语法专项复习四.doc

语法专项复习四:动词的时态和语态

动词的时态
时态是谓语动词所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式。英语动词常见的时态有九种：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、过去将来时、现在完成进行时。

（一）一般过去时
1. 表示过去某一特定时间所发生的、可完成的动作或状态，常与表示确切过去时间的词、短语或从句连用。例如： We went to see a very interesting film last night.
2. 表示过去习惯性动作。例如： I used to do my homework in the library.

（二）过去进行时
过去进行时表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生后，另一个过去的动作正在进行，或表示过去反复的习惯，常与always，continually，constantly等动词连用。例如：
We were discussing the matter when the headmaster entered.
Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk.

（三）过去完成时
1. 表示过去某时间前已经发生的动作或情况，这个过去的时间可以用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示；或者表示一个动作在另一个过去动作之前已经完成。例如：
　 We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in.
　 By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles.
2. 动词expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用过去完成时，表示过去的希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现。例如：
　 I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn't able to get away.
另外两种表示"过去想做而未做的事"的表达方式是：
(1) was / were + to have done sth. 例如： We were to have come yesterday, but we couldn't.
(2) intended/expected/hoped/meant/planned/supposed/wished/wanted/desired+ to have done sth. 如：
　 I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.
3. 过去完成时常用于以下固定句型：
　 ① hardly, scarcely, barely +过去完成时+ when +过去时。例如：
　 Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move.
　 ② no sooner +过去完成时+ than +过去时。例如：
　 No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me.
　 ③ by (the end of ) +过去时间，主句中谓语动词用过去完成时。例如：
　 The experiment had been finished by 4 o'clock yesterday afternoon.

(四) 一般过去将来时
1. 一般过去将来时的形式
should / would+ 动词原形 或 was / were + 动词-ing形式
2. 一般过去将来时常用于宾语从句中，其主语的谓语动词为过去时态，可表示从过去某时看来将要发生的事情，如：
He said that he would speak at the meeting.
He was sixty-eight. In two years he would be seventy.

动词的语态
(一) 主动语态和被动语态
当句子的主语是动作的执行者时，谓语的形式叫主动语态。当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，谓语的形式叫被动语态。被动语态由助动词be +过去分词构成，时态通过 be 表现出来。例如：
1. 一般过去时：The window was broken by Jack.
2. 过去进行时：The new tool was being made.
3. 过去完成时：He said that the work had been finished.
4. 过去将来时：He said that many trees would be planted.

(二) 一些特殊的被动结构
1. 带情态动词的被动结构： 
The problem must be solved soon. 这个问题必须尽快解决。
2. 带不定式的被动结构：
Betty has never been heard to speak ill of others. 从未听到贝蒂说别人坏话。
This task needs to be done with great care. 这项工作必须认真去做。
3. 短语动词的被动结构：
(1) （不及物）动词+介词：若这类短语动词是及物的，则可用于被动语态，如：look after, talk about, think of 等。若这类短语动词是不及物的，则不可用于被动语态，如：look up, look down 等。
His plan was well thought of. 他的计划受很高评价。
(2)（及物）动词+副词：bring about, carry out, find out, make out, put away, put off, take up, turn down, turn out, wipe out 等。
The secret was soon found out. 秘密很快被查出。
(3) 动词+副词+介词：face up to, give in to, look down upon, make up for, put up with 等。 
Nobody likes to be looked down upon. 没有人喜欢受歧视。
(4) 动词+名词+介词：catch sight of, keep an eye on, fix one's eyes upon, make a fool of, make use of, pay attention to, put an end to, set fire to, take notice of 等。
Every use should be made of our spare time. 我们应当充分利用业余时间。
Your pronunciation must be paid attention to. 你应该注意发音。
4. 带复合宾语的被动结构。动词在改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改成主语，宾语补足语保留在谓语后面。例如：
We always keep the classroom clean.→The classroom is always kept clean.
5. 主动形式表示被动意义
(1) 动词want, need, require 后用动名词的主动式，这时，动名词和句中主语有动宾关系，而不定式需用被动式。例如：
The children need looking after/to be looked after. 孩子们需要照顾。
The window wants cleaning/to be cleaned. 窗户需要清洗。
(2) 有些及物动词后须加副词（如well, easily 等）有些可不加如act, clean, cut, draw, keep, lock, open, play, read, sell, shut, strike, wash, write, measure, weigh 等。例如：
The cloth washes/sells well. 这布很经洗（很畅销）。
The door won't shut. 这门关不上。
The play won't act. 这戏不宜上演。
The street measures twenty metres wide. 街道宽20米。
(3) 形容词 worth 后直接加动名词时。例如：
The book is worth reading a second time. 这本书值得再次阅读。
(4) 某些作表语的形容词后用不定式主动式表示被动意义。例如：
The fish is not fit to eat.这种鱼不宜食用。
The girl isn’t easy to get along with. 这女孩不好相处。
(5) 感官动词和系动词（如feel, look, prove, smell, sound, taste, wear 等）与形容词连用时。如： The dish tastes delicious. 这道菜尝起来非常可口。
(6) be to blame(受谴责)，be to rent（出租）也用主动形式表被动。

