-充当句子成分的词性-特殊疑问句.doc

充当句子成分的词性+特殊疑问句
一、主语(Subject)
（－）主语的定义
主语是一个句子所叙述的主体。

（二）主语的表现形式
主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和it作形式主语等表示。
1.名词
American music is very popular['pɔpjulə]．
美国音乐很流行。
Teacher Zhang is very famous['feiməs] in our school.
张老师在我们学校很出名。
2.代词
We often speak English in class．
我们经常在课堂上说英语。
Who is the man in the classroom？
在教室里的那个人是谁？
3.数词
One-third of the students in this class are girls．
这个班 1／3的学生是女生。
Two times five is ten．
2乘5等于10。
4.动词不定式
To swim in the Lijiang River is a very pleasure['pleʒə] thing．
在漓江里游泳是非常愉快的事。
To master['mæstə] a foreign['fɔrin] language['læŋɡwidʒ] is necessary['nesisəri].
掌握一门外语是必要的。
5.动名词
Smoking does harm[hɑ:m] to the health[helθ]．
吸烟对健康有害。
Playing football in the street is dangerous['deindʒərəs] ．
在街上踢足球是危险的。
6.名词化的形容词
The rich[ritʃ] should help the poor.
富人应该帮助穷人。
In new China the old are living['liviŋ] a happy life.
在新中国老年人正过着幸福的生活。
7. it作形式主语
It is necessary to master a foreign language．
掌握一门外语是有必要的。
It is dangerous playing with fire．
玩火是危险的。
It is a pity that he cannot swim．
他不会游泳真遗憾。

二、谓语(Predicate Verb)
（一）谓语的定义
谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句子中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。

（二）谓语的构成
1.简单谓语
由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：
He practices['præktisis] running every morning.
他每天早晨练习跑步。
Yesterday afternoon he reached[ri:tʃid] Harbin['hɑ:əbin].
昨天下午他到达哈尔滨。
She takes good care of her sick[sik] mother.
她仔细照料她那生病的母亲。
He has gotten rid[rid] of his bad habit['hæbit] .
他已经改掉了他的坏习惯。

2.复合谓语
（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成
You may keep[ki:p] the book for two weeks．
这本书你可以借两周。
You’d better not take the English book to your home．
你最好不要把这本英语书带回家。
He has caught[kɔ:t] a bad cold．He has to go to see a doctor．
他患了重感冒。他必须去看医生。
She doesn’t seem[si:m] to like dancing．
她似乎不喜欢跳舞。
We are going to call on him tonight.
我们打算今晚去拜访他。

（2）由系动词加表语构成
We are students．
我们是学生。
He looks very clever．
他看上去很聪明。

三、表语(Predicative)
（－）表语的定义
表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be，become，get，look，grow，turn，seem等）之后。

（二）表语的表现形式
表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。
1.名词
Our English teacher is American[ə'merikən] .
我们的英语老师是美国人。
He is an engineer[,endʒi'niə] ．
他是一位工程师。
2.代词
Is it yours？
这是你的吗？
That’s all I want to tell you．
我要告诉你的就是这些。
3.形容词
The weather has turned[tə:nd] cold．
天气变冷了。
Dalian is beautiful．
大连是美丽的。
4.分词
The speech[spi:tʃ] is exciting．
这演讲激动人心。
The teacher was pleased[pli:zd] with my spoken['spəukən] English．
老师对我的英语口语很满意。
5.数词
Three times seven is twenty-one．
3乘 7等于 21。
He is always the first to enter the office．
他总是第一个进办公室。
6.动词不定式
His job is to teach English.
他的工作是教英语。
Their plan[plæn] is to finish['finiʃ] the homework in a week[wi:k].
他们的计划是在一周内完成家庭作业。
7.动名词
His hobby['hɔbi] is playing football．
他的爱好是踢足球。
My wish is studying English in a university[,ju:ni'və:səti] ．
我的愿望是在大学学习英语。
8.介词短语
The computer must be out of order['ɔ:də]．
电脑一定出毛病了。
He is against[ə'ɡeinst] our plan.
他反对我们的计划。
9.副词
Time is up．The class is over.
时间到了，下课。
My father isn’t in．He is out．
我父亲不在家，他出去了。

四、宾语(Object)
（－）宾语的定义
宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词后面。但英语介词后也要求用宾语。

