英国文学简史期末考试复习要点英语专业大三必备.doc

英国文学简史期末考试复习要点_刘炳善版(英语专业大三必备)
英国文学史资料British Writers and Works
一、中世纪文学（约5世纪—1485）
• 《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）
• 《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight )

杰弗利·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer)

“英国诗歌之父”。（Father of English Poetry）
《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales ）

二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期—17世纪初）
• 托马斯·莫尔 （Thomas More ）
《乌托邦》（Utopia）

• 埃德蒙·斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser）
《仙后》（The Faerie Queene)

• 弗兰西斯·培根（Francis Bacon）
《论说文集》（Essays)
克里斯托弗·马洛 Christopher Marlowe
• 《帖木儿大帝》（Tamburlaine）
• 《浮士德博士的悲剧》（The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus）
• 《马耳他岛的犹太人》（The Jew of Malta ）

威廉·莎士比亚William Shakespeare
喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》（A Midsummer Night’s Dream）、《威尼斯商人》（The Merchant of Venice）
悲剧《罗密欧及朱丽叶》（Romeo and Juliet）、《哈姆莱特》（Hamlet）、《奥赛罗》（Othello）、《李尔王》（King Lear）、《麦克白》（Macbeth）
历史剧《亨利四世》（Henry IV）
传奇剧《暴风雨》（The Tempest）

本·琼生 Ben Johnson
• 《人人高兴》（Every Man in His Humor）

• 《狐狸》（Volpone）

• 《练金术士》（The Alchemist ）

三、17世纪文学
约翰·弥尔顿 John Milton
《失乐园》（Paradise Lost）
《复乐园》（Paradise Regained）
诗剧《力士参孙》（Samson Agonistes）

• 约翰·班扬（John Bunyan）
《天路历程》（The Pilgrim’s Progress）

• 威廉·康格里夫（William Congreve）
《以爱还爱》（Love for Love）
《如此世道》（The Way of the World ）

四、启蒙时期文学（17世纪后期—18世纪中期）
18世纪初，新古典主义成为时尚。新古典主义推崇理性，强调明晰、对称、节制、优雅，追求艺术形式的完美及和谐。亚历山大·蒲柏（Alexander Pope）是新古典主义诗歌的代表。
• 亨利·菲尔丁 Henry Fielding
《汤姆·琼斯》（Tom Jones）

• 乔纳森·斯威夫特 Jonathan Swift
《格列佛游记》 Gulliver’s Travels

• 丹尼尔·笛福 Daniel Defoe 英国小说之父
《鲁滨孙漂流记》（Robinson Crusoe）

• 亨利·菲尔丁 Henry Fielding
《汤姆·琼斯》（Tom Jones）

• 奥利弗·哥尔德斯密斯 Oliver Goldsmith
《荒村》（The Deserted Village）
• 詹姆斯·汤姆逊James Thomson
《四季歌》（The Seasons）
• 威廉·柯林斯 William Collins
《黄昏颂》（Ode to Evening）
• 托马斯·格雷 Thomas Gray
《墓园哀歌》（Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard ）

五、浪漫主义时期文学（1798-1832）
• 罗伯特·彭斯 Robert Burns
• 威廉·布莱克 William Blake

• 威廉·华兹华斯 William Wordsworth
• 塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治 Samuel Taylor Coleridge
《抒情歌谣集》（Lyrical Ballads ）
· Byron,Shelley,Keats

六、现实主义时期文学（19世纪30年代-1918）（维多利亚时代1832-1901）
• 罗伯特·布朗宁 Robert Browning戏剧独白
《皮帕走过了》（Pippa Passes）
《指环及书》（The Ring and the Book）

• 阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生 Alfred Tennyson
《悼念》（In Memoriam A. H. H）

勃朗特三姐妹

• 夏洛蒂·勃朗特 Charlotte Bronte
《简·爱》（Jane Eyre）
• 艾米丽·勃朗特Emily Bronte
《呼啸山庄》（Wuthering Heights)
• 安妮·勃朗特 Anne Bronte
《阿格尼斯·格雷》（Agnes Grey）。

