英语四级考点语法结构省名师优质课赛课获奖课件市赛课一等奖课件.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。感谢您,研究历年真题，熟悉常考语法难点,四级辅导,四级语法要求：,巩固和加深基本语法知识，提升在语篇水平上利用语法知识能力。,返回,语法结构,第1页,语法结构,四级辅导,1,了解文中所指:,例,1,(95.6),The student was just about to,the question,when suddenly he found the answer.,A,arrive at B,submit to,C,give up,D,work out,例,2,(95.6),All flights _ because of the snowstorm,many,passengers could do nothing but take the train,。,A,had been cancelled B,have been cancelled,C,were cancelled,D,having been cancelled,2,确认逻辑关系:,序言：,3,语法考点:,语法重点,:,虚拟语气,主谓一致,倒装结构,非谓语动词,状语从句,定语从句,独立主格,情态动词。,另外重点复习以上项目中特殊使用方法。,第2页,着重复习能引发虚拟语气一些介词,介词短语和连词,。,lest,in case,otherwise,等。,一部分表示提议,主张,命令,紧要等概念词语,因为本身隐含说话人主观愿望,其后主语从句,宾语从句,同位语从句往往采取,(,should)+,动词原形,1,虚拟倒装句；,在,would rather,wish,as if,its time that,等,句型中使用适当形式表示主观愿望：,四级辅导,I.,虚拟语气:,2,用虚拟句型：,虚拟语气常见并在复习中尤其要加以注意：,语法结构,第3页,It is vital(,主要,生死攸关,致命,),It is necessary,It is important,It is urgent,It is imperative(,必要事,势在必行,急需,),It is desirable +that+,动词原形,It is advisable(,明智,适当,),It is natural,It is essential,It is proposal,It is suggestion,It is lest+that+should+,动词原形,If only+that+would+,动词原形,It is time,It is about,time +that +,普通过去时,It is high,time,would rather+that,从句,+,普通过去时,四级辅导,语法结构,第4页,2.1 重点,essential,important,等词后虚拟语气,例,3,It was essential that the application forms_ back,before the deadline(90,1),A,must be sent B,would be sent,C,be sent,D,were sent,例,4,It is important that enough money _ to fund the project.(97,1),A)be collected,B)must be collected C)was collected D)can be collected,3,if only,wish,等词后虚拟语气,例,5,Look at the terrible situation I am in!If I _ your advice.(93,6),A follow,B had followed,would follow have followed,例,6,I wish I _ longer this morning,but I had to get up and come to,class.(95,6)A have slept B slept C might have slept,D could have slept,5 条件从句中虚拟语气,例,7,He must have had an accident,or he _ then(90,1),A would have been here,B should be here,C had to be hereD would be here,四级辅导,语法结构,第5页,II.,主谓一致三条标准,1)语法一致标准,例,8,My friend,has,no intention of going shopping with me.,例,9,My friends,have,no intention of going shopping with me.,2)意义一致标准,例,10,The class,are,busying writing English passages.,例,11,The United States,is,a developed country which has,advanced science and technology.,3)就近标准,例,12,Neither my friends nor I,was,able,to persuade him to accept our advice.,例,13,Either he or she,has,broken the window,for there is no one else there.,例,14,There,is,a teacher and fifty students in the classroom.,由,either.or,neither.nor,not only.but also,连接或,由,here,there,等引导句子，谓语动词遵照这一标准,四级辅导,语法结构,第6页,四级辅导,1.,动词单复数,1.2,用,and,连接成份普通用复数。,例,18,your problem and mine,are,similar.,例,19,Bread and butter,is,my favourite breakfast.,例20,Two hundred and fifty pounds_ too unreasonable a price,for a second-hand car.,A)is,B)are C)were D)be,例21,My best friend and adviser,has,changed his mind again.,cattle,(,家畜,牛,),people,poultry,(,家禽,),militia,(,义勇军,民兵组织,),police,faculty,flock,machinery,personnel,vermin,(,害虫,歹徒,),等,动词要用复数。,1.1,复数名词。