雅思口语连接词汇总Cohesivediscoursemarkers.doc

Cohesive discourse markers连接词汇总
Some words and phrases used to begin a sentence that show linkage to the previous sentence
1. Talking about the Beginning开头
首先, 第一: First of all, To begin with, In the first place, First, Firstly,)
起初, 当初,一开始（时间）: At first, Initially, Originally, In the beginning, At the beginning
2. Talking about the End结尾
Last = Lastly = Finally = 最后
These three are used for listing several things that happen in sequence: “First, …Next, … Then, … Last/lastly/finally …”
3. Adding; Giving More Details拓展内容，给出更多细节
除and, also 外还应熟悉下列连接词：
In addition (a little formal)
Reading allows people to become aware of their society and, in fact the whole world. In addition, reading is the main way that people increase their education and we all need to continually learn in order to make progress in our careers.
As well as that (= Not only that) (informal; good for speaking)
Art classes for, say, primary school children encourage the development of the imagination, creativity and self-expression. As well as that, these art classes provide an opportunity for those who have special artistic talent to become aware of this talent; they might never have known they had this talent if they had never had the opportunity to attend an art class.
On top of that (informal; good for speaking)
Well, firstly, emails are much faster and cheaper than handwritten letters. On top of that, they’re much more convenient – you can read or write emails with just a few strokes of the keyboard, without worrying about paper, envelopes and stamps and going out to mail your letters.
Another thing is
I think the latest video technology is in many ways superior to books in educational value because this technology has written words but also has information in audio and video form. Another thing is, it’s easier to store and carry around a disc than a book that holds the same amount of information.
Besides (= “而且” + “无论如何” or “而且” + “不管怎样” 的意思)
I haven’t seen that film. Besides, I’ve heard it’s not very good.
There’s a restaurant near my home but I don’t often go there because it’s too expensive and, to be quite frank, I don’t like their service – they’re much too slow. Besides, right now I’m too busy to eat out very often.
What’s more (Don’t say, “What is more”)
Yes, I think the internet has changed people’s reading habits – for the better. I say that because now we can tap into a much larger range of, and volume of reading material than we could when we just relied on our collection of books at home. What’s more, topics such as current events are being updated daily so we can always be up to date with the news.
Furthermore (a little formal)
Actually, I think academic skills are more important than practical skills because, if you have highly developed academic skills you can usually get highly paid work. Furthermore, I think in the future, society will value those who have brainpower more than those people who can do practical things with their hands.
Moreover (Very formal. It is best not to use this in the speaking test but it is suitable for academic writing)
Advertisements that glorify violence are a negative influence on children. Moreover, I think they’re a negative influence on anyone who sees them, not just children.
4.  引出对立的观点/选择，但不强调差异Stating two contrasting points in a balanced way, NOT emphasizing the difference
On the other hand 另一方面 （可与on the one hand（一方面）连用）
I can’t decide which country to study in. Britain has many universities and a long history, so it would be interesting to study there. On the other hand, Australia has a nicer climate. It’s a difficult decision.
Alternatively (作为一种选择) 或者
I could get a degree in accountancy in Britain. Alternatively, I could do it in Australia or New Zealand.
 Then again (然而) (Used when an alternative idea suddenly comes to mind.)
We might get married this year. Then again, we might delay it for a year or two – we haven’t decided yet.

5. 引出两种对立观点，强调差异Stating two contrasting points and emphasizing the difference
However (A little formal)
I’m interested in science and computers. However, my sister’s more interested in art and music.
Nevertheless (a little formal) (不过, 虽然如此,  然而, 仍然)
I wouldn’t say that all advertisements are a bad influence on children – some of them are quite informative and entertaining. Nevertheless, I think some advertisements might be detrimental to children. For example, …  
Having said that = That said
(A little formal. Stress on the word, “said”. Meaning = “Even though I just said ‘A’, an alternative or opposing idea, ‘B’ is also true.”)
Learning English isn’t easy; it takes hard work and practice. Having said that, many people do become quite fluent after a few years of study.
Yet (还是，然而)
He does the least study of any of us, yet he almost always gets the best grades!
Instead (反而，相反)
Don't overuse any of the examples shown here. Instead, show a variety of ways to express your meaning.
I don't read newspapers very often nowadays. Instead, I either watch the news on TV or I read it on the internet.
In spite of (this, that); Despite this; Despite that (尽管如此；不顾)
The second hotel was more expensive than the first one, about double the room rate, in fact. In spite of the cost, we chose to stay at the second one because we wanted a taste of luxury for a night.