（二）宾语的表现形式
1.名词
They went to see their English teacher yesterday['jestədi].
他们昨天去看了他们的英语老师。
He is going to buy a dictionary['dikʃənəri] .
他打算买本字典。
2.代词
He will love me for two years.
他将一直爱我两年。
We should learn from him．
我们应该向他学习。
3.数词
— How many dictionaries do you have？
你有几本字典？
— I have five．
我有5本。
4.名词化的形容词
They helped the old with their housework yesterday．
他们昨天帮助老年人做家务。
We should help the old。
我们应该帮助老人。
5.动词不定式（短语）
He doesn't want me to help him．
他不想要我帮助他。
She doesn’t know what to do next．
她不知道下一步做什么。
6.动名词（短语）
I like listening to popular['pɔpjulə] music．
我喜欢听流行音乐。
He practices['præktisis] speaking English every day．
他每天练习讲英语。

五、宾语补足语
（－）宾语补足语的定义
英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。这类常用的及物动词有：make（使），consider（认为），cause（引起）， see（看见）， find（发现）， call（称为，叫做），get（让，使得），have（让，使得），let(让)等。如：

（二）宾语补足语的表现形式
带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如 make等）十直接宾语（名词或代词）十宾语补足语。
宾语补足语在句中的8种表示法：
1.用名词（包括名词性物主代词）表示
His father named him Dongming．
他父亲给他取名东明。
We think Mr. Zhang a good teacher．
我们认为张先生是位优秀的老师。
2.用形容词及其短语表示
They painted['peintid] their boat black.
他们把船漆成黑色。
We believed[bi'li:vd] the report untrue．
我们确认这个报告不真实。
3.用不定式及其短语表示
You shouldn’t force[fɔ:s] him to lend[lend] his money to you．
你不应该强迫他借钱给你。
Nobody saw him enter the room．
没有人看到他进了屋子。
注： see，have，let，make，watch，notice，hear，observe等动词的宾语补足语用不定式表示时，不可加to。help后的不定式可带也可不带to。
4.用现在分词及其短语表示
We saw her entering['entəriŋ] the room．
我们看见她正走进那个房间。
I heard[hə:d] her singing an English song．
我听见她在唱英语歌曲。
5.用过去分词及其短语表示
They found[faund] Harbin changed[tʃeindʒd]．
他们发现哈尔滨变化了。
I saw you loved by him.
我看见你被他爱着。
注：过去分词作宾语补足语时，宾语和它的关系是被动关系。
6.用as引出宾语补足语
We take English as an important[im'pɔ:tənt] language['læŋɡwidʒ] .
我们把英语当作一门重要的语言。
I take her as my good teacher．
我把她看成我的好老师。
7.用介词短语表示
We found everything in the classroom in good order['ɔ:də] ．
我们发觉教室内每件东西都放得井井有条。
You will find him at work all day．
你将发现他整天都在工作。
8.用副词表示
Let the fresh air in．
让新鲜空气进来。
I saw him out with his father．
我看见他和他父亲外出了。

六、定语(Attribute)
（－）定语的定义
修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。

（二）定语的表现形式
定语一般可由形容词、分词（短语）、名词、代词、数词、名词所有格、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词和从句等表示。
1.形容词
Harbin is a beautiful city．
哈尔滨是一座美丽的城市。
There is a clever boy in the classroom．
教室里面有个聪明的男孩。
2.分词（短语）
China is a developing[di'veləpiŋ] country；America is a developed[di'veləpt] country。
中国是一个发展中国家，美国是一个发达国家。
Who is the man shaking hands with our teacher?
和我们老师握手的那个人是谁？
3.名词
There are thirty women teachers in our school．
我们学校有 30名女教师。
They are going to put up a wall newspaper['nju:s,peipə] next week．
他们打算下周出墙报。
4.代词
His progress['prəuɡres] in English made us surprised[sə'praizd]．
他在英语方面的进步使我们很吃惊。
Do you know the student whose English is the best in your class？
你知道你们班上英语最好的那个学生吗？
5.数词
More than thirty students in our class have read the book．
我们班三十多个学生读过这本书。
The teacher asked the students to copy['kɔpi] the third paragraph['pærəɡrɑ:f] of the text．
老师让学生抄写课文的第3段。
6.名词所有格
You should follow['fɔləu] the doctor’s advice[əd'vais]and do more exercises['eksəsaiz]．
你应该听从医生的建议，多运动。
Mary’s parents have gone abroad[ə'brɔ:d] ．
玛丽的父母出国了。
7.不定式
Our monitor['mɔnitə] is always the first to enter the classroom.
我们的班长总是第一个走进教室。
I can’t go with you．I till have a lot of work to do．
我不能和你去。我仍有许多工作要做。
8.动名词
The teaching plan for next term has been worked out．
下学期的教学计划已制定好。
You mustn’t take the magazine[,mæɡə'zi:n] out of the reading room．
你不要把杂志带出阅览室。
9.介词短语
He is reading a book about how to learn English．
他正在读一本有关如何学习英语的书。
Who is the girl in red？
穿红衣服的那个姑娘是谁？
10.副词（多位于被修饰词之后）
A noise outside[,aut'said] made him turn around．
外面的喧闹声使他转过身来。
The man in the room downstairs['daun'stεəz] is friendly．
楼下房间的那人很友好。