,例,15,The,police,have caught the murder.,例,16,Our,personnel,are very highly trained.,例,17,The,vermin,(,害虫,歹徒,)are very dangerous.,语法结构,第7页,四级辅导,1.3,主语中含有一些连词(,as well as,besides,in addition to,等)时，,谓语动词数同第一个主语保持一致,例,22,Bread and butter_ what Americans usually have for breakfast.,A)are,B)is,C)was D)were,例,23,Two hundred and fifty pounds_ too unreasonable a price,for a second-hand car.,A)is,B)are C)were D)be,1.4,动词惯用单数情况,1.4.1,名词性从句及不定式、动名词作主语时，谓语动词普通用单数形式,例,24,To finish the work in advance,is,what he wants.,例,25,Smoking cigarettes,is,dangerous to your health,例,26,What seems easy in theory,is,difficult in practice.,例,27,What caused the accident,is,a complete mystery.,语法结构,第8页,四级辅导,1.4.2 what,引导名词从句作主语时，其表语是复数形式时，,系动词也能够是复数形式,例,28,What we badly need here,are,qualified teachers.,1.4.3,当主语是单数,后面跟着由,including,with,together with,along with,like,in addition to,as well as,rather than,but,except,more than,accompanied by,等连接短语时,谓语动词用单数。,例29,the factory,with all its equipment,has,been burned.,例,30,Mary,as well as,her sister,likes,listening to music.,例,31,Doctor Richards,together with,his wife and three,children,is,to arrive on the afternoon flight.,例,32,My best friend,rather than,anyone else,has,got the,first prize in the speech contest.,语法结构,第9页,四级辅导,1.4.4,one,one of,every,everyone,everybody,each,many a,either,neither,no one,nobody,anyone,anybody,someone,somebody,用作主语或修饰主语时，动词用单数形式,例,33,Each man,woman and child,has,the same right.,例,34,Many a student,doesnt like,to do their homework.,(many a student,many students),例,35,Either of students,is,going to compete for the president of the,students union.,例,36,More than one person,was,involved in the case.,例37,every boy and girl,is,treated in the same way.,例38,Neither of the young men who,had applied,for a position in,the university,.,A)has been accepted,B)have been accepted,C)was accepted,D)were accepted,1,neither,用作主语或修饰主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。,2,定语从句用过去完成时，主句应用普通过去时。,语法结构,第10页,四级辅导,1.4.5,表示时间,距离,重量,体积,钱复数名词,作主语时作为整体来对待,动词通惯用单数。,例,39,Five thousands dollars,is,quite a large sum of money to me.,例,40,Fifty miles,is,too long a distance for one to walk on foot.,例,41,Ten years,has,passed but he didnt change at all.,1.4.6,a portion of,a series of,a kind of,a body of,a species of,a pair of +名词,作主语时，其动词普通用单数形式,例,42,A series of,accidents,has,occurred recently in America.,例,43,A pair of,new glasses,is,quite expensive.,语法结构,第11页,四级辅导,1.4.8,事件、机构、国名、作品等专有名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数,例,46,The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn,was,written,by Mark Twain and it is an interesting book.,例,47,The United Nations,is,an organization to defend world peace.,1.4.7,表示数量短语,a lot of,any of,most of,half of,two thirds of,20 percent of part of some of,none of,all of+名词,时,动词取决,于名词单复数而定。,例,44,Most of the book,is,interesting.,例,45,Most of the books,are,informative though a little dull.,语法结构,第12页,四级辅导,2,集体名词作主语时,2.1,能够单数也能够复数名词,凡是有复数词尾改变形式集合名词都属于这类。