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,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Unit 1,Punctuation,OBJECTIVES,To be able to:,know the type of English punctuation marks,know the function and usage of English punctuation marks,punctuate accurately,CONTENTS,Lead-in,Common English punctuation marks,Functions and usage of common English punctuation marks,Tasks 6 and 7,Lead-in,What do you know about punctuation to language?,Common English Punctuation Marks,What English punctuation marks do you know?,How do they spell?,Common English Punctuation Marks,1.Full stop/period(.),2.Comma(,),3.Semicolon(;),4.Colon(:),5.Question mark(?),6.Exclamation mark(!),Common English Punctuation Marks,7.Quotation marks(,“.”,),8.Apostrophe(,),9.Dash(),10.Parentheses(),11.Square brackets(),Functions and Usage,1.Full stop(,.,).Basically three functions and usage:,A.To mark the end of all sentences except,direct questions(?)and exclamations(!),B.To be used in abbreviations,C.To be used between dollars/cents and,pounds/pence,(See the samples in your course book and do the tasks),Keys to Task 1,Violin Recitala violin recital by Maestro Salvatore,Accardo,will be held at the Beijing Concert Hall on November 3,.,Accardo,was born in Italy in 1941,.,His first concert was given when he was 13,.,At 17 he was awarded the first prize of,Concorso,Paganini of Geneva,.,Keys to Task 2,Dr.(,Hellen,),Lounders,Oct.,Prof.Weldon Sept.,B.A.Jan.,M.Ed.Feb.,Ave.Mar.,Str.Apr.,p.m.Aug.,a.m.Dec.,U.S.A.(USA)p.,Chap.i.e.,Ed.e.g.,P.L.A.(PLA)No.,U.N.E.S.C.O.(UNESCO),Functions and Usage,2.Comma(,).Mainly four functions and,usage:,A.To join the parts of a compound sentence,B.To prevent a confusing,ambiguous,or,awkward reading,C.To separate a list of words or phrases that,have the same grammatical use,D.To separate directly or indirectly quoted material,from such speech tags as“He said,She,answered,”and“We replied.”,(See the samples in your course book and do the tasks),Keys to Function A,The Comma,1),Most writers are considerate enough to avoid the more extreme forms of elliptical expression,but,from time to time it will present problems.,2)If you are planning to use group work,you,must work out how you want to sequence the activity because this may affect the way you prepare your material.,3)There is often a cool breeze in the evenings,so,dont forget to pack a couple of jerseys.,4)Seats can be booked through a ticket agency,or,they can be purchased at the theatre.,Keys to Function A,The Comma,5)You can go there by bike,or,you can also take,bus No 11.,You can go there by bike,.You,can also take,bus No 11.,6)The evening market usually starts at 6:00 p.m.in summer,and,it lasts for about six hours.,The evening market usually starts at 6:00 p.m.in summer,.It,lasts for about six hours.,.,Keys to Function A,The Comma,7)It may be raining,so,take an umbrella.,It may be raining,.Take,an umbrella.,8)Group the ideas that you have,and,decide on the best order.,Group the ideas,.Decide,on the best order.,Keys to Function B,The Comma,9)A few years ago,the World Bank described Chinas social insurance system as“disintegrated.”But now a national scheme combining social and personal responsibilities is being implemented,.,10)The Three Gorge Dam project,the largest in the world,offers numerous opportunities for foreign companies including American ones.,11)Chen,Xianyi,deputy director of the Diseases Control Department under the Ministry of Health,says the ministry is drafting national regulations on the management of epidemic reporting for communicable diseases in order to standardize epidemic surveillance,and establish a sound reporting system.,Keys to Function C,The Comma,12)He stated that conflict was imminent,that the opponents were well prepared,and that he felt uncertain of victory.,13)Besides machinery and electric equipment,10 million tons of steel,timber,cement,coal,ash,oil,and explosives are needed for the project.,Keys to Task 3,The Comma,1)Over the past three years,China has absorbed an annual average of$30 billion in foreign funds,and,this year the figure will increase to more than$37 billion.,2)The engine installed the brakes failed,and,the car started to roll backward.,3)The steelworkers representative,a foundry man from Humberside,argued for rapid modernization.,4)Britain now has a system as advanced as any in the world,and,other countries are adopting similar measures.,5)The fire having been lit for some time,the room was warm.,6)The fire,having been lit for some time,needed more wood.,Keys to Task 3,The Comma,7)The new crystals tended to be long,smooth,knife-like forms.,8)(No need to add any commas in this sentence),9)It was his spelling,not his punctuation,that he needed to improve.,10)It was a letter from my mother,who was worried because I had not written lately.,11)Mr.,Branston,who is a rather shy man,does not like making speeches.,12)Everest,which is the highest mountain in the world,was not climbed until 1953.,Functions and Usage,3.The semicolon(;).Mainly two functions