高中英语必修3-Unit4课件.doc

Unit4 Astronomy: the science of the stars

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system n. 系统；体系；制度
theory n. 学说；理论
violent adj. 猛烈的；激烈的；强暴的
in time 及时；终于
unlike prep. 不同；不像
harmful adj. 有害的
lay eggs 下蛋
exist vi. 存在；生存
give birth to 产生；分娩
in one’s turn 轮到某人；接着
prevent ... from 阻止；制止
puzzle n. 谜；难题
vt. & vi. （使）迷惑；（使）为难
pull n. & vt. 拉（力）；拖；牵引力
cheer up 感到高兴；感到振奋
now that 既然
break out 突发；爆发
watch out 密切注视；当心；提防

要点讲解
【重点单词】
1. exist 存在，生存
exist in 存在于......之中 exist 靠......之中 There exists/existed...某地有......;存在......
come into existence 产生；成立；开始存在 in existence 存在
The laid-off workers mainly exist on bread and tea.
下岗工人主要靠面包和茶生存。
‚There exists a good way to solve the existing problem in geography.
有一个解决目前地理问题的好方法。
ƒDo you know when the world .came into existence?
你知道世界是什么时候产生的吗？
Exercise:
Now people don't believe in the (exist)of ghost.
答案：existence
【重点短语】
1. in time 及时；终于
【相关短语】
in time for sth./ to do sth. 及时；不迟 in no time 立刻；马上
at no time永不…… at one time 有个时期；曾经；一度
at a time 一次；每次 at times = sometimes 有时 all the time 一直；始终；老是
on time 按时；准时 by the time到……的时候为止
for the time being 暂时；暂且 take one’ s time不着急；慢慢来
kill time 消磨时间 from time to time 不时地，间或
many a time 常常；多次 once upon a time 从前
at the same time 同时；尽管如此 ahead of time 提前，提早
race against time 争分夺秒 time and again 一次又一次；重复地
keep time (钟表)走得准 keep bad time（钟、表）走得不准
take one’ s time 慢慢来，别急 have a good/nice/hard time (in) doing sth 做某事很……
It’ s (high/about) time that sb. did/ should do sth. 是做某事的时候了
The doctor came in time to save the boy. 医生及时赶来救了那个孩子
You will succeed in time. 你迟早会成功的
I jumped into the river in no time.我立刻跳到了水中。
I lost myself at one time.曾经一度我迷失了我自己。
It’s high time that the government made an adjustment on the export drawback system.
早该到政府对出口滞后体系进行调整的时候了。
【Exercise】______, I lost heart in English learning,but my teacher often said to me,"Keep on studying hard,and you'll succeed . "
A. At a time;in time B. At a time;on time
C.At one time;in time D.At one time;on time
答案：选C，曾一度，我对英语学习失去信心，但我老师常对我说：“坚持不懈的努力，最终会铸就你的成功”。At a time"每次"，at one time"曾经，一度"，相当于once;in time"及时，迟早"，on time"按时，准时"。
2. prevent...from.... 使……不做事；阻止……做某事
例如： His back injury may prevent him from playing in tomorrow’ s game.
他背部的伤可能使他参加不了明天的比赛。
【辨析】prevent / stop/keep sb. from doing sth
prevent / stop sb. from doing sth.中的from可省, keep sb. from doing sth.中from不可省略，因为keep sb. doing sth.是“使某人一直做某事”之意；但如在被动语态中，三者的from都不可省；当后接sb’ s doing sth. 作宾语时，只能用prevent或stop，不能用keep，因为没有keep sb’ s doing sth. 的句型。
【Exercise】根据句子的意思完成句子或翻译。
1). Doctors took action to _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ (防止这种疾病的蔓延).
2). Of course I can’ t _______ your going abroad.
3). 警察阻止他们携带武器。
_______________________________________________________________________________
【答案】: 1). prevent/stop/keep the disease from spreading 2). prevent / stop
3). The police prevented/stopped/kept them from carrying weapons.
= They were prevented/stopped/kept from carrying weapons.
3. now that既然
辨析：now that/because/since/as/ for
(1) now that 是固定短语，意为“既然，由于”，引出原因状语从句。that可省。
(2) because"因为"，表示直接的或为人所不知的原因。用于回答why 提问的句子。
(3) since“既然”（可与now that互换），侧重主句。
(4) as"由于"，表示显而易见或已为人所知的原因。
(5) for"因为"，并列连词，引导一个分句，不能置于句首。
Now (that) you are grown-up,you must stop this childish behaviour.(=since)
既然已经长大，你必须停止这种幼稚行为。
He was absent from the meeting because he was ill yesterday.
昨天他没有参加会议是因为他病了。
Wear strong shoes as we shall do a lot of walking.
穿上结实的鞋子因为我们要走很多路。
It must have rained last night,for the ground is wet.
4. break out 突发；爆发
【相关短语】
break away from 脱离（党派）；摆脱（控制） break down毁掉；坏掉；(计划/谈判)失败
break up打碎；拆散；(会议)结束；分裂(解体) break off (使)停止；中断；折断
break into sth. 强行进入某处 break one’ s word/promise食言；说话不算数
【辨析】come about/happen/take place/break out/occur
come about 发生，相当于happen, take place。后面不可以给宾语，也不可以使用被动语态。
How did it come about that you got lost?你怎么会迷路了哪？
happen 强调偶然发生
take place 指按计划、按安排发生
break out 多用于指战争、火灾、疾病、疫情的突然爆发
occur 常用于句式： sth occurs to sb
以上这些单词和短语的主语都不可以是人，也不可以用于被动语态
【Exercise】用break短语填空。
1). A terrible earthquake_______ _______ in Japan on Match 12, 2011.
2). Negotiations between the two sides have _______ _______.
3). His house was _______ _______ last week.
【答案】 1). broke out 2).broken down 3). broken into
【重点句型】
1. This produced a chain reaction,which made it possible for life to develop.
这就产生了一系列的反应，使得生命就有可能发展了。
1） it 作形式宾语，在句中可代替动名词，不定式，从句等
2） it作形式主语，常用句型有：
It's+adj.+for sb. to do sth.对某人来说做某事.....
It's+adj.+of sb. to do sth.某人如此......而做某事
It's said/reported/thought that.....据说/报道/认为.......
It's a pity/a wonder/a shame that......可惜/奇怪/遗憾的是.......
It happens/appears/seems that.....恰巧/好像......
His absence made it difficult to finish the work on time.
‚We consider it no use arguing with him.
ƒIt happened that they were out when we called.
Exercise:
I will appreciate i f you can come to my party tomorrow.
A.that B. that it C. it that D.it
答案：D
2.