（一）巩固练习
1. The reporter said that the UFO _____ east to west when he saw it.
A. was traveling B. traveled C. had been traveling D. was to travel
2. ---You haven't said a word about my new coat, Brenda. Do you like it?
---I'm sorry I ___ anything about it sooner. I certainly think it's pretty on you.
A. wasn't saying B. don't say C. won't say D. didn't say
3. All morning as she waited for the medical report from the doctor, her nervousness _____.
A. has grown B. is growing C. grew D. had grown
4. -- I hear Jane has gone to the Holy Island for her holiday.
-- Oh, how nice! Do you know when she __________ ?
A. was leaving B. had left C. has left D. left
5. I ______ you not to move my dictionary -- now I can' t find it.
A. asked B. ask           C. was asking D. had asked
6. Sales of CDs have greatly increased since the early 1990s, when people ____to enjoy the advantages of this new technology.
A. begin B. began C. have begun D. had begun
7. --- Has Sam finished his homework today?
--- I have no idea. He ______ it this morning.
A. did B. has done C. was doing D. had done
8. --- What were you doing when Tony phoned you?
  ---I had just finished my work and ________ to take a shower.
A. had started B. started C. have started D. was starting
9.It is said in the book that Thomas Edison (1847-1931) _____ the world leading inventor for sixty years.  A. would be       B. has been       C. had been       D. was 
10. By the end of last year, another new theme park______ completed in that area.
A. was being B. would be C. has been D. had been
11.The crazy fans ________ patiently for two hours, and they would wait till the movie star arrived.
A. were waiting  B. had been waiting  C. had waited  D. would wait
12. The discussion ____ alive when an interesting topic was brought in.
A. was coming      B. had come        C. has come        D. came
13. Scientists think that the continents _________ always where they ________ today.
A. aren’t; are B. aren’t; were C. weren’t; are D. weren’t; were
14. When the old man __ to walk back to his house, the sun ___ itself behind the mountain.
A. started; had already hidden B. had started; had already hidden
C. had started; was hiding D. was starting; hid
15. --- If the traffic hadn't been so heavy, I could have been back by 6 o'clock.
--- What a pity! Tina _____ here to see you.
A. is B. was C. would be D. has been

（二）高考聚焦
16. ---Have you known Dr. Jackson for a long time?
---Yes, since she ______ the Chinese Society.
A. has joined B. joins C. had joined D. joined
17. --- Did you watch the basketball match yesterday?
---Yes, I did. You know, my brother ________ in the match.
A. is playing B. was playing C. has played D. had played
18. I called Hnnah many times yesterday evening, but I couldn’t get through. Her brother _____ on the phone all the time!
A. was talking B. has been talking C. has talked D. talked
19. If the weather had been better, we could have had a picnic. But it____ all day.
A. rained B. rains C. has rained D. is raining
20 ---Why does the Lake smell terrible?
--- Because large quantities of water ________ .
A. have polluted B. is being polluted C. has been polluted D. have been polluted
21. The telephone _______, but by the time I got indoors, it stopped.
A. had rung B. was ringing C. rings D. has rung
22. I don’t believe you’ve already finished reading the book — I ______it to you this morning!
A. would lend B. was lending C. had lent D. lent
23. --- Have you read book called Waiting for Anya?
--- Who _______ it?
A. writes B. has written C. wrote D. had written
24. The hotel wasn’t particularly good. But I ____ in many worse hotels.
A .was staying B. stayed C. would stay D. had stayed
25. He _____ football regularly for many years when he was young.
A. was playing B. played C. has played D. had played
26. Judy is going to marry the sailor she __ in Rome last year.
A. meets B. met C. has met D. would meet
27. He __ as a national hero for winning the first gold metal for his country in the Olympics.
A. regarded B. was regarded C. has regarded D. had been regarded
28. The young girl sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. She ________ before.
A. hasn't flown B. didn't fly C. hadn't flown D. wasn't flying
29. I______along the street looking for a place to park when the accident _____.
A. went; was occurring B. went; occurred
C. was going; occurred D. was going; had occurred
30. The water ______ cool when I joined into the pool for morning exercise.
A. was felt B. is felt C. felt D. feels