资源描述
单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。,科技论文英语表示及英文摘要写作,南方医科大学学报编辑部 王征爱,1/242,概 述,意义,:纵向传输;横向交流,现实,:付出与目标并非一致；锻炼，供人学习误人子弟,难度,:,非易事,但非不能;3000词汇;基本语感;英语思维,关键点,:(1)内容完整性;(2)数据跟文中/汉字是否一致;(3)内容能够不跟汉字全对应,应比汉字更详细;(4)主谓一致:常识,但错误不少见;(5)时态:简单,但有时也极难掌握;(6)语态:有考究,但基本不限;(7)人称:可一可三;(8),词法,:重点;(9)语法:基本;(10)句法:转换,2/242,七绝,终审,之一,洋洋洒洒二十万,，字字句句过我筛,。,正体斜体需审定，大写小写亦仲裁。,之二,常遇新语需释义,，遍翻辞书哪有迹,？,光盘检索千百次,，头脑析分定无歧,！,出差,今日去北京，明天返广州，,虽只住一晚，电脑也同路。,成都会议,蓉城十月是金秋,，百万客房一无留,，,车水马龙奔九寨,，孤家寡人回广州,。,3/242,蝶恋花,三亚行,伫立危楼阳光媚。鹤落鹤飞，银羽熠熠辉。人说海南山水美，天涯海角游人醉。,今到三亚赴一会。扬我学报，风景又何味？会后旧朋结新友，足不出屋也无悔。,垂钓,忙里偷闲应郊游，临置渔具钓花都。,人在池旁心系刊，一叠文稿不离手。,七律,周日加班有感,鞠躬尽瘁创品牌，不在本土在海外。,寒暑有假不曾度，昼夜各吃一中餐。,周日伏案逾八时，累极背项疼难耐。,摇头晃脑再一程，有怨无悔图心安。,4/242,国庆长假赋,长假又七天，人皆议景点；友人频来电，问可来游园？“学报十期在编，写作课次层迭，保先自评三千，交稿近在眼前。”,科技日新月异，新语屡见不鲜，英文修改何其难，长词短句须慎选。终日埋头电脑前，常为一词觅三天。,鼠标手，职业颈，荧屏眼。蚁影游动，字里行间，困睡沙发，饥餐素面。一旦模棱定一可，喝口凉水嘴也甜。诸君疑问何所求？我为名刊当总编！,（虽苦尤荣，乐在其中）,1006,5/242,网址：,邮箱：,xbbjb,PubMed:www.ncbi.nil.nih.gov,6/242,提要,1.摘要类型,2.英文摘要与汉字摘要区分,3.摘要惯用词和句型,4.摘要语态和人称,5.摘要时态,6.摘要惯用表示和几个/组高频词辨析,7.虚词使用方法,8.副词使用方法,9.关于Chinglish,10.修辞,11.分词、合成词相关问题,12.名词特殊使用方法及名词数,7/242,1、摘要类型,1.1 评论性摘要(Critical abstract),1.2 说明性摘要(Descriptive abstract),1.3 资料性摘要(Informative abstract),1.4 资料-指示性摘要(Informative-indicative abstract),1.5 结构式摘要(Structured abstract),8/242,1.1 评论性摘要不惯用,可见于综述,内容上侧重于评价/论理.,ABSTRACT:Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis(ATIN)is a common disorder characterized by a spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic urinary abnormalities to acute oliguric renal failure.Tubular dysfunction out of proportion to the degree of renal failure is an important clue to the diagnosis.This review describes its pathogenesis,pathophysiology,diagnosis,differential diagnosis and therapy,emphasizing the drug-induced form of ATIN.,9/242,1.2 说明性摘要,又称指示性或通报性摘要(Indicative abstract)：说明文章内容范围，只是简单地报道研究主题，泛泛而谈，不包括详细内容。普通只一到三句话，多见于临床医学论文。,Example,The survival rates of a series of patients with unstable angina treated surgically and medically are compared.,10/242,1.3 资料性摘要:详细、详细，主要观点和数据,Postoperative bleeding is usually attributed to stress ulcer;however,occult preoperative lesions could also be responsible(,背景,).To determine their frequency and nature,we prospectively examined 72 patients(,目标,)endoscopically prior to major elective operations.Entry criteria included a planned stay in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit,2 days,and a negative history,physical examination,and stool guaiac(,愈伤木脂，一个检便潜血试剂,).Gastric and duodenal mucosae were scored separately,using a 0-to 7-point scale.Scores were graded negative(0),hyperemia(1),gastroduodenitis(2-5),mucosal erosions(6),and ulcers(7)(,方法,),.Erosions or ulcers were found in 14%of patients and gastroduodenitis is an additional 10%.We found that none of the 27 risk factors or any combination of factors tested correlated with ulcers,erosoins,or gastroduodenitis(,结果,).Thus,patients with asymptomatic gastroduodenal erosions or ulcerations could not be identified preoperatively,except by