环保验收中的问题及数据分析.ppt

,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,“,环保验收,”,中的 问题及数据分析,齐文启,中国环境监测总站,2017,年,10,月,1,一、从程序找问题,资料不及时,带着问题看现场,批复中问题,环保要求对照、合理性,监测方法选择、,D.L,公众意见分析,环保管理（风险、素质）,数据合理性,建议表述,重金属及伴生元素监测,2,二、方案中的问题,1,、概况,尽量简化，与环评不同,目前又乱，内容又多，不加选择抄环评,2,、工艺流程，产物环节,3,、环保设施,列表最好,名称 规格（含去除率）现状,3,二、方案中的问题,4,、布点,有组织排污,无组织排污（难，最大落地范围？炭黑尘）,注意：污染物时、空分布,5,、监测项目,环评中没有怎么办？错了怎么办？,（兰州铝厂、大连石化、杭州农药；扬州二电、惠州惠菱、东方化工等，浓度和总量、涉重项目的环境质量）,法规,标准（质量、排放）,参照标准（农药、染料行业,）,4,二、方案中的问题,6,、监测方法,选择必须合理，,D.L,是关键。,7,、执行的验收标准,以,“,环评,”,、,“,批复,”,为主，存在问题请示,8,、,“,批复,”,中提出问题的回答,9,、其他,民众调查,10,、测什么？怎么测？在哪儿测？,5,三、验收报告中的问题,1,、监测结果,首先是数据合理性判断、选用,必要时要查原始数据,目前存在问题最多。,例,：（,1,）,某电厂,地下水,pH6.7,6.9,（环评）,受纳灰渣后,pH5.62,6.67,（灰渣水,pH9.7,10.3,）,噪声夜间,昼间,6,（,2,）某汽车制造厂 非甲烷总烃，车间达标 无组织和对照点超标？,（,3,）某污水厂,SS,入口小于出口 水平衡问题大,7,（,4,）其它数据的问题,油田：,1,）非甲烷总烃（无组织排放）,上风向,（上）,7.22,，（下）,1.46,、,0.85,、,0.74,、,0.57,2,）锅炉（,mg/m,3,）,SO,2,2,、,NOx 87,3,）含油废水处理：油类（,mg/L),进口,62.9,出口,8.63,176,平均,92.32,4,）废水处理,油类（,mg/L,）,进口：,592,、,386,、,794,、,28.2,，平均,450.0,出口：,0.11,、,0.32,、,0.05,、,0.01,，平均,0.16,COD,（,mg/L,）,进口：,1510,、,1420,、,1210,、,724,，平均,1220,出口：,31,、,103,、,61,、,78,，平均,68.2,8,5,）杭州农药厂问题,6,）,COD BOD DO,问题,？,7,）某造纸厂：总排口（,mg/L,）,COD 103.238,BOD 119.320,8,）湿法脱硫、氯乙烯、氯碱,COD,？,9,）酿造,COD,达标，,BOD,不达标,9,(5),铝业改造、全方位问题多,样品编号,样品名称,浸出液,pH,浸出液氟化物,(mg/L),土壤中总氟,(mg/kg),验收,环评,验收,环评,1#,020,6.62,0.38,37.0,538,262.6,2040,6.30,0.56,499,均值,/,0.47,518.5,2#,020,4.68,0.09,36.1,1485,237.5,2040,4.54,0.06,966,均值,/,0.075,1255.5,3#,020,5.74,0.07,75.5,1743,346.3,2040,5.43,0.05,1267,均值,/,0.06,1505,10,（,6,）其他（表达错误）,气：,F,-,水：,CN,-,、,Cr,6+,、,F,-,、,S,2-,、,Cl,，,DO,、,pH,没有超标倍数。,11,（,7,）城镇污水处理厂,采样,GB18918-2002,“,城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准,”,4.1.4,取样与监测,在末端排口取样，自动比例采样装置，至少每,2h,一次，取,24h,混合样，以日均值计。,pH,（如何取均值），水温，,BOD,怎么办？,污泥重金属含量是否可农用。,处理样品问题。,工况难达,75%,。