初中英语名词讲解与练习.pdf

(二）名词二）名词I.名词的种类：名词的种类：专有名词普通名词可数名词不可数名词国名地名人名，团体机构名称个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词II.名词的数名词的数：1.规则名词的复数形式规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s 或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps,sea-seas,girl-girls,day-days2以 s,x,ch,sh 结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes,box-boxes,watch-watches,dish-dishes变-f 和-fe 为 v 再加-esleaf-leaves,thief-thieves,knife-knives,loaf-loaves,wife-wives3以-f 或-fe 结尾的词加-sbelief-beliefs,chief-chiefs,proof-proofs,roof-roofs,gulf-gulfs4以辅音字母加 y 结尾的名词，变 y为 i 加-esparty-parties,family-families,story-stories,city-cities5以元音字母加 y 结尾的名词，或专有名词以 y 结尾的，加-stoy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,ray-rays,Henry-Henrys有生命的加-eshero-heroes,Negro-Negroes,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes6以辅音字母加-o 结尾的名词无生命的加-spiano-pianos,photo-photos,auto-autos,kilo-kilos,solo-solos7以元音字母加-o 结尾的名词加-sradio-radios,bamboo-bamboos,zoo-zoos8以-th 结尾的名词加-struth-truths,mouth-mouths,month-months,path-paths,9以 ce,se,ze,ge 等结尾的名词加-scase，oranges2.不规则名词复数不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice 2单复数相同sheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,species li,yuan,jin,3只有复数形式ashes,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,compasses,contents4一些集体名词总是用作复数people,police,cattle,staff5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）audience,class,family,crowd,couple,group,committee,government,population,crew,team,public,enemy,party6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关),forces(军队),times(时代),spirits(情绪),drinks(饮料),sands(沙滩),papers(文件报纸),manners(礼貌),looks(外表),brains(头脑智力),greens(青菜),ruins(废墟)加-sAmericans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans单复数同形Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese7表示“某国人”以-man 或-woman 结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen,Frenchwomen8合成名将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches词将两部分变为复数women singers,men servantsIII.名词的所有格：名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加s 构成，二是由介词of 加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1.s 所有格的构成：所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加sthe boys father,Jacks book,her son-in-laws photo,一般在末尾加the teachers room,the twins mother,复数名词不规则复数名词后加sthe childrens toys,womens rights,以 s 结尾的人名所有格加s 或者Dickens novels,Charless job,the Smiths house表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加sJapans and Americas problems,Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加sJapan and Americas problems,Jane and Marys father表示某人家店铺，所有格后名词省略the doctors,the barbers,the tailors,my uncles2.s 所有格的用法：所有格的用法：表示时间todays newspaper,five weeks holiday 2表示自然现象the earths atmosphere,the trees branches3表示国家城市等地方的名词the countrys plan,the worlds population,Chinas industry4表示工作群体the ships crew,majoritys view,the teams victory5表示度量衡及价值a miles journey,five dollars worth of apples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词the lifes time,the plays plot7某些固定词组a birds eye view,a stones throw,at ones wits end(不知所措)3.of 所有格的用法：所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair,the cover of the book用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed注：不同国籍人的单复数 国籍 总称（谓语用复数）单数 复数 中国人 the Chinese,a Chinese,two Chinese 瑞士人 the Swiss,a Swiss,two Swiss 澳大利亚人 the Australians,an Australian,two Australians 俄国人 the Russians,a Russian,two Russians意大利人 the Italians,an Italian,two Italians 希腊人 the Greek,a Greek,two Greeks 法国人 the French,a Frenchman,two Frenchmen 日本人 the Japanese,a Japanese,two Japanese 美国人 the Americans,an American,two Americans 印度人 the Indians,an Indian,two Indians 加拿大人 the Canadians,a Canadian,two Canadians 德国人 the Germans,a German,two Germans 英国人 the English,an Englishman,two Englishmen 瑞典人 the Swedish,a Swede,two Swedes4.特殊的复数形式特殊的复数形式:1）集体名词：集体名词不能运用具体的数字修饰，下面的集体名词，不能用 a，one，two 等修饰，只能在其前加 the 表示“全体”。