化合物英文命名规则.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Supplementary Information of Specialty English(专业英语补充信息）,Nomenclature of compounds（化合物构词法）,Zhang Baohua,College of Environmental&Chemical Engineering,zhangbh,1,I,.Nomenclature of inorganic compounds（无机化合物构词法）,1.Trivial name,（俗名）,H,2,O water,CaO,quicklime,（生石灰）,NH,3,ammonia,（复）,ammonium,（单）,K,2,CO,3,potash,（草木灰）,CaCO,3,limestone,（石灰石）,Hg,2,Cl,2,Calomel(,甘汞,),2,I,.Nomenclature of inorganic compounds,2.If there are only two elements in the compounds（化合物）,it is customary（习惯上）to name the more metallic（金属性）element first and the less metallic,or more electronegative（电负性）element second,with the suffix（后缀）“ide”.,若化合物中仅有两种元素，习惯上先命名金属性强的元素，后命名金属性弱的元素，再加上ide作为后缀,K potassium Na sodium Ca calcium Ba barium S sulfur,H hydrogen Cl chlorine Br bromine O oxygen I iodine,KCl potassium chloride,NaBr sodium bromide BaS barium sulfide,CaO calcium oxide HI hydrogen iodide,3,I,.Nomenclature of inorganic compounds,3.For compounds containing still only two elements but more than two atoms（原子）,the prefixes（前缀）“mono-”,“di-”,“tri-”,etc.become necessary.,对于仅含两种元素、但多于两个原子的化合物，加“mono-”,“di-”,“tri-”等前缀很有必要,(1)mono-,(2)di-,(3)tri-,(4)tetra-,(5)penta-,(6)hex-,(7)hept-,(8)octa-,Cl,2,O di-chlorine monoxide ClO chlorine monoxide,ClO,2,chlorine dioxide ClO,3,chlorine trioxide,Cl,2,O,7,di-chlorine heptoxide ClO,4,chlorine tetroxide,4,I,.Nomenclature of inorganic compounds,And“-ous”,“-ic”were also used to denote（表示）the lower and higher metallic state.,用“-ous”表示低价化合物，用“-ic”表示高价化合物,5,I,.Nomenclature of inorganic compounds,CuI cuprous iodide CuI,2,cupric iodide,FeBr,2,ferrous bromide FeBr,3,ferric bromide,SnCl,2,stannous chloride SnCl,4,stannic chloride,HNO3 nitric acid HNO2 nitrous acid,6,Nomenclature of inorganic compounds,The element symbols not from English,symbol,English,Latin,symbol,English,Latin,Cu,copper,cuprum,Au,gold,aurum,Sb,autimony,stibium,Fe,iron,ferrum,Pb,lead,Plumbum,Ag,Silver,arrgentum,Hg,mercury,hydrargyrum,Na,Sodium,Natrium,K,potassium,kalium,Sn,tin,stannum,7,I,.Nomenclature of inorganic compounds,4.A class of compounds in which such prefixes are seldom used is that in which the metal atom usually exhibits（展现）only one oxidation state.,当化合物中的金属元素仅有一种价态，通常很少加前缀,ZnBr,2,zinc bromide CaH,2,calcium hydride,Na,2,O sodium oxide Al,2,S,3,aluminum sulfide,8,I,.Nomenclature of inorganic compounds,5.Three elements present,such compounds are named by combining the suffix“-ate”with the name of the less electronegative of the two nonmetallic elements.And “-,ite,”,“-ate”are used to denote the lower and higher oxidation state of the same electronegative element.,含三种元素的化合物是通过在两种非金属元素中电负性较弱的一种之后加后缀,“,-ate”,来命名的。