自考现代英语语法学习笔记-第七章-助动词.doc

助动词
1. 动词词组的基本形式是：
pre-modification + Head word, pre-modification分为三类，这章主要讲助动词.
考点1
a) 助动词可以分为两类，推测性意义和非推测性意义，（predictive and non-predictive meaning）, 推测性意义表示说话者对所陈述事情可靠性的评估，不同的情态动词表示不同的信心程度，与说话者有关； 非推测性意义包括“能力”，“允许”“命令”“意志“等，与句子的主语有关.
b) Degree of Confidence:
Must>Will>would>ought to>should>can>could>may>might
考点2
c) The past sentence form of the modal auxiliary is not related in past time. Just express the speaker’s present assumption.
2. 助动词用法详解。
Can & Could
Can
Could
Predictive: Possibility
推测意义：表示可能性
Even in summer, it can be very cold here.
Non-Predictive:非推测意义：
1. Ability: Mary can speak 2 foreign Language
2. Permission: Can I talk to you？
3. 当被强调后，表达一种惊奇，迷茫或者不耐烦，特别是在WH-句中
What can he mean? How can you be so rude?
4. 与感知动词结合时，语法意义大于词汇意义.
I can hear the phone ringing,
Present time Context & Predictive: Possibility:
用在现在时态中，表推测意义：可能性
I know it could be very dangerous, but I will go on.
Non-Predictive: 非推测意义：
1. Ability: if I could type, I wouldn’t having you do the job.
2. Permission: I wonder if I could park my car there.
3. 表达礼貌或暂接受邀请，要求。
I wonder if I could borrow some tea?
尽管人们希望自己的要求被实现，可是出于礼貌选择用could，表明没有指望自己的愿望被完全实现，全看被要求者的意愿。

Past time Context & Predictive: Possibility:
用在过去时态中，表推测意义：可能性
They knew it could be very dangerous.
Past time Context & Non Predictive: Ability:
用在过去时中，表推测意义：能力
（Doesn’t refer to a single instance of ability on a particular past occasion, it signifies an ability in a very general sense. (could的否定形式除外，ability on a particular past occasion expressed by :be able to, manage, succeed…）
***They played hard and could win the game. Wrong
They played hard but still couldn’t win the game.
He ran fast and managed to catch the bus.

Past time Context & Non Predictive: Permission
Police told him he could not leave his car in the road.
Can + Perfect infinitive
一般表推测意义，完成时态一般指过去发生的事情。几乎都是疑问和否定形式.
They can’t have been here yesterday.
Can he have revealed the secret, I wonder?
Could + Pefect infinitive
指过去的一件有可能发生而没有发生的事情（本应做而没有做的事），或者指暂定的可能性.
You could have tired the back door.
Could you have left your book at the office?

May & Might
May
Might
1. Predictive: Possibility
If you don’t work hard, you may fall again.
2. Non Predictive : Permission
May I come in ? You may not touch the article。
3. Wish 除了上面情况,May还可以表示愿望，特别在感叹句中.
May you both be happy.
4. 与WH问句连用，询问信息，带种不确定的暗示.
Well, who may you be?
5. May well, may as well, may just as well 表达有道理.
（Might 同样有此用法）
You may well say so.
You may as well stay here for the night.
1. Present time Context & Predictive: Possibility:
She might be watching TV in her room now.
2. Non-Predictive: 非推测意义：Permission
I wonder if I might borrow some tea?
3. 礼貌用法，假设或暂定性以避免鲁莽和激进。（同could）
You might be more careful in future.
Past Context & Predictive: Possibility:
用在过去时态中，表推测意义：可能性
He said that she might be the right person for the job.
Past time Context & Non-Predictive: Permission
He asked if he might leave the office earlier, the manager replied that he might not.
May + Perfect infinitive 完成不定式
助动词表推测性意义，整个句子非疑问句。
表明说话者对所陈述的过去的事情的不确定性。
She might have arrived earlier than he expected.
They might have been here a moment ago.
Might + Perfect infinitive 完成不定式
同May,
Might +不定式表明过去没有发生的那件事有在过去有很大的发生的可能性。
If you’d proposed, I might have married you.

Can VS May
Can
May
1. Possibility: 表示理论上的可行性。
=it’s possible (for…) to
Technically speaking, bank notes can be counterfeited.
只是逻辑上的推论。
2. 否定 can’t : impossibility (Must表预测时的否定形式)
3. 疑问： 表推测性意义，可能性时，can代替may
Can there be life on Mars?
1. Possibility: 表示现实生活中的可行性。没有证据，只是根据现实生活情况推测出的结论.
=it’s possible that
The road may be block not far from here.
2. 否定 May not: something is mot in the case
3. 疑问： 表推测性意义，可能性时，can代替may
2. Permission: 木有太大区别，非正规场合用can.
You can forget about it.
2. Permission: 木有太大区别，正规场合用May.
Only members may buy drinks at the bar.

7.2 Will & Shall
Will & Would （‘ll & ‘d）
Will
Would
1. Predictive: 预测力，逻辑上的必要性.
说话者有很大的信心
I don’t think it will rain in the afternoon.
If it rains, the picnic will have to be canceled..
2. Non Predictive: 非推测性意义：
1. Willingness
Will you pass me the salt?
2. Intension
I will kill him for this.
3. Insistence
I will be obeyed. (stress on will)
************************************************************
* Will表示说话者对事物的假设，而不是时态构成成分.可表示过去现在未来.
* 当will被强调时，不可缩写成‘ll，这是will的肯定度也随之上升，几乎相当于must了。
1. Present time Context & Predictive: Predictability 预测力
用在现在时态中，表推测意义：可能性
That would be the postman at the door.
2. Non-Predictive: 非推测意义：
1. Willingness
Would you please do me a favor?
2. Intension
You wouldn’t marry him for money, would u?
3. 礼貌用语
If you would just wait a minute.
4. 假设用法，表示事情与说话者的假设，意愿相反。
If I were you, I wouldn’t do that.