,12,（,8,）,NH,3,-N,TN,NH,3,-N,含量高,GB11894-89,总氮，碱性过硫酸钾消解分光光度法，,7.,分析步骤,120,124,加热,30min,，冷却（？），开阀放气，取出比色管冷却至室温（？）,NH,3,跑了。,13,（,9,）如何分析问题,某军工厂,pH 9.20,，,pH9.04,超标吗？,（,10,）石化,COD,等污水厂,进口变化大可理解，没变化假的,!,出口应有变化，太大采样有问题！,只采一次样，数据把时间拉开？,VOC?SVOC?,具体污染物好,14,（,11,）测定,5,次，有,2,次低于,D.L,，如何取均值？,应全国统一，本人意见只用,3,次均值。,（,12,）汽油（轻）无组织 非甲烷烃,柴油（重）无组织 测三苯、多环芳烃,15,1,、空白,GR,试剂质量,海南砒霜门事件，,As,空白,2300,，,Hg 900,多,GR HNO,3,、,Hg,空白：,276.00,，,40.35,，,31.73,，,2.34,，如何解决？,Pb,空白问题，血铅事件（浙江、湖北）,As,浓度（,ug/L,）：,2.62,、,5.24,、,10.48,、,31.44,信号 ：,76,、,95,、,185,、,475,空白信号 ：,482,、,483,、,489,2,、样品前处理：,必要性，酸空白,四、影响数据质量的因素,16,3,、污水,Pb,的测定实例,火焰原子吸收分光光度法,测定波长（,nm,）,283.3,灯电流（,mA,）,3.0,扣背景方式,氘灯 塞曼,燃气流量（,L/min,）,1.3,狭缝宽度（,nm,）,1.2,前处理方法,无前处理，水样,名称,标准浓度（,g/L,）,峰高,峰面积,空白,0,0.01497,0.005134,标样,1,8,0.08573,0.03120,标样,2,16,0.1564,0.05502,标样,3,24,0.2243,0.07930,标样,4,32,0.2799,0.1011,标样,5,40,0.3440,0.1220,仪器回归；,r,2,=0.9998,，,a=0.0033,，,b=0.1438,手工回归,：,r=0.993,，,a=0.0072,，,b=0.0029,17,问题分析,1,、分析条件是否合适？,应选择石墨炉法，火焰法灵敏度太低，或用富燃火焰。,2,、标准系列配制合理吗？,样品吸光度值都在标线第,1,个浓度点以下，都小于,0.055,，甚至相当多的水样吸光度值低于特征质量值，其中,1,、,2,号和,7-12,号样测定值无效。,3,、样品为什么要前处理？,18,4,、分析结果计算方法是否对？,仪器：,r,2,=0.9998,，,a=0.0033,，,b=0.1438,手工：,r=0.993,，,a=0.0072,，,b=0.0029,相差太大。,5,、必须按,HJ/T 91-2002,用内插法,（比例法）计算结果，结果见表。,19,结果计算,样品编号,吸光度,测定浓度（,mg/L,）,手工计算（,mg/L,）,1,0.001371,0.0471,-,2,0.001767,0.06464,-,3,0.006337,0.2669,0.0016,4,0.006105,0.2566,0.0016,5,0.006498,0.274,0.0017,6,0.006191,0.2605,0.0016,7,0.000602,0.01311,8,0.000691,0.01706,-,9,0.000994,0.03046,-,10,0.000803,0.022,-,11,0.000923,0.02731,-,12,0.000533,0.01004,-,20,4,、污水中,Cd,的测定,测定波长（,nm,）,228.8,灯电流（,mA,）,3.0,扣背景方式,氘灯 