七、状语(Adverbial)
（－）状语的定义
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。

（二）状语的表现形式
l.副词及副词性词组
Light travels['trævəlz] most quickly．
光传播得最快。
Factories and buildings['bildiŋz] are seen here and there．
到处都能见到工厂和建筑物。
2.介词短语
He has lived in the city for ten years．
他在那座城市住了 10年了。
In spite[spait] of the difficulties['difikəltiz]，we went on with our work．
尽管有困难，但是我们仍继续工作。
3.不定式（短语）
He is proud to have passed the national['næʃənəl] college['kɔlidʒ] entrance['entrəns] examination[iɡ,zæmi'neiʃən].
他因通过高考而感到自豪。
The box is too heavy for me to lift．
这个箱子太重，我抬不起。
4.分词（短语）
He is in the room making a model['mɔdəl] plane．
他在房间里做一架飞机模型。
Not knowing what to do，he decided to ask the teacher for advice．
他不知道怎么办好，就去问老师。
Encouraged[in'kʌridʒd] by the teacher, I made up my mind to learn English well．
在老师的鼓励下，我决心把英语学好。
5.名词（短语）
Wait a minute.
等一下。
Would you please come this way？
请这边走。
The road is fifty kilometers['kiləumi:təz] long and ten meters[mi:təz] wide[waid] .
这条马路50公里长，10米宽。

（三）状语的种类
1.时间状语
How about meeting again at six？
6:00见面怎样？
When it rains，I usually go to school by bus．
下雨天，我通常乘公共汽车去上学。
2.原因状语
Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.
由于下雨，她昨晚没有去参加舞会。
Since you are very busy，I won’t trouble you．
既然你很忙，我就不打扰你了。
3.条件状语
I shall go there if it doesn’t rain．
如果不下雨，我将到那里去。
As (So) long as you work hard, you can make rapid['ræpid] progress['prəuɡres] at English.
只要你努力，你就可以在英语方面取得很快的进步。
4.地点状语
Mr. Smith lives on the third floor.
史密斯先生住在 3楼。
Where there is water，there is life．
有水的地方，就有生命。
5.方式状语
She put the eggs into the basket with great care．
她小心地把鸡蛋放在篮子里。
He has greatly improved[im'pru:vd] his spoken English by this means．
他用这种方式极大地改善了他的英语口语。
6.伴随状语
She came in with a dictionary in her hand．
她进来时手里拿着一本字典。
The teacher came in, followed by a group of students.
老师走了进来，后面跟着一群学生。
7.目的状语
In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder．
为了赶上其他人，我必须更努力学习。
I went there to see a friend of mine．
我去那里看我的一个朋友。
Bring it closer so that I may see it better/clearly.
把它拿近些，以便我看得更清楚些。
8.结果状语
He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately[i'mi:diətli]．
他累极了，立刻就睡着了。
He is so good a teacher that the students love and respect him．
他是一位很好的老师，学生们都敬爱他。
9.让步状语
She works very hard though she is old．
虽然她年纪大了，但她仍然十分努力工作。
No matter when you come，you are warmly welcome．
不管你什么时候来，都欢迎。
10.程度状语
They were greatly moved to hear the hero’s story．
听了英雄的故事，他们深受感动。
I quite agree with you．
我完全同意你的意见。
11.比较状语
I am taller than he is．
我比他高。
The more I speak English，the better I’ll be．
我越多讲英语，就讲得越好。
注：副词修饰动词时放在行为动词之后或动词的宾语之后，修饰形容词或副词时放在被修饰的词之前。如：
They study hard.他们学习努力。（修饰动词）
He was very sad.他非常伤心。（修饰形容词）
She speaks English quite well.她英语讲得很好。（修饰副词）
We go to school on foot.我们步行上学。（修饰短语，修饰动词）

特殊疑问句

一、特殊疑问句：

（一）概念：特殊疑问句以疑问代词或疑问副词开头，提出疑问的句子。

（二）结构：它的基本结构是：特殊疑问词＋一般疑问句语序。但是如果疑问词在句子中作主语或作主语的定语，就用特殊疑问词＋陈述句语序。常用的疑问词有：what, who(whom), whose,which, when, where, how, why等，回答时针对问句中的代词和副词来回答，不用yes或no来回答。   
【重点】
（三） 疑问词的选择：
1．对指物名词或谓语动词提出疑问，疑问词用what；关于what的其他疑问词：what color：
例如： What is that?
What are you doing?
What color is the shirt?

