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烷基苯润滑油在R压缩机中的试验研究.doc

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引用本文请复制如下信息: [1]毛水林, 王建敏, 王秋菊,等. 烷基苯冷冻机油在R290压缩机中的实验研究[J]. 电器, 2023, 第S1期:614-618. 烷基苯冷冻机油在R290压缩机中的实验研究 毛水林1) 王建敏2) 王秋菊3) 高洁1) 1)珠海凌达压缩机有限公司 2)道达尔润滑油(中国)有限公司 3)西安交通大学 摘 要: 制冷剂与冷冻机油的互溶性关系到压缩机能否顺利回油及系统安全,制冷剂与冷冻机油的制冷性能关系到空调器的节能环保,制冷剂与冷冻机油的兼容性关系到压缩机材料的可靠性,制冷剂与冷冻机油的耐磨性能关系到压缩机运营的稳定性。笔者通行对R290与烷基苯油的四个实验进行研究,结果表白R290与AB油的互溶性、性能特性、兼容性与耐磨性能均良好,从而为R290压缩机选择了抱负的冷冻机油解决方案。 关键词: R290;烷基苯;互溶性;制冷性能;兼容性;耐磨性能 Experimental Studies of Alkyl Benzene as a R290 Compressor Lubricant Mao Shuilin1) Wang Jianmin2) Wang Qiuju3) Gao Jie1) 1) Zhuhai Landa Compressor, Co., Ltd. 2) TOTAL Lubricants China Co., Ltd. 3)Xi’an Jiaotong University Abstract: With respect to the properties, the miscibility concerns a successful return of compressor oil and a safe air conditioning system; the refrigerating Performance relates energy saving and environmental protection of air conditioner; the compatibility involves the reliability of compressor materials; the wearing resistance is connected with the stability of compressor operation. This paper discusses four tests on R290 and Alkyl Benzene lubricant, showing good miscibility, performance, compatibility and wearing resistance, which indicates a desired solution of lubricant for R290 compressor. Key words:R290; Alkyl Benzene; miscibility; refrigerating Performance; compatibility; wearing resistance 1 引言 蒙特利尔多边基金是为支持发展中国家履行《蒙特利尔议定书》,淘汰臭氧层耗损物质,由发达国家捐资建立的全球性基金。由于中国空调器行业为淘汰HCFC-22制冷剂,优先选择了具有保护臭氧层和减排温室气体双重环境效益的天然工质丙烷(R290)作为重要的替代技术路线,得到了蒙特利尔多边基金执委会较大力度的支持。2023年7月,第64次多边基金执委会批准了《中国家用空调器行业HCFC-22淘汰管理计划》(第一阶段),批准资金金额为7500万美元,用于支持中国家用空调行业完毕第一阶段的淘汰目的。 按照《中国淘汰HCFCs管理计划》,中国房间空调器行业在第一阶段的淘汰任务具体目的涉及:采用丙烷制冷剂的空调器产品不晚于2023年终进入国内一级市场。为保证R290空调器顺利投入市场,我们需要进行一系列的基础研究、产品研发、安全性能优化等工作,来丰富R290空调器的产品链;以及进行一系列的生产线规划、工艺改善等工作,来保证R290空调器实现量产。其中,与R290兼容的冷冻机油研究是R290基础研究中的核心部分,是保证R290空调器顺利推行市场的关键环节。 为方便述说,以下矿物油(MO)简称为MO;多元醇酯(POE)简称为POE;聚亚烷基二醇(PAG)简称为PAG;烷基苯(AB)简称为AB;自然制冷剂丙烷(R290)简称为R290。 2 冷冻机油的选择 制冷压缩机规定节能化、小型化、低噪音化以及高效化,冷冻机油的使用条件变得苛刻。为了在如此苛刻的条件下保证制冷压缩机的可靠性,规定冷冻机油具有优越的润滑性。以往,对于使用自然系制冷剂丙烷的制冷压缩机,提出过使用PAG作为冷冻机油;也有提出使用MO和POE的混合油以作为冷冻机油;也有提出过使用POE和PAG的混合油以作为冷冻机油。 但是,PAG为C-H键被O-H键取代后的环烷烃或烯烃中的衍生物,POE为C-H键被O=C键取代后的环烷烃或烯烃中的衍生物。PAG和POE均为强活性溶剂,吸湿性和水解性强。 对于将PAG用作冷冻机油的制冷压缩机,有也许由于具有较高吸湿性的PAG所吸取的水分而导致酯系绝缘膜被水解,以及由于PAG自身的体积电阻率低,所以也许会影响制冷压缩机内的电绝缘性。而PAG与R290的有限溶解[1]将使被压缩机带出到蒸发器中的油液无法回油,影响制冷性能并也许发生可靠性事故。 对于将MO和POE的混合油用作冷冻机油的制冷压缩机,或对于将POE和PAG的混合油用作冷冻机油的制冷压缩机,仍然无法摆脱其高吸湿性的特点。