塞曼,前处理方法,无前处理，水样,狭缝宽度（,nm,）,1.2,石墨炉升温程序,干燥,1,干燥,2,干燥,3,灰化,原子化,时间（,S,）,35,25,12.5,12.8,3.3,温度（）,90,105,110,800,1300,名称,浓度（,g/L,）,峰高,峰面积,空白,0,0.02375,0.007626,标样,1,0.5,0.1532,0.05149,标样,2,1.0,0.2422,0.08796,标样,3,1.5,0.3243,0.1190,标样,4,2.0,0.3715,0.1437,标样,5,2.5,0.4373,0.1671,仪器回归；,r,2,=0.9998,，,a=0.0973,，,b=0.0094,手工回归,：,r=0.98,，,a=0.0128,，,b=0.0653,21,样品编号,稀释倍数,吸光度,样品浓度（,g/L,）,手工计算（,g/L,）,质控样,100,0.1455,202,141,1,1,0.02611,0.1986,0.2535,2,1,0.01418,0.06916,0.1377,3,1,0.01455,0.07303,0.1413,4,1,0.01154,0.04131,0.1121,5,1,0.01298,0.05647,0.1260,备注：质控样保证值,206,9,g/L,。,22,问题分析,1,、水样不经处理，不对。使用,1.2nm,通带宽度,(,不是狭缝,),太大了，应在,0.8nm,以下，克服可能存在的光谱干扰。,2,、原子化温度太低，仅,1300,，用纵向塞曼仅相当于,1600,-1700,，应在,2500,-2600,原子化。,3,、标准系列配制浓度太高，最低点,0.5,g/L,的吸光度值是,0.051,，而浓度最高的样品吸光度值仅,0.026,，在,0-0.5,g/L,定量是不对的。,23,4,、标准曲线：,r,2,=0.9998,，,a=0.0973,，,b=0.0094,手工回归：,r=0.98,，,a=0.0128,，,b=0.0653,线性不好，不能用回归方程处理数据。,5,、按,HJ/T 91-2002,计算,2,号结果为：（,0.5,：,0.05149=x,：,0.01418,），,x=0.1377,，为线性回归计算结果的两倍。,6,、背景监测（能否扣除，负值？）,24,5,、污水中,Hg,的测定,编号,浓度,（,g/L,）,荧光强度,空白,0.0,0.0,标准,1,0.2,61.3,标准,2,0.8,216.1,标准,3,1.2,365.0,标准,4,1.6,488.2,标准,5,2.0,627.6,样品空白,1,0.7,226.8,样品空白,2,0.7,216.6,回归方程,a=-8.89 b=312.3,相关系数,r=0.998,样品空白荧光强度,226,，,216,25,问题分析,1,、样品空白,226,216,，原因分析：电压过高，采样、运输过程沾污，记忆效应（热法）。,2,、,r0.999,，仅为,0.998,。,3,、,1.6g/L,的浓度点，采用比例法计算,。,4,、排风与原子化器间距。,5,、空器洗涤。,6,、,9,瓶,HNO3,或,HCl,混匀使用,26,污水中,Hg,的监测结果（,mg/L),监测,点位,样品编号,稀释倍数,荧光强度,线性回归,计算结果,比例法,计算结果,样品空白,1,样品空白,2,1,1,226.8,216.6,0.000755,0.000722,0.000744,0.000710,处理设施,进口,W1-1,W1-2,W1-3,W1-4,W1-5,W1-6,W1-7,W1-8,250,250,250,500,500,500,500,500,432.2,442.2,397.8,451.1,432.1,387.6,505.7,520.3,0.168,0.176,0.141,0.367,0.336,0.265,0.454,0.478,0.172,0.181,0.144,0.378,0.344,0.272,0.465,0.489,日均值,第一天,第二天,0.213,0.383,0.219,0.392,处理设施,出口,W2-1,W2-2,W2-3,W2-3n,W2-4,W2-5,W2-6,W2-7,W2-8,125,125,125,125,125,125,125,125,125,337.9,326.9,354.9,337.9,331.2,355.1,308.8,304.8,311.6,0.046,0.042,0.053,0.046,0.044,0.053,0.035,0.033,0.036,0.048,0.043,0.054,0.048,0.045,0.055,0.036,0.034,0.037,日均值,第一天,第二天,0.046,0.039,0.047,0.040,27,6,、地下水中,As,的测定,编号,浓度,荧光强度,空白,0.0,56.8,标准,1,0.5,82.3,标准,2,1.0,125.9,标准,3,2.0,221.9,标准,4,3.0,319.5,标准,5,4.0,401.6,标准,6,5.0,496.5,回归方程,a=-12.6 