endoscopy(,结论,).Until the significance of these lesions as cause of postoperative bleeding is determined,we recommended routine postoperative gastric pH titration with antacids for patients undergoing major elective operations(,提议,).,11/242,1.4 资料-指示性摘要:内容更完整,多了一条提醒,The relationship between depression,（,抑郁症,）,and stressors（,应激,）,and the relationship between depression in children and depression in their parents were investigated.,（,概括或提醒性语言,）,Depressed children aged 7-11 years(,n,=20)were compared with clinical non-depressed children(,n,=88)and normal children(,n,=55).Children,mothers and fathers in the three groups were tested.Measures included the Childrens Depression Inventory,Recent Life Events Scale,Stressor Scale and Beck Depression Inventory.The findings showed that children and mothers in the depressed group reported more stressors than other children and other mothers while fathers of children in the depressed group did not report more stressors.The findings also showed that mothers of depressed children were more depressed than mothers of normal children while there were no differences between the scores of fathers in the three groups.,12/242,1.5 结构式摘要(structured abstract),BACKGROUND,:Hypothyroidism is a common condition that is frequently irreversible and requires lifelong thyroid replacement therapy.,OBJECTIVE,:To assess the incidence and factors that can predict reversibility of hypothyroidism caused by Hashimotos thyroiditis.,METHODS,:We studied 79 patients in whom Hashimotos thyroiditis was diagnosed according to suggestive cytologic features and/or the presence of thyroid antibodies(antimicrosomal antibody titer,or=1:1600;antiglobulin antibody titer,or=1:400).,RESULTS,:After withdrawal of levothyroxine treatment,thyroid blood tests showed that the degree of hypothyroidism worsened in 20 patients,remained unchanged in 40,and improved in 19.Nine patients(11.4%)did show normalization of the thyroid blood test.,CONCLUSIONS,:Our results confirm that hypothyroidism caused by Hashimotos thyroiditis is not always permanent.The presence of a larger goiter and high thyrotropin levels at the time of diagnosis,associated with a familial incidence of thyroid disease,may be related to an increased incidence of hypothyroidism remission.,13/242,2、英文摘要与汉字摘要区分,21 独立摘要和随文摘要,22,内容详简度内外有别,14/242,21独立摘要和随文摘要,独立摘要,指用于检索性刊物如,Excepta Medica,、,Index Medicus,、,Chemical Abstracts,、,Biological Abstracts、Engineering Index,等及大型国际会议论文摘要汇编，另外还有一些文摘杂志。,随文摘要,指普通期刊内与正文同存摘要。,15/242,22 内容详简度内外有别,汉字摘要详细介绍国外经验；,英文摘要重点描述国内特色；,总来说英文摘要应比汉字摘要更全方面反应全文主旨。,16/242,3、摘要惯用词和句型,31 表示目标惯用词和句型或结构,32,表示方法句型,33,表示结果句型,34 表示结论句型,17/242,31 表示目标惯用词和句型或结构3.1.1 摘要中表示“目标”惯用词使用方法,3.1.1.1,用于表示“目标”惯用名词（字顺）,Aim,A.,名词使用方法,B.,动词使用方法,Attempt,A.,名词使用方法,B.,动词使用方法,18/242,A,名词使用方法,The aim of this investigation/study/the present study was to.,Our aim is to.,determine,whether a clinically relevant positive inotropic effect（,增强收缩力作用,）can be demonstrated in humans.,establish,an objective,easy-to-use technique to evaluate.,The aims of this study were:1)to.