and,usage:,A.Joining,B.Listing,(See the samples in your course book and do the tasks),Keys to Task 4,The Semicolon,1)Heavy chemicals are essentially those produced in bulk and used in large quantities,;,fine chemicals are made on a comparatively small scale,some indeed in quantities of only a pound or two.,2)His first paper was published in Britain,;,all his later ones were published in China.,3)Last year this time they were busy working on their dissertations,;,now they are serving in a university.,4)Each team was allowed the following,:,10 kilos of food,including fruit,water and salt,;,and ample petrol.,5)The summer is hot and short,;,the winter is long and cold.,Functions and Usage,4.The colon(:).Mainly two functions and,usage:,A.To indicate that something is to follow,especially a formal statement or series.,B.To introduce quoted material,particularly if,the question covers more than one sentence.,(See the samples in your course book and do the tasks),Keys to Task 5,The Colon,1)But as he spoke he turned his head and looked at Fords coat,:“,it was a good coat,”,and Patterson thought about it a lot as he kept his eyes on the road in front,.,2)He called out politely,:,“Good night!”,3)One day I should turn around and say,:,“Oh shut up,youre much better at English and geography!”,4)The villagers showed their fear of the new machine,:,the women averted their eyes,the children became silent,and the men muttered uneasily to one another,.,Functions and Usage,5.Dash().Mainly three functions and usage:,A.To emphasize a word or phrase at the end of,a sentence.,B.To summarize or conclude an involved,sentence.,(See the samples in your course book and do the tasks),Functions and Usage,6.Parentheses().Three main functions and,usage:,A.To enclose an explanation,abbreviation,qualification,or example,B.To indicate cross reference,C.To repeat a sum of money previously stated in,words in business transactions,(See the samples in your course book and do the tasks),Functions and Usage,7.Exclamation mark(!).,To indicate excitement,shock,or anger.,8.Question mark(?).,To indicate a question.,(See the samples in your course book and do the tasks),Keys to Task 6,1)People typically vacation at five places,:,mountains,beaches,historical sites,religious places,and big cities,.,2)Jiang,Zemin,said,:“,Today,when we mark the victory of the Long March,we are remembering the glorious deeds of Red Army,summarizing the history experience of the Long March,carrying forward the revolutionary spirit of the Long March,and continuously pushing forward the great cause pioneered by the veteran revolutionaries,.”,3)Time is short,;,one month is not a long time,.,Keys to Task 6,4)During the primary stage we normally give this education in one type of school according to the age of the,child:,that is to,say,all except the relative few who go to independent or private schools.,5)From any given bit of teaching some learn more than,others:,we teach some lessons when everybody seems to learn,something,and other lessons when nobody seems to learn anything.,Keys to Task 7,Although this branch of the chemical industry is the one with which the general public most frequently comes into direct,contact,it,is nevertheless one about which many misconceptions,exist.Plastics,are often spoken of as though there was little difference between the various,kinds;in fact,they,differ enormously in their,properties.Plastics,are often thought as new,substitutes;in fact,they,have been in use for a,century.Plastics,are often regarded as cheap substitutes for other and better construction materials such as,wood,metal,and natural textiles;in fact,many,have found,favour,on their own merits and often are far from cheap.,Unit 2,The Use of“The”,OBJECTIVES,To:,understand the basic use of“the”,use“the”appropriately,practice the use of“the”,CONTENTS,Lead-in,Introduction,Awareness raising(Task 1),Review the use of“the”(Task 2),Summary of the basic use of“the”,Practice,Lead-in,What do you know about English definite article,“the”?,Introduction,The appropriate use of definite article is crucial for successful communication.,Awareness Raising,Look at the sentences in Task 1 of your course book and find the problems.,Awareness Raising:Keys to Task 1,1)Teaching is teachers job,and learning is,students task.,2),The,third stage was from 1949 until now.,Universities were developed quickly in this,period.,3)Chart One shows Country As expenditure,on housing,fuel and power;Chart Two is,County Bs expenditure on housing,fuel and,power.,Awareness Raising,The general grammar rule:,To be used at the beginning of noun groups to refer to someone or something when a reader knows exactly who or what we are talking about,or when we go on to explain which person or thing we mean.,Review the Use of“the”,Task 2,Work in groups and list any other uses of“the”you know.,(discuss in groups),Eight Basic Usages,(,Collins Cobuild,1987),1)Immediate situation.,E.g.,The,roses are beautiful.(said in a garden),The,radio does not work.