英汉句子比较与翻译市公开课金奖市赛课一等奖课件.pptx

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,英汉句子比较与翻译,第1页,第1页,英汉句子结构比较,英语重形合（hypotaxis)，汉语重意合（parataxis),形合主要靠语言本身语法手段（形式手段），意合主要靠句子内部逻辑联系,比方:,英语句子：一棵参天大树，一串葡萄，一串珍珠，一树荔枝,汉语句子：一根竹子，一盘珠子，一江波涛,第2页,第2页,奈达 译意Translating meaning:,就汉语和英语而言，也许在语言学中最主要一个区别就是形合与意合对比(contrast between hypotaxis and parataxis),英语注重,显性衔接,（overt cohesion），汉语注重,隐性连贯,（covert coherence),第3页,第3页,傅雷：东方人与西方人思维方式有基本分歧，我人重综合，重归纳，重暗示，重含蓄；西方人则重分析，细微曲折，挖掘唯恐不尽，描写唯恐不周。,汉语学家王力：西洋语法是硬，没有弹性；中国语法是软，富有弹性。因此中国语法以达意为主。英国人写文章往往化零为整，而中国人写文章却往往化整为零。,第4页,第4页,例句：,由于距离远，又缺乏交通工具，使农村社会与外界隔绝，而这种隔绝，又由于通讯工具不足而变得愈加严重。,Because there is a great distance and there are not enough transport facilities,the rural world is isolated.This isolation has become more serious because there are not enough information media.,The isolation,of the rural world,because of distance and lack of transport facilities,is compounded by,the paucity of the information media.,第5页,第5页,英语句子中，名词与介词占优势,主谓机制,：抓住了谓语动词就抓住了英语句子灵魂。,名词与名词之间联系要借介词来串通,第6页,第6页,Carlisle Street,runs,westward,across,a great black bridge,down,a hill and,up,again,by,little shops and meat-markets,past,single-storied homes,until,suddenly it stops,against,a wide green lawn.（7个介词）,卡莱尔大街往西伸展，,越过,一座黑色大桥，,爬下,山岗又爬上去，,通过,许多小铺和肉市，又,通过,一些平房，然后忽然,朝,着一大片绿色草地中断了。,第7页,第7页,Inadequate training,for,farmers and the low productivity,of,many farms,place,the majority,of,country dwellers,in,a disadvantageous position,in,their own countries.,农民,缺乏,训练，许多农场生产率,很低,，这就,使得,大多数农民,处于,贫穷境地。,第8页,第8页,汉语句子中，动词占优势,红楼梦：晴雯先,接出来,，,笑道,：“好啊，,叫,我,研,了墨，早,起高兴,，只,写,了三个字，,扔下,笔就,走,了，,哄,我,等,了这一天，快,来给,我,写,完了这些墨才,算,呢！”,第9页,第9页,英汉句子重心差异,We believe that it is right and necessary that people with different political and social systems should live side by sidenot just in a passive way but as active friends.,我们认为生活在不同政治社会制度下各国人民应该共处，不但仅是消极共处，而是要主动地友好相处，这是正确而必要。,汉语习惯是叙事在前，表态在后。英语习惯是表态在前，叙事在后。,第10页,第10页,The visit gives me the opportunity,which I have long sought,to see for myself the achievements of the Chinese people.,这次访问使我有机会亲眼看一看中国人民取得成就，,这是我向往已久。,I am heartened by the assurance,which your Government has repeatedly given that the arrangements for Hong Kong contained in the Agreement are not measures of expediency.,贵国政府一再表示，协议中相关香港安排不是权宜之计，,这种确保使我感到鼓舞,。,第11页,第11页,英语：end-weight头轻脚重，属于主语明显（subject-prominent）语言,It is.to;there,英语注重,主语,位置及其统帅全局作用。因此在汉译英中，如何找准句子重心，拟定主语经常是翻译成败关键原因。,第12页,第12页,汉语：头重脚轻，属于主题明显（topic-prominent）语言,语言学家赵元任：在汉语中，主语与谓语之间语法关系与其说是施事和动作关系，不如说是话题和阐明关系，施事和动作能够看作是话题和阐明一个特例。,第13页,第13页,I worked very hard on this book.,这本书我花了诸多心血。,He isnt interested in things like watching TV,listening to songs,or dancing.,看电视、唱歌、跳舞这类活动他都不感兴趣。,第14页,第14页,英汉语言语态上差别,英语：广泛使用被动语态,汉语：较少使用被动语态,第15页,第15页,英语被动语态使用情况：,1 不知道或是没有必要阐明行为实行者,The audience are requested to keep silent.,请观众保持肃静。,She was offered a job in a middle school.,人家给她一个中学里位置。,第16页,第16页,2 动作对象是谈话中心话题,Clinton is expected to give his testimony by videotape.,克林顿将会以录像形式提供证词。