英语简单句的五种基本句型.pdf

英语简单旬的五种基本旬型英语句子看上去纷繁庞杂，但仔细观察不外乎五个基本句式。这五个基本旬 式可以演变出多种复杂的英语句子。换言之，绝大多数英语句子都是由这五个基 本旬式生成的。请先看下列句子:He has been a teacher for ten years.He teaches in our school.He teaches English.He teaches us English.We elect him monitor of our class.这五个基本句式如下:S十V主调结构S十V十P主系表结构S十V十。主谓宾结构S十V十01十02主调双宾结构S十V十。十0C主谓宾宾补结构（说明：S二主语；V二谓话；P二表话；0二宾话；01二间接宾话；02=1接宾语；0C二宾语补足语）可修编-五个基本句式详细解释如下：1.s十V句式:主话+不及物动词如:They listened carefully,他们听得很仔细。Great changes have taken place in our city.说明：该句型中的谓话就词是不及物就同，不及物动词后面不服宾语，但可 服状语。例如：1).Can you guess?2).She can,t e.3).Please e in and sit down.4).John works very hard.5).I usually walk to school,but sometimes e by bus.6).Mrs Brown went to see her doctor.7).He did not e out again.8).r m ing back in a minute.不及枷动词在句中可单独使用，后面不附带其他成分例1)2)，后 面也可以跟副词例3)4)，介词短话例5)，就词不等式例6)，在旬中 起各种状语作用,修饰谓话动词;此外，还可跟副同性补足话，补足动词的意义,在补足话后跟副词、介词短话等，在句中起状话作用例7)8),等。2.S十V十P句式主语+连系动词+表语如：He seems interested in the book,他似乎对这本书感兴趣。The story sounds interesting.这个故事听起来有趣。He has suddenly fallen ill.他突然病倒了。可修编-说明：该句型一般被称为系表结构。由于连系就词所表达的意义不完整，不 能单独作谓话，需和表语一起作谓语。连系现词根据其表达的意义可分为以下三 种：1.表示主语处于某种状态或具备某种性质。这类词常见的有：be（是）;look（看起来）feel（摸起来，觉得）;seem（似乎，好像）;smell（看上去）;sound（听起来）;taste（尝起来），等。2.表示主语进入某种状态或变得具有某种性质。这类词常见的有：bee（成 力，变得）;get（逐渐变得）;grow（渐渐变得）;turn（变成），等。3.表示主语保持某种状态或继续具备某种性质。这类词常见的有：keep（保持，继续）;remain（依然，仍然）;stay（停留，保持下去），等。例如1）.It looks much better now.2）.The trees turn green.3）.OK.Listen,thaf s the bell.4）.He is our English teacher.5）.Everyone is here,but Jim,s away.6）.He is at the cinema.7）.It looks like a chicken.8）.His wish was to bee a teacher.9）.Seeing is believing.10）.That book is very interesting.11）.Wei HuT s pen was broken12）.Thaf s why I was late for class.可修编-表语用来表示主语的身价、状态或性质。能在句中作表语的有形容词例 1)2),名词例3)4)，副词例5)，介词短话例6)7)，不定式短话 例8)，动词-ing形式ft 9)10),过去分词例11)，从旬ft 12),等。3.S十V十0句式：主话+及物就河+宾语 如：I saw a film yesterday.我昨天看 了一部电影。Have you read the story?你读过这个故事吗?说明：该句型中的谓话就词是单宾及物研词闻词方面要求跟一个宾语。例 如1).May I ask some questions?2).We are going to play football.3).I can see them.But I can t reach them4).Children often love to play this game.5).Because my father wanted to work inChina.6).We really enjoyed working on the farm.7).It doesn,t matter.I like walking.8).I hope you all have a good time.9).I know who picked the fewest.宾也是谓话就词就作行为的对象，说明主话做什么。能在句中作宾语的有名 词例1)2)，代词例3)，就词不定式例4)5)，就词-ing形式例6)7)，从旬例8)9)等。4.S十V十01十02句式主语+及物动词+间接宾话+直接宾话如：He gave me a book/a book to me,他给我一本书。可修编-He brought me a pen/a pen to me,他带给我一枝制笔。说明：该句型中的的谓话动词是双宾及枷动词.这类研词后面需要跟一个间 接宾话和一个直接宾语意思才完整。表示现作是对旗或对什么发出的。例如：1).The teacher gives one of them an eraser.2).Could you pass me the salt,please.3).Go and bring me some food.4).r m rich,so I can,t buy myself lots of good things.在双宾结构中，间接宾话通常指大，直接宾语通常指物，正常语序通常 是间接宾话在前，直接宾话在后。但当直接宾话时代词是，或直接宾话比间接宾 语短得多时，或需要强调间接宾话时，通常间接宾话置于直接宾语之后。