2023年职称英语理工类B级考试重点文章汇总已排版含译文完整解答.doc

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2023职称英语理工类B级考试重点文章汇总

2023年理工B阅读理解新增文章
*第二十二篇 Real World Robots
When you think of a robot, do you envision a shiny, metallic device having the same general shape as a human being, performing humanlike functions, and responding to your questions in a monotone voice accentuated by high-pitched tones and beeps? This is the way many of us imagine a robot, but in the real world, a robot is not humanoid at all. Instead a robot often is a voiceless, box-shaped machine that efficiently carries out repetitive or dangerous functions usually performed by humans. Today’s robot is more than an automatic machine that performs one task again and again. A modern robot is programmed with varying degrees of artificial intelligence—that is, a robot contains a computer program that tells it how to perform tasks associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning, drawing conclusions, and learning from past experience.
A robot does not possess a human shape for the simple reason that a two-legged robot has great difficulty remaining balanced. A robot does, however, move from place to place on wheels and axles that roll and rotate. A robot even has limbs that swivel and move in combination with joints and motors. To find its way in its surroundings1, a robot utilizes various built-in sensors. Antennae attached to the robot’s base detect anything they bump into. If the robot starts to teeter as it moves on an incline, a gyroscope or a pendulum inside it senses the vertical differential. To determine its distance from an object and how quickly it will reach the object，the robot bounces beams of laser light and ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in its path2. These and other sensors constantly feed information to the computer, which then analyzes the information and corrects or adjusts the robot’s actions. As science and technology advance, the robot too will progress in its functions and use of artificial-intelligence programs.
词汇：
envisionv.想象，预想
devicen.装置
accentuatev.强调，重读
artificial intelligencen.人工智能
limbn.臂
antennaen.天线
inclinev. 倾斜
pendulumn.钟摆
ultrasonicadj.超声的
metallicadj.金属的
monotonen.单调的
humanoidadj.像人的
axlen.轮轴
rotatev.旋转
swiveln.旋转
teeterv.摇摆
gyroscopen.陀螺仪，回转仪
verticaln.直立的
注释：
1．To find its way in its surroundings...：为了在周边找到路……
2．the robot bounces beams of laser light and ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in its path：机器人发射激光束和超声波，反射到障碍物上（以此来探知途径）。

练习：
1．Another good title for this passage would be
ARobots: Taking the Place of Humans.
BArtificial Intelligence Programs.
CToday’s Robots and How They Function.
DModern-Day Sensors.
2．Artificial intelligence is
Athe unnatural way in which robots move.
Ba voiceless, box-shaped machine that performs repetitive tasks.
Csensors such as antennae and a gyroscope.
Da computer program that imitates human intellectual processes.
3．The last paragraph suggests that future robots will be
Amore humanlike in behavior and actions.
Bmore like automatic machines.
Cbetter able to move on inclines.
Dbetter equipped with laser light sensors.
4．The writer begins the passage by comparing
Athe shape of a human being with a box.
Ba modem robot with a fictional robot.
Can imaginary machine with a human.
Da computer program with artificial intelligence.
5．The word humanoid means
Alacking human characteristics.
Banything having the appearance of a humanoid.
Cbeing void or vacant.
Dhaving a human form or characteristics.
答案与题解：
1．C 从文中得知，文章重要介绍了机器人和它们的运营方式，因此选择C选项。
2．D Artificial是“人工”的意思，intelligence是“智能”的意思。此外从文中得知，机器人使用artificial intelligence可以进行与人类类似的推理分析等活动，因此可知它是一种类似人类智能的计算机程序。
3．A 最后一段讲机器人的发展方向是更加智能，可以自己判断并修正行为，而不仅