,The scientific research plan has already been drawn up.,科研计划已经拟出来了。,The girl was criticized yesterday.,这个女孩昨天挨了一顿批评。,第17页,第17页,3 无从说出动作实行者是谁,She was seen to go out of the room.,人家看见她走出了那个房间。,Youre wanted on the phone.,你电话。,This rubbish is being disposed of.,（有些人）正在处理这些垃圾。,第18页,第18页,4 为了加强上下文连贯、衔接,John actually loved Mary and was loved in return.,约翰真爱玛丽，而玛丽也爱约翰。,He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.,他出现在台上，观众热烈鼓掌欢迎。,Language is shaped by,and shapes,human thought.,人思想形成语言，而语言又影响了人思想。,第19页,第19页,5 出于礼貌，使措辞得当，语调委婉,Visitors are requested to show their tickets.,宾客请出示入场券。,Passengers are requested to fill in the customs declaration form here.,请旅客在此填写报关表。,第20页,第20页,汉语被动态,1 有形式标识被动态,2 无形式标识被动态,第21页,第21页,1 表被动意义助词,让,叫,给,被,受,挨,遭,由,加以,予以,为所,被所,是.,第22页,第22页,例句:,工作已由他完毕了。,The work has been done by him.,杯子给打得粉碎。,The cup has been broken into pieces.,这个问题必须予以处理。,This matter must be dealt with.,第23页,第23页,2 无被动助词,看似积极，但在主谓关系上却有被动含义，这种语言现象在汉语中大量存在。,例句：,那里讲什么语言？,What language is spoken there?,这个任务必须按时完毕。,This task must be fulfilled in time.,第24页,第24页,汉语无主句,用来表示观点、态度、要求、告诫、号召等,例句：,应当教育儿童讲诚实话。,Children should be taught to speak the truth.,发觉了错误，一定要更正。,Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered.,第25页,第25页,汉语：人们、人家、有些人、别人、大家,英语：it,练习,第26页,第26页,英语时态汉译,汉语主要通过词汇和句法手段来表示“时”改变，如用“了”、“着”、“过”、“已经”、“就要”、“现在”、“未来”、“正在”、“过去”等,英语时态必须用动词曲折改变表达出来,第27页,第27页,Few,follow,the advice of Isabella Beeton,the guru of British cooks in the 19,th,century,who,decreed,in an early edition of her book that“a good meal,if enjoyed and digested,gives the support necessary for the mornings work.”（许余龙，1987：56）,19世纪英国烹饪大师伊莎贝拉比顿,曾,在其著作一个早期版本里说,过,：“享用一顿美餐，能使整个早晨工作精力充沛。”这番高见，,现在,很少有些人领教了。,第28页,第28页,When he,has taken,his exercise and,is drinking,his tea or his beer,and,lighting,his pipe,(George Santayana,The Weather in His Soul),设想在他运动,之余,品茶或喝酒，并点,着,烟斗时,（刘士聪 译）,第29页,第29页,二十岁那年，我就逃出,了,父亲家庭。直到现在还是过,着,流浪生活。,（萧红 永久憧憬和追求）,When I was twenty,I,fled,home.Since then I,have been wandering,around like hobo.,（刘士聪 译）,第30页,第30页,大学毕业后我分派到一所学校任教，结识了以后成为我妻子琳。但我并未引起她注意，由于,那时,我实在太日常了。,（周全 造个安乐窝）,After graduating from a univesity,I was assigned to work as a teacher in a high school,where I met Lin,who later became my wife.But I,m,so ordinary a man that I never attracted any of her attention then.,（居祖纯 译）,第31页,第31页,英汉语言语序上差别,潘文国：英语基本上是一个形态性语言，汉语基本上是一个语义性语言。,主要差别集中在定语和状语位置上。,第32页,第32页,定语后置,1 some-,any-,every-,no等构成复合代词,He told me something important.,他告诉我了一件主要事情。,There is nothing wrong with this computer.,这台电脑没有什么毛病。,第33页,第33页,2 ible,-able 结尾形容词作定语，与every,the only或形容词最高级连用来修饰一个名词时，也常需后置。,The doctors have tried every way possible.,大夫们已经试过各种也许办法了。,They had the greatest difficulty imaginable getting there in time.,为了能及时赶到那儿，他们克服了极大困难。,It is the only wild berry edible here in this area.,它是这个地域惟一能食用野莓。,第34页,第34页,3 定语从句和一些分词作定语时，也需后置,Here are the New Year cards Ive just received.,这些是我刚收到新年贺卡。