托马斯·哈代 Thomas Hardy
• 《德伯家的苔丝》
（Tess of the D’Urbervilles）

• 《无名的裘德》
（Jude the Obscure）

查尔斯·狄更斯Charles Dickens

• 《雾都孤儿》（Oliver Twist）
• 《大卫·科波菲尔》（David Copperfield）
• 《远大前程》（Great Expectations）
• 《荒凉山庄》（Bleak House）
• 《双城记》（A Tale of Two Cities）

一. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages中世纪文学（约5世纪—1485

<Beowulf>贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons
Epic: long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated.
e.g. Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey
Artistic features:
1. Using alliteration
Definition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound（头韵）
Some examples on P5
2. Using metaphor and understatement
Definition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled way Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideas
Geoffery Chaucer 杰弗里•乔叟1340(?)~1400
(首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。约翰·德莱顿（John Dryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”。代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。)
The father of English poetry.
It is ____alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive (综合的，广泛的)realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life. ( A )
A. Geoffrey Chaucer B. Matin Luther C. William Langland D. John Gower
writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity.
① <The Canterbury Tales>坎特伯雷故事集：
first time to use ‘heroic couplet’(双韵体) by middle English
②<Troilus and Criseyde>特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德
③ <The House of Fame>声誉之宫
Medieval Ages’ popular Literary form: Romance(传奇故事)
Famous three：King Arthur
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
Beowulf

II The Renaissance Period文艺复兴时期文学
（15世纪后期—17世纪初）

A period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.
Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.
Two features
1. a thirsting curiosity for the clasical literature
2. the keen interst in the activities of humanity.
The Renaissance marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world. The Renaissance is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts:
(1) to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe,
(2) to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie,
(3) to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.

Three historical events of the Renaissance – rebirth or revival:
1. new discoveries in geography and astrology
2. the religious reformation and economic expansion
3. rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture
The most famous dramatists:
Christopher Marlowe
William Shakespeare
Ben Johnson.

English Renaissance:the early 16th century to the early 17th century.

1. Edmund Spenser埃德蒙•斯宾塞1552~1599
（后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。） The poets’ poet. The first to be buried in the Poet’s corner of Westerminster Abbey
12. Which of the following statements is not the reason for that Edmund Spenser is famous for “the poet’s poet”? ( B )
A. Spenser’s idealism B. his struggle for criteria
C. his love of beauty D. his exquisite melody
  ①  <The Faerie Queene>仙后(for Queen Elizabeth)
The theme is not “Arms and the man”, but something more romantic “Fierce wars and faithfull loves”.
Artistic features:
1. Using Spenserian Stanza
Definition of Spenserian Stanza:a stanza of nine lines ababbcbcc. Eight lines in iambic pentameter, and last line in iambic hexameter.
② <The Shepherds Calendar>牧人日历
The theme is to lament over the loss of Rosalind.
③ <Amoretti>爱情小唱n
2.  Thomasl More托马斯•莫尔1478~1535
One of the greatest English humanists
①<Utopia>乌托邦n
3.  Francisl Bacon弗兰西斯•培根1561~1626
（哲学家、散文家；在论述探究知识的著作中提出了知识就是力量这一著名论断；近代唯物主义哲学的奠基人和近代实验科学的先驱。）
Philosopher, scientist, lay the foundation for modern science. The first English essayist.n
Writing style:brevity, compactness&powerfulness, well-arranging and enriching by Biblical allusions, metaphors and philosophy to man’s reason.
①<The Advancement of Learning>学术的推进
②<Essays>随笔(famous quotas: <Of studies>)n
The theme of Of Studies: uses and benefits of study and different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies.
4. Ben Jonson
①<Comedy of Humours>
②<Volpone, or the fox>狐狸
5. Christopherl Marlowe柯里斯托弗•马洛1564~1595
“University Wits”, the pioneer of English drama（完善了无韵体诗。）
Blank verse: written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.
14. Marlowe gave new vigor to ____ with his “mighty lines” ( D )
A. the Petrarchan sonnet B. sestina
C. terza rima D. blank verse
①<The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus>浮士德博士的悲剧（根据德国民间故事书写成）
②<Tamburlaine>帖木耳大帝n 
③<The Jew of Malta>马耳他的犹太人
6.  William Shakespeare威廉•莎士比亚1564~1616l
 ① Historical plays: Henry VI ; Henry IV : Richard III ; Henry V ；Richard II；Henry VIII
②Four Comedies: <As You Like It>皆大欢喜; <Twelfth Night>第十二夜; <A Midsummer Night’S Dream>仲夏夜之梦; <Merchant Of Venice>威尼斯商人
③Four Tragedies: <Hamlet>哈姆莱特; <Othello>奥赛罗; <King Lear>李尔王; <Macbeth>麦克白
④Shakespeare Sonnet :154 <The Sonnets>
Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefgg
A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme.