如此由于空调系统两器存在大量的铜管,冷媒夹杂吸水的冷冻油会腐蚀这些铜管,循环一圈后再回到压缩机,再与钢、铁的零件发生置换反映,铜离子留在零件表面,形成“镀铜”,“镀铜”不稳定,在压缩机部的泵体运作中会脱落成为固体杂质,损坏精密的泵体结构导致可靠性事故。除此之外,如制冷剂中含水分过高,由于节流器中的减压作用,制冷剂急剧降温,制冷剂夹带的水分还也许在蒸发器毛细管中形成“冰堵”。 因此,对于使用了R290的制冷压缩机而言,与以往的制冷压缩机相比,期待着具有优越的润滑性,优越的电绝缘性,优越的抗吸湿性,优越的耐磨性,低廉的价格,还能减少冷冻油和制冷剂的注入量。 根据表1中各项特性比较,综合润滑性、吸湿性、稳定性、价格,按需求的平衡,拟定AB为最适合R290的冷冻机油,AB具有优异的低温性能、添加剂溶解性能,热氧化安定性能和电绝缘性能,是一种性能突出的合成冷冻机油[2]。 表1 冷冻机油的特性 Table 1 Properties of Refrigerating Oil   POE PAG AB MO 润滑性 ○ ○ ○() ○ 热稳定性 △ ○ ○ 加水分解稳定性 △(○) ○ ○ ○ 氧化稳定性 ○ △ ○ ○ 绝缘特性 ○ △ ○ 抗吸湿性 △ × ○ ○ 注:为很好, ○为好, △为一般,×为差,括号内为加入添加剂的结果 为了比较AB与POE的吸湿性,我们做了实验,实验中使用开口杯,在普通实验室中静置16天,实验结果如图1所示,AB在抗吸湿性方面远胜于POE。 图1 AB与POE的吸湿性比较实验 Figure 1 Comparative Test of Hygroscopicity between AB and POE 本文实验中选用的AB,牌号为Lunaria KT22,为双烷基苯,分子式R1-(C6H4)-R2 。链接苯环的碳键位置是对位随机的,分子结构稳定。相关参数见表2。 表2 AB (Lunaria KT22)技术参数 油品参数 单位 实验方法 结果 密度(15℃) g/cm2 GB/T 1884 0.88 闪点 ℃ GB/T 267 204 运动粘度(40℃/100℃) mm2/s GB/T 265 21.2/3.8 色度(ASTM) / GB/T 6540 ≤1.0 倾点 ℃ GB/T 3535 -59 总酸值 mgKOH/g GB264 ≤0.02 水分 ppm GB/T 260 40.6 绝缘临界电压 kV JIS C2101 57 3 AB在R290系统中的实验研究 3.1 AB与R290的互溶性研究 R290已证实与PAG互溶性非常有限[1],与MO、POE均能良好相溶[3],对于AB油,国内外并没有相关研究文献,只有Chicago 2023-ASHRAE Winter Meeting提及过R290与AB良好的相溶,但并没有实验数据支撑[4]。 AB与R290的同为非极性分子,由相似相溶原理,烷基苯与烷烃类应有很好的互溶解能力。根据SH/T 0699-2023中规定的冷冻机油与制冷剂相溶性实验法,对AB与R290的混合蒸气压力进行研究,绘制出图2 Lunaria KT22/R290的溶解度曲线P-T-S图,从P-T-S曲线可以看出,制冷剂中加入冷冻机油后饱和蒸气压均有所下降,且随着AB与R290比例的增长,下降幅度越大。冷冻机油的加入使制冷剂的饱和蒸气压下降幅度较大,说明两者的良好互溶性,同样对POE/R290的溶解度进行实验,结果与AB/R290的溶解度曲线几乎相同,说明AB和AB油与R290的溶解度均良好。如P-S-T所示,可估算普通空调系统中,制冷剂溶解在冷冻机油的约为质量分数的31%,此外有Jose的研究说明POE溶解在冷冻机油的质量分数约为30%[5],根据注入油量计算,可估算出制冷剂的最佳注入量。 图2 Lunaria KT22/R290的溶解度曲线P-T-S图 Figure 2 P-T-S Diagram of Lunaria KT22/R290 Miscibility Curve 研究结果表白,R290与AB有良好的互溶性,不会出现临界溶解温度点,在空调工况的温度范围内可实现完全溶解,满足制冷剂与冷冻机油的互溶性规定,实际制冷系统运营中冷冻机油不会残留在蒸发器内。同时,由于冷冻机油溶解在制冷剂中,使制冷剂饱和蒸气压下降,这将对制冷性能产生一定影响,理论上无可避免,按P-T-S曲线分析,在R290压缩机设计中,改善供油系统,缩小油池容量,从而减少注油量改善冷冻机油溶解在制冷剂中带来的性能下降影响。 由于在R290压缩机正常运营中,油池温度约为80℃时,根据P-T-S图,可估算在溶入油中的制冷剂质量分数约31%R290,油池温度约为25℃时,根据P-T-S图,可估算在溶入油中的制冷剂质量分数约22%R290。由于R290和AB是相似相溶,相溶后油体积缩减量极小,忽略制冷循环中带走的系统含油量,油池中油量体积将增长约9%,通过视液镜实验观测证明,R290压缩机,运营时油体积比静止时油体积增大约8~9%,根据此特性,在AB注入时,可适当减少约8~9%的注油量,并且还可以减去溶解在不必要的约8~9%冷冻油里面的制冷剂,便可减少R290的注入量,提高R290压缩机的制冷性能。 3.2 AB与R290的制冷性能实验 本次实验采用了粘度非常相近的AB和POE进行比较实验,冷冻机油粘度数据如表3。 表3 冷冻机油的粘度数据 项 目 AB POE 运动粘度 40℃/100℃ (mm2/s) 21.8/3.9 23.2/4.2 压缩机性能实验,是检查压缩机性能的一个重要指标,粘度与制冷剂流量和泵体间隙量都要匹配。理论上粘度越低、润滑性能越好,压缩机的制冷性能更好,但是粘度低,油膜强度会减少,密封性能又会下降,从而使压缩机制冷性能下降。 