对于电负性相同的元素，用,“,-,ite,”,表示低价元素，用,“,-ate”,表示高价元素,NaNO,3,sodium nitrate,NaNO,2,sodium nitrite,9,I,.Nomenclature of inorganic compounds,When there are more than two oxidation states of the electronegative element,prefix used.The prefix“hypo-”meaning“below”,is used in the name of the lowest oxidation state.The prefix“per-”meaning“highest”,is used when it is in the highest oxidation state.,当电负性较低的元素有超过两种价态时，就使用前缀。前缀“hypo-”表示“低于”，用于低价态之前；前缀“per-”表示“高于”，用于高价态之前,10,I,.Nomenclature of inorganic compounds,Formula,Oxidation state of less electronegative atom,Name of salt,KNO,2,+3,Potassium nitrite,KNO,3,+5,Potassium nitrate,RbSO,3,+4,Rubidium sulfite,RbSO,4,+6,Rubidium sulfate,CsClO,+1,Cesium hypochlorite,CsClO,2,+5,Cesium chlorite,CsClO,3,+5,Cesium chlorate,CsClO,4,+7,Cesium perchlorate,11,I,.Nomenclature of inorganic compounds,In inorganic acid,“-ous”,“-ic”are used to denote the lower and higher oxidation state.,在无机酸中，“-ous”表示用于低价态,“-ic”表示用于高价态,12,I,.Nomenclature of inorganic compounds,Formula,Oxidation state of less electronegative atom,Name of salt,Formula and name of corresponding acid,KNO,2,+3,Potassium nitrite,H NO,2,Nitrous acid,KNO,3,+5,Potassium nitrate,H NO,3,Nitric acid,RbSO,3,+4,Rubidium sulfite,H,2,SO,3,Sulfurous acid,RbSO,4,+6,Rubidium sulfate,H,2,SO,4,Sulfuric acid,CsClO,+1,Cesium hypochlorite,HClO Hypochlorous acid,CsClO,2,+5,Cesium chlorite,HClO,2,chlorous acid,CsClO,3,+5,Cesium chlorate,HClO,3,chloric acid,CsClO,4,+7,Cesium perchlorate,HClO,4,perchloric acid,13,II,.Nomenclature of organic compounds,（有机化合物的命名）,Nonfunctional Compounds,（非功能性化合物）,14,1.Alk,ane（烷烃）,Alk,ene,(olefin)（烯烃）,Alk,yne,（炔烃）,IUPAC names(systematic names),trivial names(popular names),IUPAC:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry,15,The names of linear alkanes,alkenes and alkynes（线型烷烃、烯烃、炔烃的命名）:,Suffix,Methane（甲烷）Icosane（二十烷）(C1 C20 alkanes)-ane,ethene（乙烯）Icosene（二十烯）(give position of C=C)-ene,16,trivial name:ethylene（乙烯）propylene（丙烯）butylene（丁烯）,acetylene(ethyne)（乙炔）Icosyne（二十炔）-yne,(give position of C=C),Methane（甲烷）ethane（乙烷）propane（丙烷）butane（丁烷）pentane（戊烷）hexane（己烷）heptane（庚烷）octane（辛烷）,nonane（壬烷）decane（癸烷）undecane（十一烷）dodecane（十二烷）tridecane（十三烷）,Tetradecane（十四烷）pentadecane（十五烷）hexadecane（十六烷）heptadecane（十七烷）octadecane（十八烷）,nonadecane（十九烷）icosane（二十烷）(C1-C20 alkanes),17,Common