the police警察(指全体警察)the English英国人(指全体英国人)the French法国人(指全体法国人)2）复合名词a woman teacherwomen teachers女教师 an EnglishmanEnglishmen英国男子a grown-upgrown-ups成人 a brother-in-lawbrothers-in-law内兄、内弟、小叔、大伯5.不可数名词不可数名词 专有名词：NBA 全美篮球协会 Michael Jackson 迈克杰克逊 the West Lake西湖物质名词：液体：milk water tea coffee juice oil(油)肉类：beef chicken mutton pork天气：weather rain snow wind light 光其他：news(新闻，消息)bread(面包)抽象名词：fun love luck duty kindness 善良 happiness 幸福 progress 进步【注意】有些不可数不可数的物质名词有复数形式复数形式，但表达不同意义。tea different kinds of teas 不同种类的茶food 食品 all kinds of foods 各种各样的食品fruit 水果 all kinds of fruits 各种各样的水果glass 玻璃 a glass 一个玻璃杯 glasses 眼镜、玻璃杯 名词练习名词练习1.The _ of the room were covered with _.A.roofs,leafs B.roofs,leaves C.rooves,leafs D.rooves,leaves2.There are three _ in our factory.A.woman doctors B.women doctors C.woman doctor D.women doctor3.Which do you prefer _ or _?A.potatos,tomatos B.potatos,tomatoes C.potatoes,tomatos D.potatoes,tomatoes4.They are _ of different presses(出版社).Now they are having a meeting in one of the _ office.A.editor-in-chiefs,editors-in-chiefs B.editors-in-chief,editor-in-chiefs C.editors-in-chiefs,editors-in-chiefs D.editors-in-chief,editors-in-chiefs5.The ant has two _.A.stomaches B.stomacks C.stomach D.stomachs6.He doesnt like _ for supper.A.chick B.chicken C.chickens D.chicks7.It was _ hot weather that many of us went swimming.A.so B.such C.so as D.such a8._ wonderful space they saw on the room!A.How B.How a C.What D.What a9.We know _ travels not so fast as light.A.sound B.sounds C.the sounds D.a sound10.My family raise a lot of _,including two _.A.cattle,cows B.cows,cattle C.cattles,cows D.cow,cattles11.A number of soldiers _ at he camp gate（军营门口）.A.have gathered B.has gathered C.is D.was12.The Browns have spent a large _ of money on their new car.A.deal B.amount C.number D.size13._ work has been done to improve the peoples living standard.A.Many B.A great many C.A great deal of D.A number of14.Mr Li shook _ warmly with a friend.A.hand B.a hand C.hands D.the hands15.Two _,please.A.coffee B.coffees C.cup of coffee D.cups coffee16.I cant pay as _ as he asked for.A.high price a B.high price C.a high price D.high a price17._ knowledge of space develops rapidly.A.Mans B.Mens C.Mens D.Persons18.I stayed at _.A.Xiao Wangs B.Wangs home C.the Wangs D.home of Wang19.Sister Carrie works in a _ factory.A.shoes B.shoses C.shoe D.shoes20.Have you ever read _?A.today newspaper B.newspaper today C.newspaper of today D.todays newspaper21.Two _ walk didnt made me tired.A.hour B.hours C.hours D.hours22.The mother over there is _ mother.A.Julia and Mary B.Julia and Marys C.Julias and Marys D.Julias and Mary23.Li Mings handwriting is better than _ in the class.A.anyones B.anyone else C.anyones elses D.anyone elses24.The children are playing _ on the _.A.sand,sand B.sands,sands C.sand,sands D.sands,sand25.If these trousers are too big,buy a smaller _.A.set B.one C.copy D.pair26.Tom usually takes a _ in bus on rainy days.A.walk B.ride C.trip D.travel27.We have no _ about where she has gone.A.information B.news C.message D.flash28.Food and _ are daily necessities（需要）for the people.A.cloth B.clothe C.clothes D.clothing29.My _ of hearing is not so good as it used to be.A.strength B.sense C.power D.skill30.The _ caused by carelessness _ yesterday.Many workers were killed.A.incident,was happened B.matter,happened C.event,was taken place D.accident,took place31.The room was so quiet that she could hear the _ of her heart.A.beating B.ways C.knocking D.striking32._ has been told not to throw waste things anywhere.A.The public B.People C.Women D.Man33.He was an _ in the government _.A.office,official B.official,office C.officer,office D.official,officer34.There are several _ in this novel who are different in _.A.character,character B.characters,characters C.character,characters D.characters,character35.We visited him _ when he was in hospital.A.every other days B.each other day C.every other day D.every two day36.My friend will return in _.A.one day or two B.a day or two C.one day or two D.a or two days37._ is always difficult for me.A.Translation B.Translate C.The translation D.A translation38._ of this novel is excellent,quite to my surprise.A.Translation B.Translate C.The translation D.A translation39.The police _ looking into the matter now.A.be B.is C.are D.are going to40.The Chinese are _ brave and hard working people.A.the B.a C./D.one41.No news _ good news.A.is B.are C.have D.has42.Maths still _ very difficult for me,though I have done my best.A.looks B.seems C.is D.are43.