,a class,/,classes;a family,/,families;a government,/,governments;,an army,/,armies;a people,/,peoples;a group,/,groups;,a crowd,/,crowds;a crew,/,crews,等,例,48,A big,crowd,often gathers on the square every morning.,例,49,The,government,has decided to pass the bill.,例,50,There are huge,crowds,in the streets on Sunday.,例,51,There are,many English-speaking peoples,in the world.,注意，这类集合名词有时以单数形式表示复数概念，这时动词也用复数。,语法结构,第13页,四级辅导,2.2,单数名词,这类名词常见有：,humanity,(,博爱,人性,人类,),mankind,proletariat,(,无产阶级,),等,例,52,The,proletariat,is the greatest class in the history of,mankind.In the fields of production and scientific,experiment,mankind makes constant progress.,2.3,单复同形,例,53,The school teaching,staff,are(is)excellent.,例,54,The,public,is(are)requested not to litter in the park.,例,55,The teaching,profession,claim(s)to be badly paid.,class,family,team,crew,board,herd,committee,party,jury,enemy,audience,等,这类名词常见有：,语法结构,第14页,四级辅导,比较：,例,56,The football team,is,playing well.,那个足球队打得非常漂亮。,例,57,The football team,are,having bath and are,then coming back here for tea.,足球队员们正在洗澡，然以后这里吃茶点。,例,58,The family,is,a very happy one.,那个家庭是一个非常幸福家庭。,例,59,That family,are,very pleased about,the news of Williams success.,全家人对威廉成功都感到很高兴。,2.3,单复同形,语法结构,第15页,四级辅导,III.,倒装结构,1,否定意义词位于句首引发倒装,never,(从不),seldom,(极少),few,(极少),little,(极少),rarely,(极少),barely,(极少),hardly,(极少),scarcely,(极少),nowhere,(任何地方都不),等,。,106,a machine been so efficient and accurate as the electronic computer.,A.More than ever before,B.Never before has,C.In the past,there never has D.Formerly there never was,107,Never,as bad as it is now in this city.,A.air pollution has been B.has been air pollution,C.has air pollution been,D.air has pollution been,108,Little,when I embarked on this quest where it would leas me.,A.have I known B.had I known C.do I know,D.did I know,语法结构,第16页,四级辅导,否定意义短语位于句首引发倒装,at no time,(决不,任何时候也不),by no means,(决不),in no case,(决不),under no circumstances,(不论怎样也不),in no sense,(决不),in vain,(徒劳),in no way,(决不),on no account,(决不),no longer,(不再),no more,(不再),not until,(直到才),not for a moment,(从不),等。,一些短语性连词,not onlybut also,(不但而且),no soonerthan,(一就),hardly(scarcely)when,(一就),也引发倒装。,109,At no time,and under no circumstances,the first to use nuclear weapon.,A.China will be B.will be China,C.will China be,D.shall China be,110,“On no account,to feed animals”,the warning can be seen,on the signboard in front of every cage.,A.allow visitors B.visitors are allowed,C.allow visitors,D.are allowed visitors,111,Hardly,home when the telephone rang.,A.I got B.did I got C.I had got,D.had I got,语法结构,第17页,四级辅导,2,以,only,或,so,引导状语或表语位于句首引发倒装,only+,状语,+,谓语一部分,+,主语,+,谓语另一部分,+,当组成关联隶属连词,so.that so,位于句首时,往往要使用倒装结构。,so+,状语,+V+S+V+that,引导状语从句,so+,表语,(,形容词,)+be+S+V+that,引导状语从句,112,Only when you have acquired a good knowledge of grammar,correctly.,A.you will write,B.can you write,C.you can write D.you could write,113,Only under special circumstances,from freshman composition,and literature examination.,A.freshman excused B.freshman are excused,C.are freshman excused,D.are excused freshman,114,So little,about mathematics that the lecture was completely beyond me.,A.I know B.I