substituents（常见取代基）:,alkyl（烷基）,alkenyl（烯基）,alkynyl（炔基）,groups:,Alkyl omit（省略）,the suffix“ane”and add“yl”to the end of the name,烷基省略后缀“ane”，将“yl”加在名称之后,methyl（甲基）,nonadecyl（十九基,）,icosyl（二十基）,Alkenyl omit,the last letter“e”and add“yl”to the end of the name,烯基省略最后一个字母“e”，将“yl”加在名称之后,1-propenyl(,丙烯基,),2-penten（五亚乙基六胺）-2-yl,trivial names:vinyl（乙烯基）,allyl(,烯丙基,),18,Alkynyl omit the last letter“e”and add“yl”to the end of the name,炔基省略最后一个字母“e”并在名称后加“yl”,1-propynyl（丙炔基）,1-pentynyl（戊炔）,benzyl（苄基）,phenyl（苯基）,If the same alkyl group appears more than once in a molecule（分子）,it is indicated（表明）,by the prefixes:,（如果同样的烷基在分子中出现超过一次，要通过前缀表明）,For identical（完全相同的）,simple groups:di-,tri-,tetra-,（对于相同的简单基团：di-,tri-,tetra-）,For identical complicated（复杂的）,group:bis-,tris-,tetrakis-,pentakis-,bi-:biphenyl（联苯）,binuclear-（双核的）,（对于完全相同的复杂集团：bis-,tris-,tetrakis-,pentakis-,）,19,Branched-alkyl（支链烃）,group:,Impotant prefix:iso,-(异),neo,-(新),sec-(仲),tert-(叔),sec,-,tert,-used only for the butyl group,sec,-,tert,-仅用于烃基,sec,-butyl（仲丁基）,tert,-butyl（叔丁基）,iso-,neo-used for both compounds and substituents（取代基）.,iso-,neo-可用于化合物和取代基,isobutyl（异丁基）,isobutane（异丁烷）,isohexyl（异己基）,neopentyl（新戊基）,neopentane（新戊烷）,The names of the substituents are given in alphabetical（依字母顺序的）,order in the,systematic names（系统名称）,of organic compounds.Except the prefixes iso-and neo-,the other prefixes,such as di-,tri-,sec,-,tert,-are not involved in alphabetical listing.,在有机化合物的系统命名中，取代基的名称是按照字母顺序给出的，除了前缀iso-and neo-,其他前缀，比如di-,tri-,sec,-,tert,-，不包含在依字母顺序的列表中,20,Exercises:,2-methylpentane,2-甲基戊烷,2,2-dimethyl-5-ethyloctane,2,2-二甲基-6-乙基壬烷,21,3,-methyl-,6,-ethyloctane,3-甲基-6-乙基辛烷,4-,sec,-butyl-3-methylnonane,3-甲基-4-仲丁基壬烷,4-propyl-5-isopropyldecane,4-丙基-5-异丙基癸烷,22,3-propyl-1,3,5-hexatriene,3-丙基-1,3,5-己三烯,2-methyl-4,4-bis(,tert,-butyl)-octane,2-甲基-4,4-二异丁基辛烷,5-,sec,-butylnonane,5-(2-butyl)nonane,5-2-butylnonane,5-异丁基壬烷,23,(2,Z,4,E,)-3-ethyl-2,4-hexadiene,顺，反-3-甲基-2,4-己二烯,4-vinyl-1-hepten-5-yne,3-acetylenyl-1,5-hexadiene,3-乙炔基-1,5-己二烯,3-vinyl-4-propyl-,1,3-hexadiene-5-yne,3-乙烯基-4-丙基-1,3-己二烯-5-炔,24,苄基 benzyc 苯基 phenyl,para-p-对位 meta-m-间位 o-邻位,Fe(NO3)3 ferric nitrate Fe(NO2)2 ferrous nitrite,NaOH sodium hydroxide,KCl potassium chloride,H2SO4 sulfuric acid H2SO3 sulfurous acid,BaI2 barium iodide,KClO potassium hypochlorite KClO2 potassium chlorite,KClO3 potassium chlorate KClO4 potassium perchlorate,CO2 carbon dioxide,实际中的变通：ethene-ethylene ethyne-acetylene,25,2.Monocyclic（单环的）,compounds（单环化合物）,cyclo+alkane（烷烃）,cyclo+alkyl（烷基）,cyclo+alkene（烯烃）,cyclo+alkenyl（烯基）,Cyclohexane（环己烷）,Cyclohexene（环己烯）,26,Cyclopentylcyclohexane,环戊基环己烷,1,3 