b=90.0,相关系数,r=0.999,标准系列,g/L,28,地下水中,As,的监测结果,监测点位,样品编号,荧光强度,线性回归,计算结果,（,g/L,）,空白,1,空白,2,0.28,0.56,1#,监测井,（上游）,W3-1,W3-2,W3-2n,7.88,7.06,7.11,0.083,0.074,0.074,2#,监测井,（下游）,W4-1,W4-2,8.89,8.23,0.094,0.087,注：,W3-2n,为,W3-2,的平行样,。,29,问题分析,1,、标准系列空白的荧光强度为,56.8,。,2,、水样空白平行样的荧光强度为,0.28,和,0.56,3,、标准系列受到沾污，水、酸、试剂,。,4,、样品荧光强度较低，均在校准曲线最低浓度点（,0.5g/L,）以下，准确度难以保证。,5,、结果无效，水样的荧光强度在,7.06-8.89,之间，空白荧光强度达,56.8,。,6,、报出,D.L,即可。,30,7,、其他问题,1,）排气（,VOC,类袋？柱？,20min,以上）,电子行业：项目,1,、,A,、,NMC 30.4mg/m,3,丙酮,18.5mg/m,3,异丙醇,163(43.5)mg/m,3,B,、,NMC 39.2 mg/m,3,异丙醇,482(128.2)mg/m,3,丙酮,8.97 mg/m,3,丙烯,2.99 mg/m,3,C,、,NMC 49.8mg/m,3,异丙醇,701(186.5),项目,2,、,TVOC GC-PID,（美国,RAE PGM-7240,）,A,、,NMC 9.6 mg/m,3,TVOC 26.15mg/m,3,异丙醇,84,（,22.4,）,mg/m,3,B,、,NMC 13 mg/m,3,TVOC 19.65mg/m,3,异丙醇,100,（,26.7,）,mg/m,3,31,2,）无组织,NMC 1.3,TVOC 0.045,IPA 0.3,NMC 0.86,TVOC 0.047,IPA 0.3,NMC 1.1,TVOC 0.11,IPA 0.3,NMC 1.4,TVOC 0.11,NMC 1.9,TVOC 0.086,NMC 1.5,TVOC 0.11,NMC 1.5,TVOC 0.093,32,3,）垃圾焚烧发电,CEMC,与手工比较,监测次数,CEMS,监测,(mg/m,3,),手工监测,(mg/m,3,),RSD(%),SO,2,NO,x,SO,2,NOx,SO,2,NOx,A1,235,301,4.7,232,4900,30,A2,106,194,9.6,74,1004,162,A3,117,229,26.7,89,338,157,B1,218,336,2.86,152,1740,121,B2,125,382,33.3,198,275,93,B3,117,361,32.5,394,260,84,33,4,）土壤（涉重项目必测）,一般只采表层，为什么？,何时采剖面，怎么采？,制样四分法，剔除异物，风干（,Hg,，测失水）、烘干,空白不只,12,个，多个,方法选择：,As,、,Hg,、,Se,、,Sb,、,Bi,，,AFS,其他,AA,、,ICP,，,Ni?,原始数据,34,5,）,COD,、,BOD,、,TOC,概念,COD 5058mg/L,（不少有机污染反应不出）,BOD D.L,TOC 280320mg/L,为什么？,TOC,16/12COD 368416mg/L,35,五、结论,监测结果与,“,批复,”,对照；,浓度达标，总量超标；,浓度、总量达标（,OK,）；,处理效率未达初设要求。,其他,改扩建项目本底超标（铝厂，大连石化等）；,环保设施应付验收；,工矿未达,75%,；,噪声事不小；,合资、独资项目；,环评及批复（成都印钞厂、松原乙酸厂）；,以上问题，与上级沟通；,开发区泡沫，拆迁？,超标问题分析，尽量详细。,36,六、建议,不可笼统而谈，对项目有针对性；,超标问题重点分析；,历史问题加以分析，是否增产不增污；,能细尽细；,风险防范；,设施管理、运行。,37,谢 谢！,38,