(said in a room with a radio),Eight Basic Usages,(,Collins Cobuild,1987),2)Larger situation,including“unique”reference.,E.g.,The,earth,The,sun,The,moon,Eight Basic Usages,(,Collins Cobuild,1987),3)Anaphoric reference,direct(sometimes called“second-mention”).,E.g.,John bought a TV and a recorder on Tuesday,but he returned,the,recorder on Wednesday.,Eight Basic Usages,(,Collins Cobuild,1987),4)Anaphoric reference,indirect(also called associative anaphora),where the first,mentioned acts as a trigger for a related item.,E.g.,John bought a bicycle,but when he rode it one of,the,wheels came off.,Eight Basic Usages,(,Collins Cobuild,1987),5),Cataphoric,reference,where what follows the nouns is decisive.,E.g.,The,girls,sitting over there,are my cousins.,Eight Basic Usages,(,Collins Cobuild,1987),6)Sporadic reference,with institutions of human society(perhaps“institutional”,reference is a better term).,E.g.,My sister goes to,the theatre,every month.,Eight Basic Usages,(,Collins Cobuild,1987),7)Logical use,with particular adjectives like,same,only,right,ordinals and,superlatives.,E.g.,We must catch,the next bus,.,Eight Basic Usages,(,Collins Cobuild,1987),8)Reference to body parts or a member of their family,as a possessive determiner.,E.g.,Everyone gave us a pat on,the back,.,Practice:Keys to Tasks,Task 4,In a library/study/bookshop/classroom,In a sitting room,In a garden,Could we have the,card,please?,Wheres the,salt/cooking oil/starch,?,The,swimming suit is too small,.,Practice:Keys to Tasks,Task 5,Complete the following sentences:,The,signal,isnt clear.,The,doors,dont open.,The,prices,are too high.,The,questions,are too easy/difficult.,Practice:Keys to Tasks,Task 6,When a plane from London arrived at Sydney airport,workers began to unload a number of wooden boxes which contained clothing.No one could account for,the,fact that one of,the,boxes was extremely heavy.It suddenly occurred to one of,the,workers to open up,the,box.He was astonished at what he found.A man was lying in,the,box on top of a pile of woolen goods.He was so surprised at being discovered that he did not even try to run away.After he was arrested,the,man admitted hiding in,the,box before,the,plane left London.He had had a long and uncomfortable trip,for he had been confined to,the,wooden box for over ten hours.,The,man was ordered to pay 345 for,the,cost of,the,trip.,The,normal price of a ticket is 230!,Practice:Keys to Tasks,Task 7,1)The best,2)the wrong,3)the right,4)the same,5)The next,6)the first,Practice:Keys to Tasks,Task 8,Have you seen the dog?A,neighbour,.,Have you seen our dog?A stranger.,Have you seen a dog?A member of,your family.,Practice:Keys to Tasks,Task 9,Last month there was,a,robbery in Wellington.,The,police arrested two men.They are in court now.,A,young man was,a,witness to,the,crime.Hes standing in,the,witness box.,A,lawyer is asking him questions and,the,judge and,the,members of,the,jury are listening.,Unit 3,Cohesion,OBJECTIVES,To make students be aware:,of the difference between coherent writing and,incoherent writing,that the appropriate use of connections could make broken sentences a coherent text;,CONTENTS,Lead-in,Introduction,Types of connections,Type 1,Type 2,Type 3,Consistency and shifting,Lead-in,Read the following sentence and give your comments.,Wood bridges are less durable as stone bridges.For example,Zhao Zhou Bridge built thousands of years ago.,Lead-in,Read a)-d)p17 of the course book,and give your comments.,Introduction,Paragraphs a)-d)p17 of the course book are incoherent;they are caused either by missing connectives,or subject and grammar shifting.,Types of Connections,How are sentences or paragraphs joined together?,How is a writings cohesion realized?,What are connectives?,Types of Connections,Connectives are words or phrases that indicate a logical relationship between or within sentences and paragraphs.,Types of Connections,List any connectives you know with your,neigbour,.,Types of Connections,Mainly three types of connectives:,And,Or,and But.,Type 1,“,And”type:,Cause-effect,:because,so.that,so,consequently,Transition,:with reference to,as for/to,regarding,Listing,:first,furthermore,finally.;,Summation,:therefore,thus,in conclusion.;,Inference indicating a deduction:,in that case,otherwise,then.;,Addition:,also,again,moreover,besides,in addition.,Type 1,See the sample sentence p18 of your course book and answer the questions.,Do Task 1,Keys to Type 1 Task 1,Task 1,1).,so we had to assume that their motivation was that they wanted to travel and experience things themselves in Britain.,2),As for the computer conference writing assignment,.,3).,In the first place,.,Secondly,they must engage the interests of the learners by relating to his interests.,Type 2,“,Or”type connectives:,Words or phrases indicating a kind of,reformulating:,better,rather,in other words,in that case,to put it more,simple;,replacement:,again,alternatively,rather,better/worse still,on the other,hand,the alternative is,another possibility would be et
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