 Still (还是，然而)
It’s going to take me a few years and quite a lot of money before I get my doctorate. Still, I think it’ll be worth it in the end because …
 In contrast  (相反)
Young people like films that are full of excitement and romance, reflecting how they feel about things. In contrast, older people prefer more subtle and thoughtful films.
At the same time (但是， 然而)
I think good teachers have to be quite strict in order to keep the class under control. At the same time, teachers should be warm and friendly so the students can relate to them as human beings.
All/Just the same (仍然，尽管如此)
Studying overseas can be wonderful experience for students. All the same, they have to work very hard to make up for their language deficiencies.  
Even so (尽管情况如此)
Studying a foreign language overseas is much more expensive than studying it at home; (but,) even so, it’s definitely the best way to learn a language.  
Conversely (相反. Very good for academic writing, especially Task 1 in the Writing test, but too formal for everyday speech)
Global warming will probably result in some farming areas in the warm parts of the world becoming arid and unusable. Conversely, places that are too cold for farming now might become suitable for farming as they become warmer.  
6. Talking about Similarity (相似，类似) 
likewise; Similarly (也，同样) (Hard to pronounce!)
Yes, I think there should be a little more emphasis on practical skills, especially in primary school. Similarly, in high school and university, there should be more emphasis on the practical application of what students learn at school.
In the same way (Also: In a similar way) 同样地
My grandmother taught my mother how to cook when she was just a child. In the same way, my mother taught me when I was about ten years old.
 By the same token (相应地；基于同一理由)
Yes, I think we should try to follow the advice of our parents. By the same token, parents should consider what their children really want, not just what they themselves want.
7. Contradicting (反驳)
On the contrary (恰恰相反, 那不对)
It was no trouble at all; on the contrary, it was a great pleasure to help you!
8. Concession (concede (v): 承认某事属实，有效，合理等)
Of course; Admittedly; Naturally; Obviously; Clearly; Undeniably; Undoubtedly
这些词语用来承认先前的观点，但之后会提出相反的论点，多用but引出。
Of course, there’s always an exception to the rule but, in general, I still stand by what I said坚持我的观点.
Admittedly, some people do waste money but I think the majority of people are pretty careful with their money.
Naturally, I hope to find a job that’s both interesting and well paid but, realistically, such jobs are hard to find when a person first starts working.
Obviously, there would be fewer cars on the roads if they were much more expensive to buy.
Undoubtedly, millions of cars do produce air pollution but I’d say that the thousands of trucks that come into and leave the city during the night produce a lot of the air pollution that we see when we wake up in the morning. You only have to see the pollution produced by one dirty, old truck to know that.
9. Dismissal of Previous Discourse (解雇前话语)
Anyway = Anyhow = At any rate (无论如何, 不管怎样) = In any case (无论如何, 总之)
Anyway, I eventually got there and nobody noticed that I was late! (After telling a story about being late.迟到的经历)
 At least (反正, 无论如何) 
At least I got there before the main part of the ceremony. (After telling a story about being late.)
10. Giving Examples
For example; For instance; As an example; To begin with; To start with; For a start; 
11. Being More Specific
Specifically; To be more specific; In particular; As a matter of fact; In fact; Actually
12. Clarifying
I mean; What I mean is; To put that another way; What I'm trying to say is; My point is ; In other words; That is (a little formal); That is to say (a little formal)  
13. Summarizing 
Overall; On the whole; Basically; Fundamentally; 
14. Speaking in General
Generally, In general; Typically
15. Stating the Purpose
(In order) to (+ verb); (In order) to achieve this
16. Emphasizing
Indeed (a little formal) ： Q: Do your friends also like that kind of film?
A: Indeed they do!
British Rail has indeed become more commercial over the past decade.
17. Giving Reasons
In the first place; For one thing首先，一则; The main reason why …; One of the reasons why …; One reason why …
18. Talking about the Result
As a result; As a consequence; Consequently; So; Because of this; In this/that way
19. Giving a conclusion based on a logical argument
So; Therefore (a little formal); [‘Thus’ and ‘hence’ are too formal even for the Writing test]
20. Parallel Time 
At the same time; Simultaneously; Meanwhile; In the meantime
21. Returning to a Previous Subject 
As I was saying; As I mentioned before
22. Gaining Time to Think (Important for avoiding long pauses, which decrease your fluency score.)
Let me see; Let’s see; Well; You know (Do not emphasize the word “you” when you say this. Only emphasize “you” when your meaning is, “你已经知道吧!”)