cyclohexdiene,1,3-环己二烯,trans,-1-ethyl-,4-methylcyclohexane,反-1-乙基-4-甲基环己烷,27,3-ethyl-1,4,5-trimethylcyclohexene,3-乙基-1,4,5-三甲基环己烯,2-methyl-5-cyclopentyl-,heptane,2-乙基-5-环戊基庚烷,28,Aromatic compounds（芳香族化合物）,x,ylene（二甲苯）,o,m,p,-,b,enzene（苯）,t,oluene（甲苯）,29,mesitylene（1,3,5-三甲基苯）,styrene（苯乙烯）,30,Monosubstituted（单基取代的）,benzenes:,nitrobenzene（硝基苯）,ethylbenzene（乙苯）,chlorobenzene（氯苯）,31,aniline（苯胺）,cyanobenzene（苯甲腈）,phenol,（苯酚）,32,Multisubstituented aromatic compounds（多取代的芳香化合物）,m-sec-butyl chlorobenzene,间仲丁基氯苯,p-acetylbenzoic acid,对乙酰苯甲酸,o-hydroxybenzoic acid,邻羟基苯甲酸,33,p-ethyltolene,对乙基甲苯,p-bromomethoxy benzene,对溴甲氧基苯,3-ethyl-4-phenyl cyclohexene,3-乙基-4-苯基 环己烯,34,m-methylaniline,间甲基苯胺,O-cyanophenol,邻氰基苯酚,35,o,-xylene,邻二甲苯,phthalic acid,邻苯二甲酸,perfluorobenzene,六氟苯,36,II,.Nomenclature（命名法）of organic compounds,B.Functional compounds,37,1.Alkyl halides（卤化物）,2-iodopropane,2-碘丙烷,isopropyl iodide,异丙基碘,(1)halo+the name of alkane,(2)The name of alkyl group+halide,halo:fluoro,chloro,bromo,iodo,halide:fluoride,chloride,bromide,iodide,2-bromoisohexane,2-溴异己烷,38,Some special names for alkyl halides:,CHX,3,choroform 氯仿 bromoform溴仿 iodoform碘仿,CH,2,X,2,methylene chloride 二氯甲烷,CX,4,carbon tetrachloride 四氯化碳,X,3,C-CX,3,perchloro ethane,39,2.Alcohols（醇）,The name of alcohol are given by replacing the final letter“e”of the name of alkane with the suffix“ol”.,醇的命名是将烷烃中的最后一个字母“e变为后缀“ol”,2-propanol 2-丙醇,Isopropanol 异丙醇,40,2-methyl-1,4-cyclohexanediol,2-甲基-1,4-环己二醇,2-cyclopenten-1-ol 2-环戊烯-1-醇,41,3.Thiols(mercaptan 硫醇),the name of alkane+thiol,O-mercaptotoluene,邻巯基甲苯,1-propanethiol,1-丙硫醇,42,4.The salts of alcohols(ROM)醇类的盐,The name of cation（阳离子）+the name of R group+oxide（氧化物）,ammonium cyclohexyl oxide,铵氧环己烷,potassium isopentyl oxide,钾氧异戊烷,43,5.The salts of thiols(RSM)硫醇的盐,(1)The name of cation+the name of R group+sulfide,(2)The name of cation+the name of thiol+ate,lithium,tert,-butyl sulfide,叔丁基锂硫,lithium,tert,-butanethiolate,叔丁基硫锂,44,6.Ethers(R,1,-O-R,2,)（醚）,(1)The name of R,1,+the name of R,2,+ether,(2)The name of small alkyloxy+the name of alkane,ethyl isopropyl ether,乙基异丙基醚,(di)ethyl ether 二乙醚,sec-butyl methyl ether,仲丁基甲醚,2-methoxybutane,2-甲氧基丁烷,45,crown ethers（冠醚）,12-crown-4,18-crown-6,46,7.Epoxides（环氧化合物）,epoxy+the name of alkane,1-chloro-1,2-epoxypropane,1-氯基-1,2-环氧丙烷,47,8.Sulfides R,1,-S-R,2,)（硫化物）,(1)The name of R,1,+the name of R,2,+sulfide,(2)The name of small alkylthio+the name of alkane,sec,-butyl methyl sulfide,仲丁基甲基硫醚,2-(methylthio)butane,2-甲硫基丁烷,48,In order to avoid the confusion of SR and CSOH groups in same cases,parenthesis(圆括号)must be correctly used.