这是间 接宾话前需要用一个介词to或forQ例如：1).I wanted to show it to you.2).You mustn,t lend it to others.3).Please buys a bottle of ink for me.4).Can you draw a picture of a sheep for me?用to还是fo)取决于前面的动词。A：bring,give,hand,leave,lend,pass,pay,return,send,teach,tell,throw,write,等动词后跟to。B：buy,cook,do,find,get,make,play,sing,save,等 动 词后跟 forQ5.S十V十。十C句式主语+及物研河+宾语+宾语补足语 如：They made the girl angry,他们使这个女孩生气了。They found her happy that day,他们发现那天她很高兴。可修编-They named the boy Charlie,他们给这个男孩起名为查理。I saw him e in and go out.我见他进来又出去。They felt the car moving fast,他们感到汽车行驶得很快。说明：该句型中的谓话就词是复宾及物研同。这类研词的特点是不仅需要跟 一个宾话，而且还需要跟一个宾话补足话意思才完整。宾话和宾语补足语一起构 成复合宾话。宾语和宾语补足话在行辑上有一种主调关系。即宾语补足语表示宾 话是什么，或表示宾语所处的状态，或表示宾语发出的一个就作。例如：1).We made him our monitor.2).But why do you call them mooncakes?3).We must keep it cool.4).Don t get your hands dirty.5).Don t let the children in.6).He told me not to bring you anything.7).They asked me to thank your mother.8).You must help me(to)do the cooking this afternoon.9).Every day he made one of the smaller animals bring him something to eat.10).I saw them playing football on the playground.11).The other students in the class keep their eyes closed.在句中能峭做宾语补足话的有名词例1)2)，形容词例3)4)，副词例 5)，不定式短话例6)-9)闻词-ing形式例10)，过去分词ft 11)等。注：该句型中的谓语就词较为复杂，不是所有的复宾及物研词都能跟相 同的宾语补足语。Hitt,在学习这类动词时,一定要注意细心观察，注意他们的可修编-用法区别。以上对简单旬的五中基本句型结构作了简要的说明、分析，我们知道了谓话 现词在句中的重要作用。因此在英语学习中，要在就河上多下功夫。英语就词的 用法十分灵活，其所属句型类别也不是绝对的，往往同一个就同可用于不同的句 型之中，而动词的意义也随之改变。因此，我们在确定一个现词的类型及意义时,只有根据各种具体的句子，从它在句子前后所处的关系及它与句中其他词的搭配 关系上去理解。下面以get为例：He got toBeijingyesterday.He got a letter yesterday.He got worse yesterday.He got me a film ticket yesterday.He got his watch repaired yesterday.名词性从句在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句(Noun Clauses)o名词从句的功能 相当于名词词组，它在复合旬中能担任主语、宾话、表话、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语法并能，名词从句又可分别称为主话从旬、宾话从旬、表话从句和同位语从句。引导名词性从句的连接词引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：连接词：that,whether,if不充当从句的任何成分)可修编-连接代词：What,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whose,which.连接副司：when,where,how,why不可省略的连词:1.介词后的连词2.引导主语从句和同位话从句的连同不可省略。That she was chosen made us very happy.We heard the news that our team had won.比较：whether与if均为“是否”的意思。但在下列情况下，whether不能被 if取代：1.whether引导主语从句并在旬首2.引导表语从旬3.whether一句作介词宾语4.从旬后有or not”Whether he will e is not clear.大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于旬末，用it充当形式主话。It is not important who will go.It is still unknown which team will win the match.名同性that-我旬1）由从属连同that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。That只起连接主句 和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。名词性that-从旬 在句中能充当主话、宾话、表话、同位语和形容词宾语，例如：主语：That he is still alive is sheer luck.他还活着全靠运气。可修编-宾语：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。表语：The fact is that he has not been seen recently.事实是近来她也没有见过 他。