仅是完毕反复性的工作。
4．B 文章开头的时候作者让读者描述他们脑海中的机器人概念，并随后介绍了实际的机器人是如何的，因此选择B选项。
5．D 从humanoid的词根human可看出这个词是形容与人类有关的特性。此外根据文章对这个词的描述可以得出这个词是表达和人类类似的特性，不管是外形上，还是行为方式上。
理工B补全短文新增文章：
2023年理工B 补全短文新增文章 *第九篇 Lightening Strikes
Three years ago a bolt of lightning all but destroyed Lyn Miller’s house in Aberdeen—with her two children inside. “There was a huge rainstorm,” she says, recalling the terrifying experience. “My brother and I were outside desperately working to stop floodwater from coming in the house. Suddenly I was thrown to the ground by an enormous bang. ____1____ The door was blocked by rubble, but we forced our way in and found the children, thankfully unharmed. Later I was told to be struck by lightning is a chance in a million.” In fact, it’s calculated at one chance in 600,000. Even so, Dr Mark Keys of AER Technology, an organisation that monitors the effects of lightning, thinks you should be sensible. “I wouldn’t go out in a storm—but then I’m quite a careful person.” He advises anyone who is unlucky enough to be caught in a storm to get down on the ground and curl up into a ball, making yourself as small as possible.
Lightning is one of nature’s most awesome displays of sheer power. ____2____ 250 years ago, Benjamin Franklin, the American scientist and statesman，proved that lightning is a form of electricity, but scientists still lack a complete understanding of how it works.
____3____ Positive electrical charges streaming upwards from trees or church spires may glow and make a buzzing noise, and people’s hair can stand on end. And if you fear lightning, you’ll be glad to know that a company in America has manufactured a hand-held
lightning detector which can detect it up to 70 kms away, sound a warning tone and monitor the storm’s approach.
Nancy Wilder was playing golf at a club in Surrey when she was hit by a bolt of lightning. Mrs Wilder’s heart stopped beating, but she was resuscitated and, after a few days in hospital, where she was treated for bums to her head, hands and feet, she was pronounced fit again. Since that time，she has been a strictly fair weather golfer1. ____4____ The best place to be is inside a car!
The largest number of people to be struck by lightning at one time was in September 1995 when 17 players on a football pitch were hit simultaneously. The most extraordinary aspect of the strike was the fact that 11 of the victims—seven adults and four children—had burn patterns of tiny holes at 3 centimetre intervals on each toe and around the soles of their feet.
Harold Deal, a retired electrician from South Carolina, USA, was struck by lightning 26 years ago. He was apparently unhurt, but it later emerged that the strike had damaged the part of the brain which controls the sensation of temperature. ____5____
Animals are victims of lightning too2．Hundreds of cows and sheep are killed every year, largely because they go under trees. In East Anglia in 1918, 504 sheep were killed instantaneously by the same bolt of lightning that hit the ground and travelled through the entire flock. Lightning is also responsible for starting more than 10,000 forest fires each year world-wide.
词汇：
boltn.（闪电）道
sheeradj.绝对的
resuscitatev.使复苏
flock n.群
rubblen.碎石
spiren.尖顶，尖塔
instantaneouslyadv.即刻，突如其来地
注释：
1．she has been a strictly fair weather golfer：她变成了一个只在晴朗天气才打高尔夫的人。
2．Animals are victims of lightning too：动物也会受到雷击的伤害。

练习：
ANo wonder the ancient Greeks thought it was Zeus, father of the gods, throwing thunderbolts around in anger.
BIn fact, a golf course is one of the most dangerous places to be during a thunderstorm.
CLightning has long been hailed as one of the most impressive displays of nature’s power.
DWhen I picked myself up, the roof and the entire upper storey of the house had been demolished
EOccasionally there are warning signs.
FSince then the freezing South Carolina winters haven’t bothered Harold, since he is completely unable to feel the cold.
答案与题解：
1．D 前文讲到“我”被爆炸击中，因此后文要讲被击昏然后醒来之后的事，D项符合。
2．A 前文讲闪电是大自然绝对力量最可怕的展现方式之一，而宙斯在古希腊是力量的化身，古希腊人认为雷电产生的因素是宙斯发怒并投掷闪电。
3．E 后文讲到闪电来临之前的一些征兆，还讲到有一种产品可以预告闪电。此处要填的是该段的主题句，即闪电到来之前会有一些征兆。
4．B 前面讲到在高尔夫球场上被雷击的一个事例，后文讲闪电来临之时最安全的地方是汽车里，因此要填的句子应当是讲在高尔夫球场不安全。
5．F 前文讲Harold由于雷击丧失了感受温度的能力，F选项中关于他再也不怕冬天的寒冷的描述符合规定。