根据GB/T 5773容积式制冷压缩机性能实验方法,使用标准工况测试(标准工况即ASHRA+E/TI工况:蒸发温度7.2℃,冷凝温度54.5℃,吸气温度35℃,阀前温度46.1℃)。性能测试结果如图3,图中压缩机COP=压缩机制冷量/压缩机功率。 图3 制冷性能实验结果 Figure 3 The result of Refrigeration Performance 从实验结果分析,AB与POE的制冷性能比较结果相差很小,最大差距为0.04,即1.2%,在测试规定的波动范围3%以内。实验结果表白AB油的性能特性与POE油的制冷性能在R290系统中十分相近;R290性能较相同系列的R410a与R22约高10%,说明约31%的溶解量完全不影响性能,或对性能的影响很微小。而AB在抗吸湿性和价格方面却有POE无法比拟的优势。 3.3 AB与R290的兼容性实验 兼容性是指压缩机零件在生产过程中所使用的化工辅助材料微量残留与冷冻机油共存时会不会引起不良反映的特性。假如冷冻机油在与材料不兼容,出现腐蚀情况,产生杂质则也许使压缩机内精密的泵体结构产生磨损而损坏,同时材料的腐蚀也会引起压缩机结构强度的减少,可靠性和使用寿命大幅下降,严重的还会引起爆炸,危害人身和财产安全。 烷基苯油分子式为R1-(C6H4)-R2,添加剂Tri-Cresyl phosphate分子式C21H21O4P。其不含活性键,油结构十分稳定,在温度280℃内,除Tri-Cresyl phosphate也许对300ppm以上含水量中的水分子产生反映外,不会对其它离子产生化学反映。在280℃内、油中水分300ppm以下,冷冻油合成物不会有任何化学反映。因此,虽然AB抗吸湿性强,但需小心解决AB避免被水分的污染,避免接触潮湿环境。 根据JIS K2211冷冻机油实验标准的兼容性实验方法实验,实验结果如表4,表中实验数据表白,AB与R290压缩机的材料所有兼容,可保证R290压缩机材料的安全性。 表4 耐腐性能和兼容性实验数据 Table 4 Corrosion Resistance and Compatibility Test data 项目 内容 实验材料 1,冲压油;2,清洗剂Ⅰ;3,清洗剂Ⅱ;4,溶剂清洗剂Ⅰ;5,溶剂清洗剂Ⅱ;6,切削液Ⅰ;7,切削液Ⅱ;8,切削液Ⅲ;9,切削油;10,水溶性浸漆;11,冲切剂;12,防锈油Ⅰ;13,防锈油Ⅱ;14,防锈剂;15,装配油;16,钼化液+钼化液稀释剂;17,钕铁硼磁钢;18,铁氧体磁钢;19,聚酯薄膜;20,聚酯纤维;21,聚酯亚胺树脂;22,聚酰胺酰亚胺树脂;23,空白(KT22) 制冷工质 R290 触媒 Fe/Cu/Al 触媒变化 无明显变化 实验结果记录 色度:0.5; 外观:透明; 析出物:无 3.4 AB与R290的耐磨性能实验 AB耐磨性略逊于PAG与POE,与MO相比还胜一筹,假如在AB中加入耐磨剂,则效果可比POE,本次实验AB含添加剂Tri-Cresyl phosphate质量分数比2mt%进行耐磨实验,实验原理用大负荷下运转时间等效实际工作寿命时间的方法,考察压缩机的泵体结构的耐磨性能。实验方法为:将检测合格的压缩机接入耐磨性能测试系统,按蒸发温度6℃,冷凝温度69℃。吸气温度20℃的测试条件连续运营1000小时。实验过程中,壳体温度超过100℃时,允许采用强制通风冷却。采用强制冷却时,壳体温度不应低于80℃。 实验检测磨损量见表5,测量磨损量均在合格范围内。实验证明,AB在R290压缩机泵体结构内的耐磨性能良好。 表5 耐磨性实验数据 Table 5 The data of wearing capacity 项目 磨损量(μm) 项目 磨损量(μm) 上法兰滑片磨痕 0.17  滚子外圆 0.22  上法兰滚子磨痕 0.24  滚子端面 0.47  上法兰内孔 0.49  滑片槽 1.16  曲轴短轴 0.39  气缸内圆 2.08  长轴 0.47  滑片侧面 0.12  下止推面 0.23  下法兰内圆 0.17  偏心圆 0.14  下法兰滑片磨痕 0.56  滚子内圆 0.25  下法兰滚子磨痕 0.60  4 结论 为寻找R290制冷剂抱负的冷冻机油解决方案,针对PAG、POE、MO的缺陷,进行了AB油的研究与实验。 实验通过进行R290与AB的互溶性实验,研究了临界互溶温度及饱和蒸气压力变化曲线方程。研究结果表白,R290与AB在空调工况范围内可完全溶解,满足互溶性规定。 实验比较了R290与AB和R290与POE在系统性能上的表现,研究结果表白AB具有POE油无法比拟的价格优势及良好的抗吸湿性优势,却与POE油有同样好的基础性能表现。 实验研究了R290与AB混合物对产品零件及零件在生产过程中所使用的化工辅助材料微量残留与冷冻机油共存时会不会引起不良反映的特性,研究结果表白,R290与AB混合物对产品及产品生产过程中的材料所有兼容。 实验研究了AB在R290压缩机系统中的耐磨性能,使用AB的R290压缩机在通过高负荷长期运营实验中,泵体结构磨损情况良好。研究结果表白,AB在R290压缩机系统中有良好的耐磨性能。 参考文献 [1] 熊爱凌,韩厚德,曹红奋,R290及其冷冻油混合物互溶特性研究[J].上海海事大学学报,2023,25(3):66-70. [2] 杨士钊,胡建强,郭力.烷基苯冷冻机油基础油[J].合成润滑材料,2023年38卷第2期:34-35. [3] 钱伟,王维,钱文波等,替代制冷剂R134a/R290与润滑油的互溶性研究[J].