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初一英语上册知识点 人教版
一, 48个国际音标及26个英文字母的正确书写
要娴熟驾驭元音和辅音,5个元音字母(a, e, i, o, u),字母的正确占格及单词间距。
二, be动词的用法
be动词有三种变形,分别是:am, is, are。记忆口诀:
“我”用am, “你”用are, is用于“他, 她, 它”;单数全都用is,复数全部都用are。
三, 人称及人称代词的不同形式(主格和宾格)
1, 三种人称:第一人称(I, we),第二人称(you, you),第三人称(he, she, it, Maria)。
2, 人称代词的主格,即人称代词位于句子主语位置时的形态:I, We, You, You, He, She, It, Maria。
3, 人称代词的宾格,即人称代词位于句子宾语位置时的形态:me, us, you, you, him, her, it。
4, 形容词性物主代词:my, our, your, your, his, her, its, their。
5, 名词性物主代词:mine, ours, yours, yours, his, hers, its, theirs。
6, 反身代词:myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves。
四, 基数词(表示数量多少的词,大致相当于代数里的自然数)
zero, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen, twenty, twenty-one, twenty-two, twenty-three,twenty-four, twenty-five, twenty-six, twenty-seven, twenty-eight, twenty-nine, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty,seventy, eighty, ninety, one hundred,one hundred and one。
五, 一般疑问句及特别疑问句
1, 一般疑问句:能用Yes或No来回答的问句。一般疑问句句尾读升调。
2, 特别疑问句:不能用Yes或No来回答的问句。特别疑问句句尾读降调。
六, 可数名词变复数
可数名词变复数时,有规则变化和不规则变化两种。
1, 规则变化:
1)一般状况直接在词尾加“-s ”,如:cake-cakes, bag-bags, day-days, face-faces, orange-oranges等;
2)以s, x, sh, ch结尾的词,要在词尾加“-es ”,如:bus-buses, watch-watches, box-boxes等;
3)以辅音字母加y结尾的词,变y为i再加“-es ”,如:baby-babies, country-countries, family-families等;
4)部分以f (e)结尾的词,变f (e)为“ves ”,如:knife-knives, half-halves等;
5)以o结尾的词,加“-s ”或“-es ”,如:zoo-zoos, photo-photos, tomato-tomatoes, potato-potatoes等。记忆口诀:除了“英雄”hero外,凡是能吃的,加“-es ”,不能吃的加“-s ”。
2, 不规则变化:
1)改变单数名词中的元音字母:man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, tooth-teeth等;
2)单, 复同形:sheep-sheep, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese等;
3)其他形式:mouse-mice, child-children等。
七, 简单句的成分及主谓一样原则
最基本构成:主语+谓语+宾语,其中谓语由动词来充当。
主谓一样原则,就是句子的谓语要始终及主语保持数量上的一样性。当主语是第三人称单数(简称“三单”)时,谓语动词也要相应变成单数形式;当主语非“三单”时,谓语动词就用原形。实意动词变“三单”的规则如下:
1)一般动词在词尾加“-s ”,如:like-likes, tell-tells, play-plays等;
2)以字母s, x,ch, sh结尾的动词加“-es ”,如:guess-guesses, teach-teaches, watch-watches等;
3)以o结尾的动词一般加“-es ”,如:do-does, go-goes等;
4)以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,先变y为i,再加“-而是”,如:fly-flies, carry-carries等;
5)have的三单形式是has。
八, 冠词的用法(名词前面必需要有冠词)
冠词分为定冠词(the)和不定冠词(a, an)两种。
1, 定冠词the表示“特指”,可译为“这个”, “那个”, “这些”, “那些”。
2, 不定冠词a, an用来表明(可数)名词的数量是“一个”。an用于以元音开头(留意不是以元音字母开头)的单词前,a则英语非元音开头的单词前。
3, 不定冠词a, an及基数词one的区分是:不定冠词不是刻意强调“数量”,而基数词则强调“数量”。
九, 助动词(do, does )的用法
只有实意动词作谓语时才涉及运用助动词。以like为例:
1)当句子为确定句时不涉及运用助动词,只涉及“主谓一样”原则。
eg : I like English a lot.
Michael likes Chinese food very much.
2)当句子为否定句时,要依据主语的人称来确定运用相应的助动词:当主语为“三单”时,要运用does;当主语为“非三单”时,用助动词原形do。例如把下列句子变否定句:
Kangkang likes math.----Kangkang doesn't like math.
They like sports.------They don't like sports.
3)当句子变疑问句时,同样要依据句子的主语来确定在句首运用Do或Does.例如下列句子变问句:
Michael likes Chinese Food.----Does Michael like Chinese food Yes, he does./ No, he doesn't.
Jane and Helen like music.----Do Jand and Helen like music Yes, they do./ No, they don't.