为了避免在某些情况下对于-SR和-CSOH基团的混淆，圆括号必须正确使用,p,-ethyl(thiol)benzoic acid,对乙基（硫醇）苯甲酸,p-(ethylthiol)benzoic acid,对乙硫醇苯甲酸,49,9.Amines（胺）,RNH,2,primary,RRNH secondary,RRRN tertiary,For simple amines（胺类）:,the names of alkyl groups+amine,50,N,N-dimethylpentanamine,N，N，-二甲基戊胺,1-dimethylaminopentane,1-二甲基戊胺,2-butylamine,2-丁胺,bis(2-chloroethyl)amine,2（2-氯乙基）胺,51,cyclohexylammonium,chloride,氯化环己铵,tertramethylammonium hydroxide,四甲基氢氧化铵,52,For complicated（复杂的）amines:,Replace the final letter“e”in the name of alkane+amine,代替烷烃中的最后一个字母“e”+amine,N,-ethyl-3-methyl-2-pentanamine,N-乙基-3-甲基-2-戊胺,3-ethylamino-2-methylcyclohexanol,3-乙基胺-2-甲基环己醇,N,-ethyl-2-methyl-3-hydroxycyclohexanamine,N-乙基-2-甲基-3-氢氧化环己胺,53,10.Aldehydes（醛）,Replace the final letter“e”of alkane with“al”,or“carbaldehyde,”,用“al”或,“carbaldehyde,”代替烷烃最后一个字母“e”,for,C,1,-C,5,aldehydes:,formaldehyde（甲醛）acetaldehyde（乙醛）,propionaldehyde（丙醛）butyraldehyde（丁醛）,Valeraldehyde（戊醛）,54,2-methylcyclohexane-carbaldehyde,2-甲基环己烷-甲醛,4-ethyl-4-pentenal,4-乙基-4-戊烯醛,propanedial 丙二醛,55,benzaldehyde 苯甲醛,1,2,5-pentanetricarbaldehyde,1,2,5-三甲醛戊烷,3-formyl（甲酰基）heptanedial,3-甲酰基庚二醛,56,11.ketones（酮）,Replace the final letter“e”in the name of alkane with“-one”.,用,“,-one”,代替烷烃最后一个字母“,e”,Write the names of the groups R and R,followed by the word“,ketone,”.,写出基团,R,和,R,的名称，后接,“,ketone,”,4-methyl-4-hexen-2-one,4-甲基-4-乙烯基-2-酮,3-pentanone,3-戊酮,57,3-phenylcyclopentanone,3-苯基环戊酮,1,3-cyclopentanedione,1,3-环戊二酮,Acetophenone 乙酰苯,methyl phenyl ketone,甲基苯基酮,58,12.Carboxylic acids（羧酸）,Replace the final letter“e”in the name of the hydrocarbon with“-(o)ic acid”or“carboxylic acid”.,用“-(o)ic acid”或“carboxylic acid”代替碳氢化合物中的最后一个字母“e”,Trivial names（俗名）for acids containing C,1,C,5,carbon atoms:,formic acid（甲酸）acetic acid（乙酸）propionic acid（丙酸）butyric acid（丁酸）valeric acid（戊酸）,59,2-isohexenoic acid,2-异己烯酸,butanoic acid 丁酸,butyric acid,3-butynoic acid 3-丁炔酸,60,13.Amides（酰胺）,Omit the final letter“e”in the name of alkane,and then add the suffix“amide”or carboxyamide to the end of the name.,省略烷烃中的最后一个字母“e”，然后在名称的最后加后缀“amide”或carboxyamide,Trivial names for amides containing C,1,C,5,carbon atoms:,formamide（甲酰胺）acetamide（乙酰胺）,propionamide（丙酰胺）butyramide（丁酰胺）,valeramide（戊酰胺）,61,N,N,-dimethylformamide,N,N-二甲基甲酰胺,butanamide,丁酰胺,N,-ethyl-4-methyl-,2,5-hexadienamide,N-乙基-4-甲基-2,5-己二烯酰胺,cyclopropanecarboxamide,环丙基甲酰胺,62,14.Ester（酯）,Omit the