knew C.do I know,D.did I know,115,So loudly did the students read that people could hear them out in the street.,116,So small were the words that he could hardly see them.,117,In fact,so powerful,that it paved the way for a whole new era,in construction and engineering.,A.was the new explosion,B.the new explosive was,C.was new explosive D.new explosive was,语法结构,第18页,四级辅导,强调性倒装,118,dense was the jungle there that we had to rely on our ears instead,of our eyes.A.How B.Extremely C.Very,D.So,119,that the pilot couldnt fly through it.,A.The storm so severe was,B.So severe was the storm,C.So the storm was severe D.Such was the storm severe,So,nor,neither,引发倒装,在并列分句中,假如第二部分所表示内容与第一部分相同,习惯上用,So,nor,neither,引发一个省略倒装句。,必定式用,So,否定式用,nor,或,neither,。,120,Surroundings have changed and,in them.,A.so have the people,B.the people have so,C.have the people so D.the people so have,121,For a long time we hardly saw any lights,we see the shore.,A.nor did,B.did nor C.nor D.nor do,语法结构,第19页,四级辅导,让步状语从句倒装,由,as,引发让步状语从句由以下两个句型结构,1),动词原形,+as+,主语,+,助动词,(,情态动词,)+,主句,2),形容词,(,副词,名词,)+as+,主语,+,动词,+,主句,122,I couldnt lift the box.,A.As I might try B.As try I might,C.Try as I might,D Try though I might,123,he does get irritated with her sometimes.,A.As he likes her much,B.Much as he likes her,C.As much he likes her D.He likes her so much,124,Young as he is,he knows some of the family secrets.,(,表语,+as+,代词作主语,+,系动词,be),125,Difficult as the work was,it was finished in time.,或,:Difficult as was the work,it was finished in time.,(,表语,+as+,名词作主语,+,系动词,be;,或,:,表语,+as+,系动词,be+,名词作主语,),语法结构,第20页,四级辅导,注,:1),用,as,引导让步状语从句,表语应放在,as,之前,(,例,124,和例,125);,假如主语是代词,主语就要放在系动词,be,之前,例,124;,假如主语是名词,则主语能够放在系动词,be,之前或后,例,125,。,2),用,as,引导让步状语从句中,假如谓语是,“,助动词,+,主要动词原形,”,应把主要动词原形放在,as,之前,语序为,:,主要动词原形,as,主语助动词。,Say as you could,124,Young as he is,he knows some of the family secrets.,(,表语,+as+,代词作主语,+,系动词,be),125,Difficult as the work was,it was finished in time.,或,:Difficult as was the work,it was finished in time.,(,表语,+as+,名词作主语,+,系动词,be;,或,:,表语,+as+,系动词,be+,名词作主语,),语法结构,第21页,四级辅导,3,省略连词,if,虚拟条件句中倒装,若虚拟条件句中含有,were,或,had,，,should,could,等助动词或情态动词时，连词能够省略。省略后，主句不变，从句要用倒装，将,were,之类动词提到句首。,126,to the doctor right away,he might have been alive today.,A.If he went B.should he have gone,C.Were he gone,D.Had he gone,127,you were coming today,Id have met you at the airport.,A.,Have I known B.I have known,C.Had I known,D.I had known,语法结构,第22页,四级辅导,4,以副词,here,there,off,out,away,等开头句子,主要是表示感叹语气句子，当其主语为名词时，通常要使用倒装。,128,Here comes our teacher!,你们老师来了！,129,Away went the boy to the school!,那男孩子到学校里去了！,130,Off goes the woman!,那个女人走了！,5,当平时普通不放在句首状语,为了强调而放在句首时,使用倒装结构。,131,Near the bridge was an old cottage.,132,Well do I remember the day I saw a wild tiger.,6,一些让步状语从句往往把表语提到主语前面或放在句首,以组成倒装结构。,133,No matter how interesting the book is,he doesnt like to read it.,(,语序,:No matter how,表语十主语十系动词,be),134,However hard a solid may be,we can change its shape.,(,语序,:However+,表语,+,主语,+,系动词,be),语法结构,第23页,四级辅导,7,以引导词,there,开头句子,须使用倒装结构。