制冷与空调,2023年6月,第三期第8卷:31-35. [4] Chris Seeton.Solubility,Miscibility,and Liquid Viscosity of Lubricants with CO2 and Propane, University of lllinois at Urbana-Champaign, Chicago 2023-ASHRAE Winter Meeting[C].Chicago:2023 [5] Jose M,Corbera’n,Israel O,et al.Charge optimization study of a reversible water-to-water propane heat pump[J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2023,31:716-726. 作者简介:毛水林(1984-)男,本科毕业于湖南工程学院电气工程专业,现任职于珠海凌达压缩机技术部,助理工程师职称,重要从事空调新制冷剂研究及其产业化工作。联系地址:广东珠海斗门区珠海凌达压缩机有限公司,519110,联系电话:,email: 以下为全英文译本: Experimental Studies of Alkyl Benzene as a R290 Compressor Lubricant Mao Shuilin1) Wang Jianmin2) Wang Qiuju3) Gao Jie1) 1) Zhuhai Landa Compressor, Co., Ltd. 2) TOTAL Lubricants China Co., Ltd. 3)Xi’an Jiaotong University Abstract: With respect to the properties, the miscibility concerns a successful return of compressor oil and a safe air conditioning system; the refrigerating performance relates energy saving and environmental protection of air conditioner; the compatibility involves the reliability of compressor materials; the wearing resistance is connected with the stability of compressor operation. This paper discusses four tests on R290 and Alkyl Benzene lubricant, showing good miscibility, performance, compatibility and wearing resistance, which indicates a desired solution of lubricant for R290 compressor. Key words:R290; Alkyl Benzene; miscibility; refrigerating performance; compatibility; wearing resistance 1 Introduction The Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol is a global fund donated by developed countries and provides funds to help developing countries comply with their obligations under the Protocol to phase out the use of ozone-depleting substances (ODS) at an agreed schedule. Propane (R290), a natural refrigerant which is characterized by two major environmental benefits of protecting the Ozone Layer and reducing greenhouse gas emissions, is chosen by Chinese air-conditioner industry in the first place as an alternative technical route with a great support from the Executive Committee of Montreal Protocol Multilateral Fund. In July 2023, the 64th MLF Executive Committee approved HCFC-22 Phase-out Management Plan of China Room Air-Conditioner Industry (Phase I) with an amount of $75,000,000, supporting China RAC industry for the completion of Phase I target. According to China HCFCs Phase-out Management Plan, the specific target in Phase I is that domestic first-class market will see the air-conditioner product which uses propane as an operating refrigerant no later than the end of 2023. In order to make sure this target we must