Past time Context & Predictive: Predictability
用在过去时态中，表推测意义：预测性
Ann said that the exam would be put off until Friday.
Past time Context & Non Predictive:
1. Willingness
She asked if I would help her with her homework.
2. Intension
He promised that he wouldn’t do that again.
3. Insistence
He would keep interrupt me.
2. Will + progressive infinitive 进行不定式
表示纯粹的，中立的将来。事情将会按正常情况进行，个人意志不会影响其发展.
I will be seeing you tomorrow.
2. would + perfect infinitive 完成不定式
根据与过去事实不同的假设前提，表示与现实相反的假设。
We would have won the game if he had joined us.
表示现在对过去的不确定的假设
-Someone called you last night. -That would be Jeremy

Shall
1. 第一人称时代替will使用； 比will 正式.
Predicted 推测性用法: Predictability，logical necessity 同will
Non-Predicted 非推测性用法： willingness，intension， insistence 同will.
2. 当shall与第二人称或者第三人称配合时，表达了说话者强烈的意愿或坚持。
She shall be mine !! *(如果用will的话，就带有一种预测性了)。

Should & Ought to (nearly the same)
Should
Ought to
1. Predictive : tentative inference 推断的结果
Jan should be in New York by now.
*will和must的弱版，他们都表示可能性的积极结果，后两者的肯定程度高于should。用Should时，说话者不知道他说的到底是对还是错。
2. Non Predictive: Obligation （与must比较）
You should listen to your parents.
指该做的出“最恰当”“最合适”的事情，
1. Predictive : tentative inference 推断的结果
Jan ought to be in New York by now.
2. Non Predictive: Obligation
You ought to listen to your parents.
这两种情况可以与should互换。
2. Predictive + Perfect Infinitive
对过去事情状态有信心的猜测。
You won’t find them here, they should have left 1h ago.
Non predictive + Perfect Infinitive
表示该做的没有做，暗示与obligation相反的事实。
It serves you right, you should have listened to me.

1. Putative “should”
-that从句，接在表示感受或者意见的形容词或者副词后。起组成结构的作用.
It’s strange that she should were dress for an informal party,
-if 从句，比从句中现在时表示的事情更具不确定性.
If he should be found guilt, he will lose everything.

对比
1. More often that ought to
2. 可用在陈述，疑问，否定句中。
3. Obligation use: 主观，说话者的志愿占主导。
Friendly advice.
1. Less often than should
2. 不用在疑问和否定句中.
3. Obligation use:客观，道德或者社会法则，规定占主导。
Non-negotiable.

Must
1. Predictive:
certainty, unavoidable deduction
John must be in NY by now.
*助动词里肯定程度最高，不用在将来时。（在将来时里用will或者should代替）
*否定或者疑问句里用can来代替.
Can John be in NY…?
John can’t be in NY …
2. Non Predictive:
Necessity, compulsion, obligation. （speaker oriented）
-I must write to my mother tonight.
-She’s fat, she mustn’t eat so much.
-You must have cleaned up this mess before I come back.
*Strong must 具有主观性，强加命令给听话者。
*Weak must 具有客观性，表示强加的命令是外部的或者根据环境而定的。
(1). You must do as you r told, or you’ll be fired.
(2). We must not forget to ring her first thing in the morning.
(3). Candidates must answer at least 5 questions.
(4). Clay pots must have some protection from severe weather.
最strong的must有下面几个特征：
1主语是听话的第二人2. 句子主要动词是行动3 说话者想让主语实施他所说的动作4说话者比主语权利高。
*Must做obligation讲时，表示强制性，不像should或者ought to表示“恰当”。不可以有过去式。

Need
1. Predictive 很少用在推测性句中。
2. Non Predictive同Must: necessity
常用在否定句中表达不必性，或者在疑问句中希望获得一个否定的答案.不适用在陈述句中。
You needn’t come if you don’t like
Need you see the doc again?
3. 加上半否定词后，need可以被用在陈述句中.（hardly，seldom， rarely…）
You need hardly say she is innocent.
4. Need作为词汇词使用时，可以放在陈述句中。
I need to finish my homework tonight.
2. Need + perfect infinitive (助动词)
Needn’t have done sth.
尽管过去已经做了某事，但是这件事是没有必要做的。
You needn’t have carried the parcel home, the shop would have delivered if you had asked.
Didn’t need to do sth.
暗示因为木有必要所以没有做某事。
You Didn’t need to carry the parcel home because the shop will do that.

Have to & Have got to (半助动词)
1.Predictive:
certainty, unavoidable deduction
Peter has (got) to be ill.
2. Non Predictive:
Necessity, compulsion, obligation. （speaker free）
I have to be at office at 8:50.
2者区别： 1. Have to更正式；2. Have got to没有过去，不可加不定形式。而have to可以；3.have to客观，have got to主观。

Dare
1. 用在 non assertive句中中，疑问&否定，不用再陈述句中 （同need）
I dare not ask him again.
2. 做词汇词用，可以省略to （与need不同）
He does not dare (to) say that.

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