十, 名词全部格
1, Kangkang's books;Tom and Helen's desk; Ann's and Maria's bikes;
2, 用of表示“......的”,但要从of后往of前翻译:a book of mine(我的一本书)
3, have及of的区分:
have一般表示“主动拥有”,往往用于有生命的人或动物;无生命的物体一般不能“主动拥有”,表示所属关系时要用of。例如:
I have a new bike. She has two big eyes.
a door of the house
十一, 课本中的知识点
1, Unit 1 ——Unit 2
1)问候语:
Good morning/ afternoon/ evening.
How are you---Just OK, thank you. How are you---Not bad, thanks.
Hi! Hello!
How do you do
2)道别用语:
Nice/ Glad to meet/ see you.(meet用于初次见面,see用于熟人间)
Nice to meet/ see you, too.
Goodbye. Byebye. Bye. See you (later/ tomorrow/ next time)! So long! Good night!
3)介绍人或者物的句型:This is...
4)Excuse me.及I'm sorry.的区分:
Excuse me.是要引起对方的留意,而I'm sorry.则是向对方致歉。
5)词组be from = come from
in English
5)当问句中问到this/ that时,回答要用it;问到these/ those时,要用they来回答。 例如: What's this in English----It's an eraser.
What are those----They are books.
6)对Thanks.的回答:That's OK./ You're welcome./ My pleasur.
7)look the same = have the same looks
give sth. to sb. = give sb. sth.
be like = look like
in the tree/ on the tree (树上结的, 长出来的用on,否则用in)
in red(穿着红色的衣服)
in the desk(在空间范围之内)
in English(用英语)
help sb. do sth.
8)both及all的区分:
both表示“两者都......”;all表示“三者及以上都......”。
2, Unit 3——Unit 4
1)speak的用法
speak及say不同:speak表示“说”的动作,不表示“说”的内容;say则表示“说”的内容。
speak后面除了能接“语言”外,不能直接接东西,后面加了to则表示“对......说”。
help sb. with sth.(帮忙某人做/补习......)
want to do sth.(想要做某事)
would like to do sth.
not...at all(一点都不);Not at all.(没关系/别介意)
like...a lot = like...very much
2)some和any的区分:
口诀:some用于确定句,否定, 疑问变any。例如:
I have some money.
I don't have any money.
Do you have any money
3)have a seat = take a seat(请随意坐)
4)祈使句(表示命令或恳求的句子)
祈使句一般都省略了主语You,所以其否定句直接用Don't开头。例如:
Don't go there!
5)问职业:
What does sb. do
What is sb.
What's sb.'s job
6)work及job的区分:
work是未必有酬劳的“工作”,例如homework, housework;而job则确定是有酬劳的“工作”。
7)on指在物体的表面,不论这个面是否水平的,例如:
on the desk/ wall/ farm/ playground
8)in hospital(住院);in the hospital(在医院里)
look after(照料/照看/照看)
help oneself(请自便/随意吃)
9)表示“建议”的句型:“做某事如何?”
What about (doing) sth. (英式英语)
How about (doing) sth. (美式英语)
Why don't you do sth. = Why not do sth.
10)“吃”一日三餐要用have:have breakfast/ lunch/ supper
have...for breakfast/ lunch/ supper
take one's order
be kind to sb.
11)try on这个词组可合可分:名词可以放在这个词组的中间或后面,但代词只能放在词组的中间。
12)在口语中往往用take表示“买”。
13)how many及how much的区分:
how many + 可数名词;how much + 不可数名词
14)What do you think of... 是询问对方对某事物的看法;
How do you like... 是问对方对某事物喜爱的程度。
think about(考虑)
Thank you all the same. (即使对方没能帮上忙,也要礼貌道谢)
Thanks. = Thank you.(thank作为动词,不能单独运用。)
15)one及it的区分:
当上下文说的是同一种类事物时,随意一个可以用one来代替;假如上下文所说的是同一个事物时则用it。例如:
Ann :I have a yellow bag.
Jane :I have a green one.
Tom : Hey, Mike. Where is your bike
Mike : Look, it's over there.
16)倒装句
Here you are.
Here it is.
17)be free (有空/免费)
forget to do sth.(忘了去做某事)
forget doing sth.(忘了做过某事)
What's up = What's wrong with... = What's the matter with...
18)go + v.-ing结构的含义:为了实现某目的才去的。例如:
go fishing/ boating/ swimming/ shopping等
19)have to do sth.(非主观因素,强调客观因素,“不得不去做某事”)
must 则表示主观愿望
20)fly a kite = fly kites
be free = have time
21)时间的表述
当分针所指的时间大于0分, 小于等于30分钟时,用“分钟”past“小时”。例如:
8:23——twenty-three past eight
当分针所指的时间大于30分钟, 小于60分钟时,用“剩余的时间”to“下一个整点”。例如:
8:49——eleven to nine
当然,还可以直接依据小时, 分钟去读出时间,例如:
8:23——eight twenty-three; 8:49——eight forty-nine
整点则在数词后加“-o'clock”,例如:8:00——eight o'clock
在钟点前介词要用at.
22)句型“该干某事了。”:It's time to do sth. = It's time for sth.
例如:该吃午饭了.
It's time to have lunch. = It's time for lunch.
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