2023年理工B新增文章
一、阅读判断
第8篇：What Is a Dream?（B级）
What Is a Dream?
　　For centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Some　psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others, however, think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact, many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a person's mind and emotions.

　　Before modem times, many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way.

　　The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud, was probably the first person to study dreams　scientifically. In his famous book, The interpretation of Dreams ( 1900 ), Freud wrote that dreams　are an expressions of a person's wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to express the　feelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real life.

　　The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung was once a student of Freud' s. Jung, however, had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. For example, people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the other hand, people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves.

　　Modem-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. For example,　psychologist William Domhoff from the University of California, Santa Cruz, believes that dreams　are tightly linked to a person's daily life, thoughts, and behavior. A criminal, for example, might　dream about crime.

　　Dornhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults. According to Domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop.

　　He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. For example, the people in men's dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of women's dreams. 3 Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world, including both modem and traditional ones.

　　Can dreams help us understand ourselves? Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways. However, one thing they agree on this: If you dream that something terrible is going to occur,you shouldn't panic. The dream may have meaning, but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. It's important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world.

词汇：

psychologist n.心理学家 psychiatrist n.精神病学家（医生）
Austrian adj.奥地利的 gender n.性别

注释：
　　1.SigmundFreud西格蒙德.费洛伊德(1856-1939)，犹太人，奥地利精神病医生及精神分析学家。精神分析学派的创始人。他认为被压抑的欲望绝大部分是属于性的，性的扰乱是精神病的主线因素。著有《性学三论》《梦的释义》《图腾与禁忌》《平常生活的心理病理学》《精神分析引论》《精神分析引论新编》等
　　2.Carl Jung:卡尔.荣格，瑞士著名精神分析专家，分析心理学的创始人
　　3.For example.the people in men’s dreams are often other men，and the dreams often involve fighting.This is not true of women’s dreams.例如，男人做梦会梦到男人，并且常与打斗有关;女人做梦与男人则不同。

　　练习：

　　1. Not everyone agrees that dreams are meaningful.
　　A.Right　　B.Wrong　　C.Not mentioned

　　2. According to Freud,people dream about things that they cannot talk about.
　　A.Right　　B.Wrong　　C.Not mentioned

　　3. Jung believed that dreams did not help one to understand oneself.
　　A.Right　　B.Wrong　　C.Not mentioned

　　4. In the past,people believed that dreams involved emotions.
　　A.Right　　B.Wrong　　C.Not mentioned

　　5. According to Dornhoff,babies do not have the same ability to dream as adults do.
　　A.Right　　B.Wrong　　C.Not mentioned

　　6. Men and women dream about different things.
　　A.Right　　B.Wrong　　C.Not mentioned

　　7. Scientists agree that dreams predict the future.
　　A.Right　　B.Wrong　　C.Not mentioned

　 1.A这句话恰好表达了本文第一段的意思。即有些心理学家认为，人脑睡眠中的活动没有特别意义;而有些人则认为，梦可以揭示人的思维和情感。.
　　2.A第三段的最后一句讲的是弗洛伊德认为梦反映了人们在现实情况下胆怯表达的情感、想法或恐惊。此句与本叙述一致。
　　3.B第四段的第二句和第三句：Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer.(荣格认为梦的用途是向做梦者传递一个信息)He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams.(他认为人们通过思考所做的梦可以更好地了解自己)。他给出了两个例子来说明他的论点。
　　4.C文中没有提及。
　　5.A依据第六段，Domhoff研究得出：婴儿不像成人做那么多的梦，做梦是一种需要时间提高的技能。这就说明了婴儿不具有成人做梦的能力。
　　6.A本文第七段讲述了做梦与性别的关系。第二句更指出男人和女人做的梦是不同的。
　　7.B最后一段的倒数第二句讲的是：梦也许会故意义，但并不表达一些恐怖事情就一定会发生。因而不能预测未来。

