  
4) Roger Bacon and Experimental Science:  
  A.  Roger Bacon, a monk, was one of the earliest advocates of scientific research.
  B.  He called for careful observation and experimentation. His main work was the Opus maius.
4. How did literature develop in the middle ages?
答：1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.
2) Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy:
  A. His masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature.
B. The poem expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed the spirit of Renaissance.
C. Dante wrote his masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin.
3) Geoffery Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales:
  A. The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work