,Most of the people studying here are middle school teachers.,在这里学习多数是中学老师。,第35页,第35页,4 起表语作用形容词作定语，也需后置。,Everybody present at the conference welcomed the decision.,出席大会人都欢迎那个决议。,There are many young people adrift in the big cities in that country.,那个国家大都市里有诸多四处游荡年轻人。,第36页,第36页,a-形容词,aware,alike,astir,alone,ashamed,alight,aghast,averse,alive,adrift,afire,asleep,the half-asleep children,the fully awake patient,a somewhat afraid soldier,a really alive student,a very ashamed girl,第37页,第37页,5 一些外来语和固定词组中,consul general 总领事,secretary general(of the U.N.)（联合国）秘书长,director-general 总干事,president-elect 当选总统,heir apparent 有拟定继承权人(推定继承人）,heir presumptive 假定继承人,court martial 军事法庭,matters political 政治上问题,a position unique 独一无二地位,things foreign 外国事物,第38页,第38页,sum total 总额，总数,the third person singular 第三人称单数,Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary 特命全权大使,battle royal 大混战,the nominative absolute 独立主格结构,the body politic 政治团队,things artistic 艺术品,the day following 下一天,第39页,第39页,Chapter ten 第十章,page three 第三页,the element known 已知元素,the parties concerned 相关各方面,the victory won 所取得成绩,the mistake made 所犯错误,a man good and true 一个善良正直人,第40页,第40页,6 一些成正确形容词作定语需要后置，翻译时需灵活处理,All nations,large or small,rich or poor,should be equal.,国家无论大小贫富，都应一律平等。,Teachers,old and new,must respect each other and learn from each other.,新老教师都应互相尊重，互相学习。,The reason for the change is lack of money,pure and simple.,更改原因纯正是由于缺乏经费。,第41页,第41页,定语组位置比较,一张,红木,小,圆,桌,a small round red wooden table,一位中国当代优秀作家,an outstanding contemporary Chinese writer,繁荣昌盛社会主义当代化强国,a modern,prosperous,powerful socialist country,第42页,第42页,汉语中习惯是把最能阐明事物本质放在最前面，而把表示规模大小、力量强弱放在后面。英语则恰恰相反，越能阐明事物本质定语越要靠近它所修饰名词。同时，还能够依据定语和其所修饰名词之间关系安排前后位置，定语和中心词关系越密切，位置越靠近。如关系难以判断，则按词长短排列，短在前，长在后。,第43页,第43页,状语位置比较,英语状语位置不固定，汉语状语通常是放在主语之后，谓语之前。,第44页,第44页,never,He was never late.他从不迟到。,He never got up late.他从不晚起。,He can never speak English without making serious mistakes.说英语他总是出大错,He has never been abroad.他从未出过国。,I will never agree to their demands.我决不同意他们要求。,You seem never to think of yourself.,你仿佛从来不考虑自己。,Never in all my life have I heard such nonsense!我这辈子从没有听过这种废话！,第45页,第45页,状语顺序,汉语习惯：时间，地点，方式,（从大到小）,英语习惯：方式，地点，时间,（从小到大）,第46页,第46页,Ba Jin was born in 1904 into a big landlord family in Sichuan Province in China.,巴金19出生在中国四川省一个封建大地主家庭。,The news briefing was held in Room 301 at about nine oclock yesterday morning.,新闻公布会是昨天早晨大约九点在301会议室召开。,第47页,第47页,Suddenly the President,looking out ov,er the vast landscape,said,with an underlying excitement in his voice,the words I gave earlier.,总统眺望着辽阔景色，忽然用很兴奋语调说了我在前文已经提到过话。,第48页,第48页,中国远洋运送公司成立于1961年4月，至今已有28年历史。28年来，在国家大力支持下，通过不懈努力，公司业务和船舶数量快速发展和增长。,Established in April 1961,the China Ocean Shipping Corporation has,in the past 28 years through arduous efforts,with the support from the state,expanded its shipping business and increased its number of ships.,第49页,第49页,汉语逻辑习惯,1 强调时序上先后顺序：,古今，先后，始终，父子，老少，开关，本末，推翻，缩小,2 强调从整体到局部，从大到小空间关系：大小，上下，高下，长短，明暗，远近,3 强调心理上轻重关系：天地，男女，日月，帝王，父母，内外，左右，君臣，是非，新旧，死伤，我你他,练习,第50页,第50页,句子成份转换,1 非主语译成主语,（）介词宾语译成主语,There are four season,s,in a year.,一年有四季。