【exercise】
Much to his surprise，he invited only twenty friends to the dinner，but came．
A．twice as many as B．as many as twice
C．twice as many D．twice more than
答案：C
语法核心突破
Noun clauses as the subject 主语从句
1．定义：
主语从句：在复合句中充当主语的句子叫主语从句例如：
How he was successful is still a puzzle. 
他是如何成功的仍然是个谜。
2. 连接词的选用
（1）that和what的选用
that和what都可引导主语从句。what除起连接作用外，还在名词性从句中充当某些成分，可作从句的主语、宾语或表语。而that在名词性从句中不充当任何成分，无词义，只起连接词作用如：
What he wants is a book. 
他想要的是一本书
That light travels in straight lines is known to all. 
众所周知，光线沿直线运行
（2）if和whether的选用
引导主语从句，不能用if，只能用whether。如：
Whether we will hold a party in the open air tomorrow depends on the weather. 
我们明天是否在户外开晚会要看天气而定
（3）其它连接代词和副词的选用
根据主语从句的具体意义，正确的选择who, which, when, where, why, how等连接词，这些连接词既有疑问含义，又起连接作用，同时在从句中充当各种成分如：
When we shall hold our sports meet is not decided. 
我们何时举行运动会还没有决定。
Who broke the glass yesterday is not clear. 
还不清楚昨天谁打破了玻璃
Which car you will choose to buy makes no difference. 
你决定买哪一辆车都不会有任何区别
（4）whatever / whoever的功用
whatever, whoever在主语从句中不含疑问意义。它引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语、宾语、表语等。whatever = anything that; whoever = anyone who。要注意和whatever, whoever引导的让步状语从句的区别如：
Whoever breaks the law should be punished. （主语从句）
（＝Anyone who breaks the law should be punished. ）
Whoever breaks the law, he should be punished. （让步状语从句）
（＝No matter who breaks the law, he should be punished. ）
3. it构成的主语从句
（1）由连词that引导的主语从句，在大多数情况下会放到句子的后面，而用代词it作形式主语。如：
It is well-known that the earth moves around the sun. 
众所周知，地球围绕太阳转。
【拓展延伸】
需要注意的是，it作形式主语代替主语从句时，要注意和as引导的定语从句的区别。试比较：
It was reported that the US was under the terrorist attack. （主语从句，有that，无逗号）
As was reported, the US was under the terrorist attack. 
（定语从句，无that，有逗号）
上两句意为“据报道，美国遭到恐怖分子的袭击”
（2）常见用it作形式主语的复合句结构
It is a fact （a good idea / a pity / a shame / no wonder / good news…）that…如：
It’s a pity that you missed the film. 
你没有看那部电影真是太遗憾了
 It is necessary （clear / true / strange/ important /wonderful / possible / likely…）that…
需要注意的是，这类主语从句中，谓语动词很多为“（should）＋动词原形”，即要用虚拟语气如：
It is necessary that you （should）master the computer. 
你很有必要掌握电脑
It is important that a student learn English well. 
学生学好英语很重要
It’s clear that they badly need help. 
很明显，他们急需援助
It is likely that a hurricane will arrive soon. 飓风很可能马上就要到达了。
It is reported （well-known / hoped / thought / expected /said /believed/decided /suggested /ordered…）that…如：
It is said that he was killed in the earthquake. 据说他在地震中丧生了
It seems （happened / appears / doesn’t matter / makes no difference / …）that …如：
It seems that they will win the game. 看起来他们好像会赢得这场比赛
It makes no difference whether he will attend the meeting or not.