III The 17th Century17世纪文学

  1. John Milton约翰•弥尔顿1608~1674
（诗人、政论家;失明后写 《失乐园》、《复乐园》、《力士参孙》。）
①Epics: <Paradise Lost>失乐园n
 <Paradisen Regained>复乐园
②Dramatic poem: < Samson Agonistes>力士参孙
③ <Areopagitica>论出版自由n
<The Defence of the English People>为英国人民声辩
④ <On His Blindness>我的失明
This sonnet is written in iambic pentameter rhymed in abba abba cde cde, typical of Italian sonnet.
Its theme is that people use their talent for God, and they serve him best sho can endure the suffering best.
2.  John Bunyan约翰•班扬1628~1688
（代表作《天路历程》，宗教寓言，被誉为“具有永恒意义的百科全书”，是英国文学史上里程碑式著作。及但丁的《神曲》、奥古斯丁的《忏悔录》并列为世界三大宗教题材文学杰作。）
Puritan poet(清教徒派诗人)
①Religionary Allegory:<The Pilgrim’s Progress>天路历程n
3. John Donne
the Metaphysical poet(玄学派诗人).
Metaphysical Poetry(玄学诗)：（用语）the diction is simple, the imagery is from the actual, (形式)the form is frequently an argument with the poet’s beloved, with god, or with himself.（主题：love, religious, thought）
Artistic features:
1. conceits or imagery奇思妙喻
2. syllogism三段论
① Meditations 沉思录
The Flea 虱子
② Songs And Sonnets
Holy Sonnets
③Valediction:<Forbidding Mourning>