；and 2)to.,19/242,B,动词使用方法,a.,主动态后接动词不定式,This study aimed to./We aimed to./This study aims to.,b.主,动态后接介词at动名词,This research aimed,at,identifying.,c.被动态后接介词at动名词,This study,was,aimed,at,document-ing.,20/242,Attempt,A,名词使用方法,An attempt,was made to./,An attempt,has been made to./,An attempt,was undertaken to.The present study is,an attempt,to replicate earlier evidence that.For this reason,an attempt,was undertaken for.尝试干.,21/242,In an attempt to,extend this finding,three experiments were conducted.,In a first attempt to,elucidate its function,we examined.,B,动词使用方法,In this study we,attempt to,.,The authors,attempt to,evaluate the degree.,22/242,Goal,A major,goal,is prevention of acceleration-induced loss of con-sciousness.The,goal,of this investigation was to.,Goal一词含义、使用方法及其句式跟名词aim完全一样，例句从略。,23/242,Intend 想要，意在(,人作主语用主动态，事物作主语用被动态,),This report/paper,is intended to,.,In brief the article,is intended to,.,This three-group design/This study,was intended to,.,In this study,we,intended to,test the hypothesis that,.,It is intended to,remind the reader.,24/242,Intent 意图，目标(不太惯用),The,intent,of the study was to.,Objective（惯用作标题或项目词）,The,objective,of this study was to evaluate,Objective Methods,Results Conclusion(s),25/242,Purpose,Purpose 使用方法同aim，不复举例。但在for the purpose(of)这一固定结构中，普通不用aim替换其中purpose。如：.is described for the purpose of.,26/242,3.1.1.2目标,句,中惯用动词(多用被动态),Carry out,执行,The retrospective study/An experimental study/An investigation,was carried out,to,evaluate.,We,carried out,this study to determine.,Conduct,引导，实施，进行 A(.)study/survey/An experiment,was conducted,to,evaluate/establish/investigate.,27/242,Perform,执行vt;进行vi,This study,was performed,to,determine.,Undertake,从事，着手做,Human studies,have been undertaken,to,test this thesis.,Design,设计,This study/The present study/Our study,was designed,to,.,We also,designed,an,in vitro,study,to,.,28/242,Develop,研制，创建,method(s).was/were developed to,(动词不定式)/,for,(名词或动名词).,An on-line thermospray liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method,was developed,to,.,Two methods,were developed,to displace.,We have also developed,methods,for,the analysis of.,Formula,tion/drug/,strategy,/,protocol/recipe,29/242,3.1.2 结构式摘要中表示目标常见不定式结构,To analyze,whether patients with RA have an intrinsic defect（先天性缺点）in T cell proliferation and survival,.,为了分析.,To ascertain/assess/characterize/clarify/compare/construct/describe/determine/distinguish/elaborate/elucidate/establish/estimate/evaluate/examine/,explore,/expose/help/identify/investigate/isolate/provide/report/study/test/understand,To validate,criteria predicting.,为了验证预测.