“Where _ my trousers?”the boy asked.A.is B.was C.were D.are44.How happy they are!Obviously,they are _.A.in nice spirits B.in nice spirit C.in high spirits D.in high spirit45.I saw many _ seated in the corner reading something.A.Japanese B.Japaneses C.of Japanese D.of Japaneses46.Father went to his doctor for _ about his heart trouble.A.an advice B.advice C.advices D.the advices47.We are _ and they are _.A.Englishmen,Germans B.Englishmen,German C.Englishmans,Germans D.Englishmen,Germen48._ are made of _.A.A glass,a glass B.Glasses,glass C.The glass,the glass D.Glasses,glasses49.Ill have to buy _ trousers.A.a B.two C.a pair of D.a couple of50.There are two _ in our class.A.Liu B.Lius C.Lius D.Lius51._ is needed in cold countries.A.A lot of clothes B.Much clothing C.Many a cloth D.Lots of clothes52.They are _.A.mathematics student B.mathematic students C.students in mathematics D.mathematics students53.The laboratory assistant recorded the _ reactions（反应）.A.mouses B.mice C.mices D.mices54.This letter was sent by _.A.my father friend B.my father friends C.a friend of my fathers D.a friend of my father55.Ten years had passed.I found she had _.A.a little white hair B.some white hair C.a few white hair D.a few white hairs56.I have made _ with Billy.A.friends B.friend C.a friend D.the friend57.The population of Beijing is _ than that of Xian.A.more B.larger C.fewer D.small58.There are thirty-two _ in our school.A.woman teacher B.women teacher C.women teachers D.woman teachers59.He had tried everything but it made little_.A.use B.good C.difference D.result60.You must get there within half an hour.There should be no_ in sending the blood to the dying man.A.wait B.delay C.time D.hurry61.Enough of it!Nobody here thinks what you are saying should make any_.A.excuse B.sense C.use D.value62.-How dare you play on such thin ice?-Playing on ice is not my _of spare time.A.idea B.thought C.mind D.intention63.Helen said she would like to go to Atlanta by air,but I wonder if she has enough money to pay for the_.A.travel B.tourism C.journey D.course64.One splendid mountain_ followed another during our journey from Mieheel more to Rurunz.A.view B.glance C.screen D.scene65.The new law will come into _on the day it is passed.(1999 上海)A.effect B.use C.service D.existence66.When you play football,what _do you play?A.situation B.place C.part D.position67.Its important for us to employ a word or a phrase according to the_in language studies.A.situation B.expression C.condition D.translation68.I wrote him a letter to show my _of his thoughtfulness.A.achievement B.agreement C.view D.appreciation名词答案：名词答案：15 BBDDD 610 BBCAA 1115 ABCCB 1620 DAACD 2125 DBDCD 2630 BADBD 3135 AABDC 3640 BACCB 4145 ABDCA 4650 BABCB 5155 BDDCD 5660 ABCCB6165 BACAA 6670 DAD (三）冠词三）冠词冠词分为不定冠词（冠词分为不定冠词（a,an），定冠词（，定冠词（the），和零冠词。，和零冠词。I.不定冠词的用法：不定冠词的用法：1指一类人或事，相当于 a kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.3表示“每一”相当于 every，oneWe study eight hours a day.4表示“相同”相当于 the sameWe are nearly of an age.5用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事A Mr.Smith came to visit you when you were outThat boy is rather a Lei Feng.6用于固定词组中A couple of,a bit,once upon a time,in a hurry,have a walk,many a time7用于 quite,rather,many,half,what,such之后This room is rather a big one.8用于 so(as,too,how)+形容词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II.