,Now,heat is being added to the substance.,现在这种物质正在加热。,At least two quarts of water are required daily by a normal individual.,一个正常人天天至少需要两夸脱水。,High-quality machines of various types are produced in our country.,我国生产各种类型优质机器。,第51页,第51页,（）动词宾语译成主语,这种宾语在意义上跟主语有比较密切联系，通常是主语某一部分或某一属性。,An automobile must have a brake with high efficiency.,汽车刹车必须高度有效。,Water has a density of 62.4 pounds per cubic foot.,水密度是每立方英尺62.4磅。,第52页,第52页,（）表语译成主语,A crystal receiver is a less complicated structure than a valve receiver.,晶体收音机结构不像电子管收音机那么复杂。,Ice is not so dense as water and therefore it floats.,冰密度小于水，因此能浮在水面上。,Two widely used alloys of copper are brass and bronze.,黄铜和青铜是两种广泛使用铜合金。,第53页,第53页,2非谓语译成谓语,（）定语译成谓语,动词“have”宾语移作主语时，普通需要把该宾语定语译成谓语，本来谓语have省略不译。,Manganese has the same effect on the strength of steel as silicon.,锰对钢强度影响和硅相同。,The wings have controllable sections known as ailerons.,机翼上可操纵部分叫做副翼。,Solids have a shape independent of the container.固体形状与容器无关。,第54页,第54页,（）主语译成谓语,A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial.,从他办公室窗口能够一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念碑全景。,A view of Mt.Fuji can be obtained from here.,从这里能够看到富士山。,His very appearance at any affair proclaims it a triumph.,任何场合，只要他一露面，就算成功了。,以上作为句子主语名词往往是含有动作意味名词，或动词派生名词。,第55页,第55页,（）表语译成谓语,英语中一些形容词、副词、介词、名词接介词短语等在句中做表语时，通常可译成动词谓语。,The fact that she was able to send a message was a hint.But I had to be cautious.,她暗示我能够给我带个信，但是我必须小心谨慎。（形容词译成谓语）,As he ran out,he forgot to have his shoes on.,他跑出去时，忘掉了穿鞋。（副词译成谓语）,This explanation is against the natural laws.,这种解释违反自然规律。（介词译成谓语）,We were on the supposition that they could improve the complex machine.,我们认为他们能改进这台复杂机器。（介词短语译成谓语）,第56页,第56页,3非宾语译成宾语,（）主语译成宾语,When power is spoken of,time is taken into account.,说到功率时，总是把时间计算在内。,Mr Billings cannot be deterred from his plan.,（人们）不能制止比凌斯先生实行他计划。,第57页,第57页,4.非定语译成定语,（）主语译成定语,为了强调英语句中某一个成份，把它译成主语，再将英语主语译做汉语中定语。,How many electrons has a magnesium atom in its outer layer,镁原子最外层有多少个电子？,Various substances differ widely in their magnetic characteristics.,各种材料磁特性有很大不同。,Without air,the earth would undergo extreme changes in temperature.,没有空气，地球温度会发生极大改变。,第58页,第58页,（）状语译成定语,英语中位于句首一些状语（多为地点状语），有时可译成汉语定语。,In this world,things are complicated and are decided by many factors.,世界上事情是复杂，是由各方面原因决定。,Throughout the world,oil consumption is growing rapidly.,全世界石油消耗量正在快速增长。,第59页,第59页,5.定语从句译成状语从句,有些因果定语从句，兼有状语从句功效，在意义上与主句有状语关系，阐明原因、结果、目的、让步、假设等。翻译者应从原文字里行间发觉这些逻辑关系，然后译成相应复句。,The ambassador was giving a dinner for a few people,whom he wished especially to talk to or to hear from.,（有！）大使只宴请了几种人，,由于他特地想和这些人谈谈，听听他们意见,。（表示原因）,第60页,第60页,Chinese trade delegations have been sent to Asian-African countries who will negotiate trade agreements with the respective governments.,中国派了贸易代表团往亚非各国，以便与各国政府商谈贸易协定。