译文：
什么是梦？
许多世纪以来，人们都对他们梦到的奇异事情感到疑惑。一些心理学家认为，这种大脑的夜间活动并没有特殊含义。另一些人则认为，梦是生命中重要的一部分。事实上，许多专家认为，梦能揭示人的心理和情感活动。
近代以前，很多人认为梦传递的是上帝的信息。直到20世纪，人们才开始从科学的角度研究梦。奥地利心理学家西格蒙德·弗洛伊德或许是第一个用科学的方法研究梦的人。在他的著作《梦的解析》(1900)中，弗洛伊德写道，梦是一个人愿望的表达。他认为梦打开了一扇窗，让人们得以表达在生活中不敢表达的情感、思想和恐惊。
瑞士精神病学家卡尔·荣格曾是弗洛伊德的学生，但他对梦的见解与弗洛伊德不同。他认为，做梦的目的是要给做梦的人传递一种信息。而人们想想自已做的梦，便能对自己有一个更深刻的了解。比如，假如梦到从高处坠落，那么他应当反思自己是不是白视过高。反过来，假如梦中自己成了英雄，应当想想平时也许太看低自己了。
现代心理学家还在继续发展关于梦的理论，来自位于圣克鲁兹的加利福尼亚大学的威廉·多姆霍夫就是其中一位。他认为，梦境和一个人的平常生活、思想和行为都紧密相关，比方说，一个罪犯就也许梦到犯罪。
多姆霍夫还认为，梦和年龄也有关系。他的研究表白，孩子不像成人做梦做的那么多。他认为，做梦也是一项心理机能，也需要随着年龄增长而发展。多姆霍夫还发现梦和性别之间的关系。通过研究，他发现男性和女性的梦境经常是不同的。例如，在男性梦境中出现的通常是其他男性，并且常与打斗有关，而女性的梦境则不是这样。多姆霍夫通过研究涉及来自现代文化以及传统文化背景在内的11种不同文化背景的人群梦境中的性别差异得出了上述结论。
梦能帮助我们更好地理解自己吗？心理学家还在尝试通过不同方式来解答这个问题，但是，有一件事他们是意见一致的：假如你梦到有不好的事要发生，不要慌张。梦也许会故意义，但也不意味着你梦到的一些恐怖事情就一定会发生。要记住，梦中的世界并不是真实的世界。

第10篇：The Biology of Music（B级）
The Biology of Music

　　Humans use music as a powerful way to communicate. It may also play an important role in　love. But what is music, and how does it work its magic? Science does not yet have all the　answers.

　　What are two things that make humans different from animals? One is language, and the other is music. It is true that some animals can sing ( and many birds sing .better than a lot of people). However,the songs of animals, such as birds and whales, are very limited. It is also true that humans, not animals ,have developed musical instruments.

　　Music is strange stuff. It is clearly different from language. However, people can use music to communicate things -- especially their emotions. When music is combined with speech in a song, it is a very powerful form of communication. But, biologically speaking, what is music?

　　If music is truly different from speech, then we should process music and language in different parts of the brain. The scientific evidence suggests that this is true.

　　Sometimes people who suffer brain damage lose their ability to process language. However, they don't automatically lose their musical abilities. For example, Vissarion Shebalin, a Russian　composer, had a stroke in 1953. It injured the left side of his brain. He could no longer speak or　understand speech. He could, however, still compose music until his death ten years later. On the　other hand, sometimes strokes cause people to lose their musical ability, but they can still speak and understand