定冠词的用法：定冠词的用法：1表示某一类人或物The horse is a useful animal.2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe,the moon,the Pacific Ocean3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind opening the door?4用于乐器前面play the violin,play the guitar5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach,the living,the wounded6表示“一家人”或“夫妇”the Greens,the Wangs7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前He is the taller of the two children.8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前the United States,the Communist Party of China,the French9用于表示发明物的单数名词前The compass was invented in China.10在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代in the 1990s11用于表示单位的名词前I hired the car by the hour.12用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前He patted me on the shoulder.III.零冠词的用法：零冠词的用法：1专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前Beijing University,Jack,China,love,air2名词前有 this,my,whose,some,no,each,every等限制I want this book,not that one./Whose purse is this?3季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前March,Sunday,National Day,spring4表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前Lincoln was made President of America.5学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前He likes playing football/chess.6与 by 连用表示交通工具的名词前by train,by air,by land7以 and 连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife,knife and fork,day and night8 表示泛指的复数名词前Horses are useful animals.练习题练习题填空填空There is _ picture of _ elephant on _ wall 2This is _ useful bookIve read it for _ hour 3 _ elephant is much heavier than _ horse 4 _ doctor told him to take _ medicine three times _ day 5Lets go out for _ walk 6Its too hotOpen _ door，please 7There is _ woman over there _ woman is Meimeis mother 8 _ sun rises in _ east 9 _ Changjiang River is _ longest river in _ China 10Are you going to do it _ second time？11Washington is _ capital of _ USA 12 _ Turners are living at the end of _ Turner Street 13He joined the army in _ spring of _ 1995 14 _ old man is _ teacherHe likes playing _ basketball after _ supper 15After I had _ quick breakfast，I hurried to school 16Are _ sheep kept by _ farmers for producing _ wool and _ meat？17They went to _ Peoples Park，but we both went to _ Peoples Cinema yesterday 18I often watch _ TV in _ evening 19 _ day of _ December 20，1999 is Monday 20Tomorrow is _ Christmas Day and my father and I went to choose _ Christmas tree today 选择填空1Does Jim have _ ruler？Yes，he has _ Aan；some Ba；one Ca；Dany；one 2There is _ old bike _ old bike is Mr Zhaos Aan；The Bthe；An Ca；The Dthe；The 3 _ apple a day keeps the doctors aw ay AThe BA CAn DTwo 4How many books do you have？I have _ bookThats _ English book Aa；an Ba；one Cone；an Done；one 5At that time Tom was _ one-year-old baby Aa Ban Cthe D 6 _ tiger is _ China AThe；a BA；the CThe；from DThe；the 7We cant see _ sun at _ night Athe；the Bthe；Ca；D；8 _ useful book it is！AWhat an BHow a CWhat a DWhat 9One afternoon he found _ handbagThere was _“s”on the corner of _ handbag Aa；an；the Ba；a；the Can；an；an Dthe；a；a 10 _ old lady with white hair spoke _ English well at _ meeting AAn；an；a BThe；an CThe；a DThe；the 11 _ Great Wall is _ longest wall in the world AA；a BThe；the CA；the DThe；a 12 _ new bridge has been built over Huangpu River AThe；a BA；CA；the DAn；the 13 _ woman over there is _ popular teacher in our school AA；an BThe；a CThe；the DA；the 14He used to be _ teacher but later he turned _ writer Aa；a Ba；the C；a Da；15They made him _ king Aa Bthe Can D 16His father is _ English teacherHe works in our school Aa Ban Cthe D 17Is he _ American boy？Aan Ba Cone D 18Does Tom often play _ football after _ school？A；B；the Cthe；Da；19They passed our school _ day before yesterday Aan Bone Ca Dthe 20Australia is _ English-speaking country Aa Ban Cthe D 21She has _ orange skirt _ skirt is nice Aa；The Ban；The Can；A Dthe；The 22This is _ appleIts _ big apple Aan；a Ba；the Ca；an Dan；the 23Look at _ horse over there Aa Ban Cthe D 24Dont play _ basketball hereIts dangerous Aa Ban C