carry on a series of fundamental researches, development and optimization of safety performance, and the like to enrich the product chain of R290 air-conditioner, and many production line planning, process improvement and other work to ensure mass production. The study of refrigerating oil which must be compatible with R290 is not only the core part of R290 fundamental researches, but the crucial aspect of propagating R290 air-conditioner to the market. Mineral oil, polyol ester, poly alkylene glycol, alkyl benzene and natural refrigerant propane are referred to hereinafter as MO, POE, PAG, AB and R290 respectively for convenience. 2 Selection of Refrigerating Oil Currently the refrigeration compressor is required to be more energy saving with smaller size, lower noise and high efficiency which makes the selection of refrigerating oil harder. Thus the selected oil must be with advantageous lubricating property to ensure the reliability of refrigeration compressor in such harsh conditions. In the past, some researchers recommended using PAG, the mixed oil of MO and POE or the mixed oil of POE and PAG as refrigerating oil. But PAG is cycloalkane or derivative of alkenes which C-H bond is substituted for O-H bond; POE is cycloalkane or derivative of alkenes which C-H bond is substituted for O=C bond. Both PAG and POE are strong active solvents with high hygroscopic and hydrolytic properties. For the use of PAG as refrigerating oil in a compressor, it is possible that esters insulation film may be hydrolyzed because of moisture content absorbed by PAG. Moreover, PAG may have effect on the electric insulating property in compressor housing due to the volume resistivity of PAG itself. However, the partial solubility [1] between PAG and R290 may cause inability to return of oil discharged to the evaporator by a compressor, which would affect the refrigeration performance and cause reliability accidents. For the use of the mixed oil of MO and POE, or POE and PAG as refrigerating oil in a compressor, it cannot be free of high hygroscopicity. As there exists numerous copper tubes in the two machines of air-conditioning system, refrigerant and refrigerating oil with water may corrode these tubes, which may produce copper plating in that such kind of refrigerant and oil will occur replacement reaction with steel or iron parts that will then stay on the surface of the parts when the refrigerant and oil return to compressor after a refrigeration