标准,30/242,3.2 表示方法句型,3.2.1 using/by using,分句+,主,动态主句,Using,a rabbit model of pneumococcal meningitis,we compared,.and.,3.2.2 using/by using,分句+,被,动态主句,By using,a multivariate risk algorithm,56.5%of Down syndrome cases,could be detected,with a 5.3%false-positive rate.,31/242,3.2.3 被动态,using/by using/by/with,引出状语,The diagnoses were established,using,American College of Rheumatology,criteria,.,The mechanism of.was studied,by using,a set of.,PCR products were detected,by,gel electrophoresis and dot-blot hybridization.,In this prospective study,142 patients with early RA were treated actively,with,.,32/242,3.2.4 叙述方法最常包括几个动词,(carry out、conduct、perform、do、make、develop;receive、undergo;had 等),及其句型,Hyperthermia,was carried out,using a novel water-filtered,infrared-A radiation technique.,A prospective study,was done,in 76 subjects who underwent.,Clinical evaluations,were made,on the 14 patients including 4 with pharyngitis,7 with tonsillitis,.,33/242,All patients,received,satisfactory anesthesia for operation.,.patients,underwent,operations and there were no operative deaths.,Among the 62 survivors,18,had,another operation.,34/242,3.2.5 表示分组句型,be(randomly)divided/allocated/assigned categorized/classified/grouped/separated(in)to.groups.,.be randomized into.groups,.be(randomly),into.groups,based on.,The groups were as follows.,(,例句见第一军医大学学报，11：66970,),35/242,3,2,6,相关各种检验句型,Blood sugar（项目）,was examined,in,50 patients（对象）.,Fifty patients（对象）,were examined,for,blood sugar （项目）by（伎俩）at 2 and 24 h after admission.,写“检验”句时候，注意for使用方法：检验病人,x,能够说：The x（对象）was examined by.也能够说：The patient was examined for,x,（项目）by.,36/242,3,2,6,相关各种检验句型,Each tooth was sectioned and examined for dye penetration,under,a stereomicro-scop,e,(x 60 magnification).,注意在描述用显微镜观察或检验什么时候，很多人常惯用错,microscope,和,microscopy,这两个词。正确使用方法是：,under microscope,或,by microscopy/with microscope,。,37/242,3.3 表示结果句型,331,叙述观察或发觉了什么,（1）主动态句：We found(observed,noted,saw,recorded.)that.,（,2,）被动态句：,It,was found(observed,noted,seen,recorded.)that.,38/242,3,3,2,量,或,泛言,或,The prevalence,increased,with age./Cyclic AMP levels,were increased,by NECA.,Estrogen replacement therapy,reduced,excretion of zinc,.,.levels rapidly,declined,in HL-60 cells following induction of apoptosis by,but were transiently,elevated,by two other apoptosis-inducing agents.,.levels of greatly,declined,with a subsequent,increase,in the concentration of.,39/242,(2),或,了多少,普通地说，应该用,by,引出实际增加或降低数目：,Cell number increased,by,almost,50%,during the first 24-h after the beginning of treatment.,Zinc excretion,decreased,(by)35%after 3 months and 26%after 1 year of treatment.,3,3,2,量,或,40/242,(3)从多少,或,到多少,Urine maximum flow rate and average flow rate,increased,significantly,from.to.and from.to.,respectively.Residual urine volume,decreased,significantly,from.to less than.,By 60 min of reperfusion,levels of 6-keto,were reduced,to those in the IVC.,3,3,2,量,或,41/242,(4),跟B相比，A,或,了,Healing times of the donor sites were significantly,decreased,(as),compared with,patients.,.showed a significant,increase,in comparison with,previous determinations.,3,3,2,量,或,42/242,There was,a/an.,association,of,A,with,B,/,between,A,and,B,./.,did not demonstrate an,association,of,A,with,B,./.suggest that,A,appears to,have no,association,with,B,./,A,.,association,was observed*,between,A,and,B,./,Associations,between,A,and,B,were assessed with.,A,was,associated,with,B,.,同、与、跟：,of