（表示目）,There was something original,independent,and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them.,这方案富于创造性，独出心裁，很有魄力，因此他们都很喜欢。（表示结果）,第61页,第61页,He insisted on building another house,which he had no use for,.,他坚持要再造一栋房子，,尽管他并无此需要,。（表示让步）,A man is nothing,who yields his purpose,.,假如一个人放弃自己目的,，就成为一个不堪造就人了。,第62页,第62页,句子结构转换,1主语转译法,（）主语是动名词或表示动作意义名词，作用在阐明动作原因、条件、时间等。因此，常把它译成状语从句，而把它后面处于宾语名词或答词译成主语。,（有）,Pressure of work has somewhat delayed my answer.,由于工作很忙，回复稍迟了些。,The mere sight of it turned ones mind.,只消看它一眼，人们就会动心。,第63页,第63页,如主语是动名词，谓语make,cause,offer,bring,help,allow,permit,require,give,compel一类动词，可依据句子意义，译成条件结果句。比如：,Another hours ride will bring us to the village.,只要再走一小时，我们就能够到达那个小村。,第64页,第64页,（）,主语虽不是动名词，但是主语及其修饰词在一起也能够阐明动作原因、条件、时间等作用。这类句子也按上述办法处理。,Fast modern airplanes have made the world seem a smaller space.,有了当代化飞机，世界似乎比以前小了。,第65页,第65页,（）表示时间、地点、范围名词与一些特定动词连用，常表示动作发生时间、地点、场合。翻译是可将主语译成状语。,The world has witnessed different roads to modernization,世界上已经有了不同当代化道路。,第66页,第66页,成份分译法,分译法要领是，把原文中较长句子成份，或不易安排句子成份拆分出来另做处理，普通译成汉语短语或独立句。下面简介一些常见分译法。,（）,主语分译是指把带定语主语分译成一句。通常把主语定语移做谓语。如：,Lower temperature is associated with lower growth rates.,温度,一低,，生长速度就慢下来。,The very short wave lengths of ultrasound make a great difference in what ordinary sound waves can do.,超声波,波长极短,，其功效与普通声波相比大不相同。,第67页,第67页,（）,谓语分译,谓语分译是翻译带形式主语it主语从句一个惯使用办法。翻译时，先把主句谓语分译成一个独立语，然后再译从句。,It is obvious that he means well.,很显然，他用意是好。,It is common knowledge that weight is a pull exerted on an object by the earth.,众所周知，重量是地球作用在物体上引力。,第68页,第68页,（）定语分译,英语定语与汉语不同，能够位于名词之后，因此其长度不受限制，能够拉得很长。汉语只有前置定语，普通不宜过长。因此，对原文中较长后置定语，往往采取分析法。下面介绍介词短语和分词短语以及几个形容词同时做定语时分译情况。,Fossils are early plants or animals once buried in earth,now hardened like rock.,化石是过去埋在地下，现在已像岩石一样硬化了植物和动物。,She sat with her hands cupping chin,staring at a corner of the little kitchen.,她坐在那儿双手托着下巴，眼睛凝视着小厨房一角。,He was a tall,thin,elegant man with the air of thorough-bred.,他身材修长，温文尔雅，风度翩翩。,第69页,第69页,（,）,状语分译,下面简介副词、介词短语和不定式短语作状语时分译情况。,Illogically,she had expected some kind of miracle solution.,她满想会有一些奇迹般处理办法，这是不合情理事。（副词译成句子）,Their power increased with their number.,他们人数增长了，力量也随之增长/大。（介词短语译成句子）,He arrived in Washington at a ripe moment internationally.,他来到华盛顿，就国际形势而言，时机正适当。（介词短语译成句子）,Heat is required to change ice to water.,冰变成水，就需要热。（不定式译成句子）,第70页,第70页,3句子变换法,翻译时，有时为了通顺、易懂、紧凑、生动起见，改变原文句子结构。比如：,He was very clean.His mind was open.,他为人单纯而坦率。,His father had a small business in the city of Pisa.This city is in the north of Italy near the sea.,他父亲在意大利北部近海,比萨,做小生意。（Calileo?-church）,Then we came to the grasslands.Marshes everywhere.No birds!No trees!No house!Not a soul to be seen.,然后，我们来到草地，处处是沼泽，没有飞鸟，没有树木，没有房舍，没有些人烟。,第71页,第71页,When I negotiate,I get nervous.,我在谈判时总有些紧张。,One must have studied hard before one could succeed in mastering a foreign language.,一个人必须勤学苦练，才干精通一个外国语。,Be a pupil before you become a teacher.,先做学,生,，再做先,生,。,第72页,第72页,