【典型例题】
1、_____ in the regulations that you should not tell other people the password of your e-mail account.
   A. What is required B. What requires
   C. It is required D. It requires
【解析】C。 本句的结构为It is +动词的过去分词+that 引导主语从句。经常用于这种结构的动词还有say, report, think, hope, expect, consider, suggest等
2._________made the school proud was_________ more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities.
A. What; because      B. What; that      C. That; what      D. That; because
【解析】B。 what引导主语从句，在主语从句中作主语；that引导表语从句，在表语从句中起连接作用
3、________she couldn't understand was  ________fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.
A. What...why     B. That...what       C. What...because     D. Why...that
【解析】A。 主语从句she couldn't understand缺少宾语，要用What引导。表语从句fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons是一个完整的句子，要用why引导，意思是“为什么越来越少的学生对她的课感兴趣”

【语法专练】
1. I’m sure that it is obvious _______ Gina was lying for I saw her in the street yesterday.
A. which B. that C. because D. when
2. ______breaks the rules should be punished and fined at least 200 yuan.
A. No matter whom B. No matter who
C. Whomever D. Whoever
3. _____ is known to us all is that the 2008 Olympic Games will take place in Beijing.
A. It B. What C. As D. Which
4. ---What made him so upset?
   ---______she failed in her examination.
A. What         B. That           C. Because     D. Whether
5. Determination is a kind of basic quality and this is _______ it takes to do jobs well. 世纪金榜
A. what B. that C. which D. who 世
6. Along with his letter was his promise he would attend the opening ceremony the Coming month.
A. which B. that C. what D. whether
7. The reform has changed the whole nation. It cannot remain _________ it used to be.
A. what B. where C. which D. when
8. What I want to know is ________ the price of oil is still rising.
A. when B. how C. why D. that
答案：1~5 BDBBA 6~8 BAC