2．对修饰名词的定语提出疑问，疑问词应用which，而且通常和名词连用。
例如：Which book is yours?
Which umbrella is his?

3．对指人名词或代词提问用who，作宾语时提问用whom。 
例如：Who is that boy?
Who is your mother?
Whom / Who did you give that book to?
Whom do you like?

   4．对物主代词和名词所有格提问用whose。
例如：Whose computer is that?
Whose coat is this?

5． ①对具体时间提出疑问，如 in the morning, last Sunday等，疑问词用when；
例如：When did you finish your homework?
When do you go to Beijing?

②对具体几点钟提问，疑问词应用what time。
例如：What time do you usually get up?
What time do you often watch TV?

6．对具体地点提出疑问，疑问词应用where。        
例如：Where do you come from?
Where are you from?

7．对表原因的从句提问，常见的有because引导的从句，疑问词应用why。
例如：Why are you late for school?
Why do you love him?

8．对方式或程度等提出疑问，用疑问词How。
例如：How do you like China?
How do you love English?

9．对数量提出疑问，疑问词为How many，要注意how many必须跟名词的复数形式。
例如：How many birds are there in the tree?
How many students are there in the classroom?

10．对价格提出疑问，疑问词用How much。
例如：How much is that pen?
How much is the computer?

11．对时间、长度提出疑问，疑问词应用How long。
例如： How long is that ruler?
How long have you lived in Shanghai?

12．对时间频率，如 once a year, twice a week等提问，疑问词用How often（难点）。
例如：How often do you go to school?          
How often do you go shopping?   

13．对具体次数，如 once, twice, three times等提问，疑问词用How many times。
例如：How many times have you read this book?
How many times have you been to Shanghai?

14．对in＋一段时间提问，疑问词一般用How soon。
例如：How soon will you come back?
How soon will you give me an English book?

   15．对距离提出疑问，疑问词用How far。           
例如：How far is it from your home to your school?
How far is it from Shanghai to Beijing?

16．对日期、星期、天气等提出疑问，则分别用  What's the date?/  What day is it ?  如
果是过去时间，就用was代替is。
例如：What is the weather like today?
How is the weather today?
What day is it today?
What day was it yesterday?
What day is it tomorrow?
What date is it today?
What's the date?

17． 关于how的其他疑问词：how old, how wide, how deep, how tall, how high等（重点）。
例如：How old are you?
How wide is the desk?
How deep is the well?
How tall is your boyfriend?
How high is the tallest building?

对画线部分进行提问：
1. That is my exercise book. Whoes exercise book is that ?
2. The first one is better. Which one is better?
3. There are nine cities in this province.how many cities are there in this province?
4. This magazine comes out every other week.how often does this magazine comes out?
5. They have lived here for more than ten years. How long have they lived here?
6. I go to see my uncle once a week.how often do you go to see your uncle?
7. Tom often goes to school on foot. how does Tom often go to school?
8. They will graduate from school in two months. How soon will they graduate from school?
9. My home is only about half an hour's ride from here.how far is it fom here to your home?
10. The dictionary cost me fifty Yuan. How much did the dictionary cost you?
11. He drove his car at the speed of l00 kilometers an hour.how fast did he drive his car?
12. Tom's bicycle is made in China.whose bicycle is made in China?
13. He didn't come to school yesterday because he was ill.why didn’t he come to school yesterday?
14. He was talking to his father when I saw him.what was he doing when you saw him?
15. These workers all live near their factory.where do these workers all live ?
16. The People's Republic of China was founded on October 1, 1949. when was the people’s Republic of China founded?
17. Our English teacher is always encouraging us to speak English both in and out of class.who is always encouraging you to speak English both in and out of class?
18. I would like to choose this dictionary. Which dictionary would you like to choose?

答案：
1. Whose exercise book is that?
2. Which one is better?
3. How many cities are there in this province?
4. How often does this magazine come out?
5. How long have they lived here?
6. How often do you go to see your uncle?
7. How does Tom often go to school?
8. How soon will they graduate from school?
9. How far is it from here to your home?
10. How much did the dictionary cost you?
11. How fast did he drive his car?
12. Whose bicycle is made in China?
13. Why didn't he come to school yesterday?
14. What was he doing when you saw him?
15. Where do these workers all live?
16. When was the People's Republic of China founded?
17. Who is always encouraging you to speak English both in and out of class?
18. Which dictionary would you li