cycle. The copper plating is so instable that they will fall off and become solid impurities in the process of pump body movement, which will damage the precision pump structure, leading to reliability accidents. In addition, if there is excessive water in the refrigerant, it may probably form ice blockage in the expansion capillary of evaporator by the reason of sudden cooling with decompression of restriction choke. Therefore, the R290 compressor, compared to the former refrigeration compressor, is expected excellent lubricity, electrical insulation, anti-hygroscopicity, abrasion resistance, lower price and less use of refrigerant and oil. Table 1 Properties of Refrigerating Oil   POE PAG AB MO lubricity ○ ○ ○() ○ thermo-stability △ ○ ○ hydrolysis stability △(○) ○ ○ ○ oxidation stability ○ △ ○ ○ insulation stability ○ △ ○ anti-hygroscopicity △ × ○ ○ Table 1 is the properties of several refrigerating oil. According to this, AB is defined to be appropriate for R290 compressor by assessing lubricity, hygroscopicity, stability, price, etc. AB, being a kind of synthetic oil, shows up its remarkable properties in distinguished low temperature performance, miscibility of additives, thermal oxidation stability and electrical insulation.[2] We carry on a test for the purpose of comparing the hygroscopicity between AB and POE. An open glass stands still 16 days in a normal laboratory, and the result is shown in Figure 1, indicating that POE is far more hygroscopic than AB. Figure 1 Comparative Test of Hygroscopicity between AB and POE The selected AB in the experiment of this paper is from Lunaria KT22, dialkyl benzene, and its molecular formula is R1-(C6H4)-R2.The carbon bonds that connect benzene rings are at random para-position, so the molecular structure is stable. Related parameters are shown in Table 2. Table 2 Related parameters of AB(Lunaria KT22) oils parameter unit test method result density (15℃) g/cm2 GB/T 1884 0.88 flash point ℃ GB/T 267 204 kinematic viscosity(40℃/100℃) mm2/s GB/T 265 21.8/3.9 chroma(ASTM) / GB/T 6540 ≤1.0 pour point ℃ GB/T 3535 -59 total acid value mgKOH/g GB264 ≤0.02 water content ppm GB/T 260 40.6 insulating threshold voltage kV JIS C2101 57 3 Experimental Studies of Alkyl Benzene in R290 Compressor System 3.1 Mutual miscibility of AB and R290 It has been proved that R290 has extremely limited intermiscibility with PAG [1]but MO and POE [3]. For the
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