IV The 18th Century启蒙时期文学（17世纪后期—18世纪中期）

：Enlightenment同时为美国独立战争及法国大革命提供了框架，并且导致了资本主义和社会主义的兴起，及音乐史上的巴洛克时期以及艺术史上的新古典主义时期是同一时期。
A revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感) and accuracy
The Age of Enlightenment/Reason: the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason(rationality), equality&science(the 18th century)
小说崛起：In the mid-century, the newly literary form, modern English novel rised(realistic novel现实主义小说)
Gothic novel(哥特式小说)：mystery, horror, castles(from middle part to the end of century)
1.  Alexander Pope亚历山大•蒲柏1688~1744
（18世纪英国最伟大的诗人，其诗多用“英雄双韵体”/ “ heroic couplets”。词句工整、精练、富有哲理性。）
As a representative of the Enlightenment， Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England....
Eg. Among the representatives of the Enlightenment, who was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England? ( C )
A. John Bunyan B. Daniel Defoe C. Alexander Pope D. Jonathan Swift
①<An Essay on Criticism>批评论n
Artistic features:
1.Using “heroic couplets”
② <The Rape of the Lock>卷发遇劫记
③ <Moral Essays>道德论
<Essay on Man>人论n
<The Dunciad>愚人记
2.  Samuell Johnson塞缪尔•约翰逊1709~1784
      ①Dictionary =<A Dictionary of English Language>英语大词典n
3. Jonathan Swift乔纳森•斯威夫特1667~1745
（十八世纪杰出的政论家和讽刺小说家a master satirist。）
① <Gulliver’s Travels>格列佛游记(fictional work)
Four parts:
Lilliput 小人国 Brobdingnag 大人国
Flying Island 飞岛 Houyhnhnm 马岛
<A Modest Proposal>一个小小的建议n
② <The Battle of Books>书战
③ <A Tale of a Tub>木桶的故事n
④ <The Drapper’s Letters>一个麻布商的书信
4. Daniel Defoe丹尼尔•笛福1660~1731
（小说家，新闻记者，小册子作者；十八世纪英国现实主义小说的奠基人。）l
He is the first writer study of the lower-class people, his language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular, and he is the founder of realistic novel.
① <Robinsonn Crusoe>鲁宾逊漂流记
It praise the fortitude of the human labor and the Puritan.
Robinson grew from a naive and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man,tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life.
It is an adventure story, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24-years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England.
② <Moll Flanders>
③ <Colonel Jacque>
④ <Captain singleton>
5. Henry Fielding亨利•菲尔丁1707~1754
（英国小说家，戏剧家，被誉为“英国小说之父” 。）
He is called “Father of English novel”. He was the first to write a “Comic epic in prose”(散文体史诗), and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.
① novels:
<The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling>弃婴汤姆•琼斯
<The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews>约瑟夫•安德鲁
<The Life of Mr Jonathan Wild, the Great>大诗人江奈生•威尔德
<Amelia>爱米利亚n
② plays:
<The Historical Register for 1736>一七三六年历史记事
<Don Quixote in England>堂吉柯德在英国n
6. Oliver Goldsmith奥利弗•格尔德斯密斯1730~1774
① poems:
 <The Traveller>旅游人
 <The Deserted Village>荒村
② novel:
 <The Vicar of Wakefield>威克菲尔德牧师传n
7.   Richard Brinsley Sheridan理查德•布林斯利•施莱登1751~1816
① <The Rivals>情敌n
② <The Schooln for Scandal>造谣学校
8. William Blake威廉•布莱克1757~1827
① <Songs of Innocence>天真之歌
A happy and innocent world from children’s eye.
② <Songs of Experience>经验之歌
A word of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone from men eyes.
Include:  <The Chimney Sweeper>
<London>
<The Tyger>
Lamb is a symbol of peace and purity
Tyger is a symbol of dread and oiolence
③  <The Marriage of Heaven and Hell>天堂及地狱的婚姻n
9. Robert Burns罗伯特•彭斯1759~1796
The greatest Scottish poet in the late 18th century.
Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect主要用苏格兰方言写的诗
① <John Anderson, My Jo>约翰•安德生，我的爱人
② <A Red, Red Rose>一朵红红的玫瑰n
③ <Auld Longn Syne>往昔时光
④ <A Man’s a Man for A’That>不管那一套n
⑤ <My Heart’s in then Highlands>我的心在那高原上
⑥ <Bruce At Bannockburn>
⑦ <The Tree Of Liberty>

V The Romantic Period浪漫主义时期文学（1798-1832）

The romantic period began in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s <Lyrical Ballads>, and end in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death.
Romanticism:It emphasize the specialqualitie of each individual’s mind.(人应该是独立自由的个体)
In it, emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplace.
Two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen (realistic) and Walter Scott (romantic).
“The Lake Poets”湖畔诗人，who lived in the lake district.
William Wordsworth; Samuel Taylor Coleridge; Robert Southey
1. William Wordsworth威廉•华兹华斯1770~1850
（及柯尔律治、骚塞同被称为“湖畔派”诗人。 The Lake Poets）
① <Lyrical Ballads>抒情歌谣集(with Samuel Taylor Coleridge)
② <I Wondered Lonely As A Cloud>
Theme:1.Nature embodies human beings in their diverse circumstance. It is nature that give him “strength and knowledge fullof peace”
2.It is bliss to recolled the beauty of nature in poet mind while he is in solitude.
Comment:The poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils(水仙) and poet’s philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts.
③ Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey
④ The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女
② <The Prelude>序曲
2.  Samuel Taylor Coleridge塞缪尔•泰勒•科尔律治1772~1834
        The Lake Poets
① <The Rime of the Ancient Mariner>古舟子颂
② <Christabel>柯里斯塔贝尔
③ <Kubla Khan>忽必烈汗
Artistic features: mysticism, demonism with strong imagination, a strange territory
④ <Frost at Night>半夜冰霜
⑤ <Dejection, an Ode>忧郁颂
⑥ <Lyrical Ballads>抒情歌谣集(with William Wordsworth)
3.  George Gordon Byron乔治•戈登•拜伦1788~1824
（拜伦式英雄Byronic heroes孤傲、狂热、浪漫，却充满了反抗精神。内心充满了孤独及苦闷，却又蔑视群小。恰尔德·哈罗德是拜伦诗歌中第一个“拜伦式英雄”。）l
“Byronic hero” is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules or mo