final letter“e”in the name of alkane,and then add the suffix“(o)ate”or “carboxylate”to the end of the name.,省略烷烃的最后一个字母“e”，然后在名称的最后加后缀“(o)ate”或“carboxylate”,isopropylbenzoate,苯甲酸异丙酯,ethylbutanoate,丁酸乙酯,63,ethyl cyclopentanecarboxylate,环戊酸乙酯,cyclopentyl 4-methylpentanoate,4-甲基丁酸环戊酯,(2-methyl)3-methyl,cyclohexanecarboxylate,3-甲基环己酸（2-甲基）丁酯,64,15.The salts of acids 羧酸盐,The name of cation（阳离子）+alkane +“-(o)ate”or“carboxylate”.,lithium cyclopentanecarboxylate,环戊酸锂,sodium acetate 乙酸钠,potassium isohexanoate 异丁酸钾,65,16.Carboxylic anhydrides酸酐,The name(s)of the acid(s)+“(o)ic”anhydride,butyric propionic anhydride,丁酸丙酸酐,butanoic propanoic anhydride,butyric anhydride 丁酸酐,butanoic anhydride,66,benzoic anhydride 苯甲酸酐,cyclohexanecarboxylic anhydride,环己甲酸酐,butanedioic anhydride,丁二酸酐,67,17.Acyl halides酰氯,Omit the final letter“e”in the name of alkane,and then add the suffix“oyl halide”to the end of the name.,省略烷烃的最后一个字母“e”，然后在名称的最后加后缀“oyl halide”,butanoyl chloride,丁酰氯,68,benzoyl fluoride,苯甲酰氟,3-pentenoyl bromide,3-戊烯酰溴,69,18.Nitriles（腈）,Add the suffix“(o)nitrile”or“carbonitrile to the end of the name of the hydrocarbon.,在碳氢化合物最后加后缀“(o)nitrile”或“carbonitrile,Trivial names of nitriles containing C,1,C,5,carbon atoms:,hydrocyanic acid（氢氰酸）acetonitrile propiononitrile,butyronitrile（丁腈）valeronitrile（戊腈）,70,1,3,5-hexanetricarbonnitrile,1,3,5-tricyanohexane,1,3,5-己腈,3-pentynenitrile,3-丁炔腈,cyclopentanecarbonitrile,环戊腈,71,19.Lactones and lactams（内酯和内酰胺）,Add the suffix“(o)lactone”or“(o)lactam”to the end of the name of the hydrocarbon.,在碳氢化合物名称的最后加后缀“(o)lactone”或“(o)lactam”,4-butanelactone,4-丁酸内酯,4-butyrolactone,5-petanelactone,5-戊酸内酯,5-valerolactone,72,5-heptanelactone,5-庚酸内酯,4-butanelactam,4-丁内酰胺,4-butyrolactam,N,-methyl 5-pentanelactam,N-甲基-5-戊内酰胺,N,-methyl 5-valerolactam,73,20.Acetals and ketals缩醛和缩酮,The name of,dialkyloxy OR”+the name of the hydrocarbon.,The name of aldehyde（醛）or ketone（酮）+the name of the alkyl group R”+the suffix acetal.,74,2,2-diethoxybutane,2,2-二乙氧基丁烷,2-butanone diethylacetal,2-丁酮二乙缩醛,m,-nitrobenzaldehyde,dimethylacetal,间硝基苯甲醛二甲基乙缩醛,1-ethylenedioxypentane,pentanal ethyleneacetal,戊醛乙烯基缩醛,75,21.Imines亚胺,N,-+the name of R,3,group+the name of the hydrocarbon(omit final letter“e”)+the suffix“imine”.,N,-methyl 2-pentanimine,N-甲基 2-丁亚胺,cyclohexanimine,环己亚胺,76,22.Hydroperoxides氢过氧化物,The name of the R group+the suffix“hydroperoxide”.,ethylhydroperoxide,过氧乙酸,tert,-butylhydroperoxide(TBHP),过氧叔丁酸,77,23.Ether peroxides,(ROOR)过氧醚类,The name of R group+the name of R group+peroxi