高考真题链接
1.（2010·全国卷ＩＩ·T20）Mr. Black is very happy because the clothes made in his factory have never been________.
A. popular B. more popular C. most popular D. the most popular
【解析】选B。考查比较级的使用．否定比较级相当于肯肯定。类似的还有too, enough。
2.（2010·北京卷·T33） some people regard as a drawback is seen as a plus by many others.
A. Whether B. What C. That D. How
【解析】选B。本题考查主语从句。句意：一些人眼中的缺点是别人眼中的优点。从句中缺宾语，只能用B. what来引导. C.中的That引导主语从句不做成分。
3.（2009·山东卷·T21） -------John and I will celebrate our fortieth wedding anniversary next month.
--------Oh, _________!
A. cheer up B. well done C. go ahead D. congratulations
【解析】选D　本题考查交际用语中单词（短语）的区别，根据题意可知：这儿应用一个表示祝贺的词（短语）。故选D。
4. (2009·山东卷·T28) The little girl who got lost decided to remain _________she was and wait for her mother.
A. where B. what C. how D. who
【解析】选A　本题考查连词，remain是系动词，后加表语从句，由句意可知，从句缺地点状语，所以选A。
5. （2009·天津卷·T7）It is obvious to the students ______ they should get well prepared for their future.
A. as B. which C. whether D. that
【解析】选D考查名词性从句中的主语从句用法。此处要分析句子结构，看出it为形式主语，代替that they should get well prepared for their future，并且本句意思完整，故选D。

综合效能检测
一、听力（略）
二、单项选择
21. He felt _________ when he found a stranger _________ about at the gate of the police station.
A. puzzling; hung B. puzzled; hung
C. puzzling; hanging D. puzzled; hanging
22. As only one chapter of the novel was published __________ in the newspaper, many readers preferred to buy a copy of the novel.
A. at one time B. at a time C. at times D. in time
23. China’s new food law provides for a food recall（召回）system ______ producers have to stop production if their food isn’t up to standards.
A. where B. that C. when D. which
24. What will happen to the child if Jim and Mary ________?
A. break down B. break up
C. break out D. break off
25. According to the regulations of the company，you mustn’t ask for leave you have a doctor’s diagnosed note．
A．unless B．now that
C．even though D．on condition that
26. Whether ways will be found to help China _______ the current world financial crisis is just _______ worries the public.
A．prevent ;that B．survive ;what
C．forbid; that D．quit ;what
27. What I am looking for is _____ book that contains _____ ABC of computer.
A. a；不填 B. a; the C. the; an D. the; 不填
28. —I haven’t found any money though I’ve searched the drawer bottom up. 教学资源网
—Then. I’m afraid there is left.
A．nothing B．no one C．none D．neither
29. Much to his surprise，he invited only twenty friends to the dinner，but came．
A．twice as many as B．as many as twice
C．twice as many D．twice more than
30. She had no idea how it _____ that her husband met with trouble again.
A. came about B. came out B. came across D. came up
31. It is said that the meeting ______ for three hours. Why should I regret missing it?!
A. has lasted B. has been lasting C. lasted D. had lasted
32. _____ which one to buy between the two necklaces, she purchased both.
A. Deciding B. Not deciding C. To decided D. Not to decide
33. fashions differ from country to country may reflect the culture difference from one aspect.
A．What B．That C．This D．Which
34. I can’t understand is he wants to change his mind.
A. That, what B. That, why
C. What, what D. What, why
35. Is it true _____ the rain stops, it will be as hot as in the summer here?
A. when B. that when C. whenever D. that
三、完形填空
Scientific experiments can sometimes go wrong and when they do them, results may range from the disastrous to the troubling. One such 36 took place in South America about fifty 37 ago. Whether its 38 consequences will cause serious damage or nothing more than a small trouble still remains to be seen.
The story began in 1956 when an American scientist working in Brazil decided to solve the problem of 39 the productivity of that country’s bees. He imported a very 40 type of African bee from Tanzania and mated（交配） it with the more easy-going native variety to produce a new kind of bees. The new bees worked harder and produced twice as much honey. It seemed that Professor Kerr, for that was the scientist’s name , was entirely 41 .
Then things began to go wrong. For some 42 as yet unseen, but perhaps as a result of something in their environment, the new bees began to 43 extremely attacking personalities. They became bad-tempered and easy to be 44, attacked the native bees and 45 them from their living places.
36. A. disaster B. accident C. incident D. experiment
37. A. days B. weeks C. months D. years
38. A. last B. final C. total D. first
39. A. increasing B. reducing C. making D. controlling
40. A. passive B. active C. native D. primitive
41. A. careful B. grateful C. successful D. successless
42. A. reason B. excuse C. cause D