A with B,；之间：,between A and B,.,333 表示关系句型,43/242,A,.,correlation,was found*for,A,and,B,/,between,A,and,B,./No(statistically significant),correlation,was found*,between,A,and,B,./There was a(no).,.,correlation,between,A,and,B,/,among,the four./,Correlation,between,concentrations in,A,and,B,serum was poor,./,Correlations,were highest,between,measure,s,with similar response formats.,333 表示关系句型,44/242,A,correlated,(well*),with,B,./,A,be.*,correlated,with,B,./,A,be not correlated,to,B,.,A,did not,correlate,with,B,./,A,.*,correlates,with,B,.,In addition,there was a significant relation,between,A,and,B,.,跟relation搭配介词用to、with、between and，如：,Intralymphocytic sodium and free calcium concentrations,in relation,to,salt sensitivity in patients with essential hypertension.,333 表示关系句型,45/242,A,more likely to be,related,to,B,./,A,may be.*related,to,B,./,A,were not,related,to,B,.,The,relationship,between,A,and,B,has been well established in histopathological studies./No,relationship,was noted*,between,A,and,B,./Regression analysis showed no,relationship,between,A,and,B,./In contrast,there were highly significant,relationships,between,A,and,B,.,*found或noted 可与seen、observed、obtained 交换；,*此处副词能够据意使用closely、directly、highly、positively、negatively、inversely、roughly、significantly或strongly之类词。,333 表示关系句型,46/242,3341,相同比较 用as.as.等表示,In fact,for all health resources categories studies,Canadians utilized at least,as,many services,as,their American counterparts.,A与B和C二者关系怎么表示?The relationship between A and,both,B and C334 表示比较句型,47/242,3342 不一样比较,to be+比较级+than，如：Generally,men are,higher than,women.,动词 比较级 than，如：,A,secreted and expressed,higher,amounts,than,did,B,.,比较级 compared with，如：,A,was,lower,in OA chondrocytes(as),compared with B,.,In comparison with，含“比较级”主句,，,如：,In comparison with,B,A,occurred earlier,but displayed a clearly lower magnitude of expression.,The more the more,越是就越,334 表示比较句型,48/242,The more the more,越是就越,1）省略,2）词序,3）语序,4）翻译,334 表示比较句型,49/242,1）省略,（1）从句中一些成份（谓语），如：,The warmer water(is),the faster it evaporates.水越热，蒸发越快。,The smaller the particles(are),the more freely,do,they move.粒子越小，运动越自由。,（do为倒装助动词）,（2）主、从句中主语、谓语全部省略，如：,The more,the better.多多益善。,The sooner,the better.越快越好。,50/242,2）词序,（1）倒装词序：The+比较级(从句)，the+比较级（主句）,从句在前，主句在后，主从句比较级都在谓语之前，而且不能把more和后面形容词、副词及名词分开：,The more he worked on the arithmetic problem,the,more confused,he became.,这道算术题他越做越糊涂。,51/242,（2）正常词序+比较级（主句），the+比较级被比较成份或从句,主句在前，从句在后，主句比较级在谓语之后：,Therefore a compound is considered the more stable,the smaller its potential energy.,所以势能越小，化合物就被认为越稳定。,52/242,3）语序,大多数情况是前者为隶属分句（相当于程度状语分句），后者为主句：,According to Keynes,the greater the total income of a nation is,the less(the)people want to invest,because it is not profitable to invest when production is highly developed.,结论是：主句若用正常语序，则前置；换言之，若主句前置，则主句为常序。,53/242,4）翻译,英译汉，先从后主，即“顺句倒译，倒句顺译”；,汉译英，正序翻译主句在前，倒序翻译主句在后。,not so.as,不如(或没有),那样,，not as.as(,和.不一样,)不多见。,提法不一,手27/指南88,The incidence of acute
展开阅读全文
浙ICP备2021020529号-1 | 浙B2-20240490 