,1),表示,“,有,”,之概念,“There,be,主语,”,结构,134,There are three books on the desk.,135,There were something in the box.,2),用于正式文体,尤其是文学作品中,“there,不及物动词十主语,”,结构,当主语不明确而又是一个很长名词短语时,往往使用这种结构：,136,There entered a strange little man.,137,Once there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea.,3),在叙述性和描绘性书面语中,这种结构若带有地点状语,而且把这种状语放在句首时,能够用省略,there,倒装结构。,138,In the cottage lives a family of six.,语法结构,第24页,四级辅导,8,当直接引语一部分或者全部位于句首时,引语分句主语又是名词或名词短语,该引语分句惯用倒装结构。,139,What shall we do?said the teacher.,。,140,Great!said my father.Ill go there.,9,有些表示“感叹、祝福”等语气句子,也可使用倒装结构。,141,Isnt it cold!,天气真冷！,142,Was I surprised!,我真感到惊奇！,143,May both be happy!,祝你们两位幸福！,10,疑问句(略),语法结构,第25页,四级辅导,这是词汇与结构考试中语法部分重中之重，,答题时能够从三个方面人手：,1),依据非谓语动词同其所修饰名词或逻辑主语一致关系，确定使用主动语态或被动语态，然后考虑采取现在分词、现在分词被动式或过去分词；,非谓语动同同主句谓语动词动作发生先后关系。动作正在进行用现在分词进行式，同时发生或不分先后发生用现在分词普通式或过去分词；在主句谓语动词之前发生用现在分词完成式、不定式完成式；发生在主句谓语动词之后多用不定式普通式；,表状态多用分词，表目标多用不定式。,2),V,非谓语动词,3),语法结构,第26页,四级辅导,1,名词,(,代词,)+,分词,144,(90,1)A new technique _,the yields as a whole,increased by 20 per cent.,A,)working out B)having worked out,C)having been worked,D)to have been worked out,2 With+名词(代词)+Ved 或 Ving,例,145,(97,1)After the Arab states won independence,great emphasis was laid on expanding education,with girls as well as boys _ to go to school.,A)to be courage,B)being encouraged,C)been encouraged D)be encouraged,3 动名词短语做宾语,例,146,(89,1)They are considering _ before the prices go up.,A)of buying the house,C)buying the house,B)with buying the house D)to buy the house,语法结构,第27页,四级辅导,4 分词短语做状语,例,147,(92,6)_with the picture,Mary tore it to pieces.,A)Dissatisfying thoroughly,C)Being thoroughly dissatisfied,B)to dissatisfy thoroughly D)To be thoroughly dissatisfied,5 分词短语做定语,例,148,(96,6)If I correct someone,I will do it with as much good,humor and self restraint as if I were the one _.,A)to correct B)correcting,C)having corrected,D)being corrected,6 分词短语做补语,例,149,(97,1)When I caught him _ me I stopped buying,things there and started dealing with another shop.,A)cheat,B)cheating,C)to cheat D)to be cheating,语法结构,第28页,四级辅导,7,分词作状语,现在分词和过去分词主要差异在于,:,现在分词表示,“,主动和进行,”,过去分词表示,“,被动和完成,”(,不及物动词过去分词不表示被动,只表示完成,),。分词能够有自己状语,宾语或逻辑主语等。,7.1,能够表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等,分词做状语时，它逻辑主语与句子主语一致。,作状语分词相当于一个状语从句。,例,150,Hearing,the news,they all jumped with joy.,例,151,Using,what you know of word stems and word formations,you can make a guess at the meaning of a new word.,例,152,The students went out of the classroom,laughing and talking,.,例,153,Accompanied,by his friend,he went to the railway station.,例,154,Given,better attention,the plants could grow better.,例,155,He looked tired and depressed,visibly,disturbed,by the news of his mothers illness.,语法结构,第29页,四级辅导,分词在句子中作状语，使用何种分词，要取决于分词与句子主语关系：,主谓关系用现在分词，动宾或被动关系用过去分词。,例,156,Not,having,enough hands,we turned to them for help.,(we dont have enough hands).,例,157,Taught,by mistakes and setbacks,we have become wiser,and handled our affairs better.(we are taught/teach us),例,158,Inspired,by the International,the working people of all,countries have been fig