同位语：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.近来谁也没有见过他，这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。形容 词宾语：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.你对工作满意我感到很高兴。2)That-从旬作主话通常用it作先行词，而将that-从旬置于旬末，例如：It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.很清楚，整个计划注定 要失败。Ifs a pity that you should have to leave.非走不可真是件憾事。用it作形式主语的that-从旬有以下四种不同的搭配关系：a.It+be+形容词+that-从句It is necessary that有 必要.It is important 的是.It is obvious that 很明显.b.It+be+-ed 分词+that从句It is believed that人们相信.It is known to all that-我所周知.It has been decided that-已决定c.It+be+名词+that-从句可修编-It is mon knowledge that是常识It is a surprise that-令人惊奇的是.It is a fact that-事实是dt+不及物动词+that-分句It appears that似乎.It happens that碰后.It occurred to me that-我突然想起.名词性wh-从句1）由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从旬。Wh-1包括who,whom,whose,whoever,what,whatever,which,whichever 等连接代词和 where,when,how,why等连接副词Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外,还可充当介同宾 话、宾话补话和间接宾语等,例虬主话：How the book will sell depends on its author.书销售如何取决于作者本 人。直接宾语:In ones own home one can do what one likes,在自己家里可以随心 所做。间接 宾语:The club will give whoever wins a prize.俱乐部判给得胜者设奖。表语：My question is who will take over president of the FoundatiorB 的问题是 谁招接任该基金会主席取位。宾语补足语：She will name him whatever she wants to,她高兴给他起什么名字 可修编-就取什么名字。同 位语:I have no idea when he will return.我不知道他什么时候回来。形容词宾语：Im not sure why she refused their invitation.尚不能肯定她为什 么拒绝他们的激情。介词 宾语：That depends on where we shall go.那取决于我们去哪儿。2)Wh-从旬作主话也常用先行词it做形式主语，而将wh-我旬置于旬末，例虬It is not yet decided who will do that job.还没决定施做这项工作。It remains unknown when they are going to get married.他们何时结婚依然不明。if,whether引导的名词从句1)yes-no型疑问从旬从属连同if,whether引导的名词从句是由一般班问句或选择疑问转化而来 的，因此也分别被称为ves-no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从旬，其功能和wh-从句的功能相同,例虬主话：Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved.这一计圳是否可行还 有等证实。宾语：Let us know whether/if you can finish the article before Friday.it 我 If知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章写完。可修编-表语:The point is whether we should lend him the money.问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。同位语:They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy.他 调查他是否值得信赖。形容词宾语:Shes doubtful whether we shall be able to e.她怀疑我 ff是否能够 前来。介词 宾语:I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his 川ness.我 担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期。2）选择性疑问从旬选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whether-or或whetheor not构成，例如：Please tell me whether/if they are Swedish or Danish.请告诉我他们是瑞典大 还是丹麦大。I dont care whether you like the plan or no 不在乎你是否喜欢该计划。否定转移1）将 think,believe,suppose,expect,fancy,imagine 等动词后面宾话从句的否 定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓话动词用否定式，而从句的谓话就词用肯定式。I dont think I know you想我并不认识你。I don11 believe he will e我相信他不回来。注意：若谓语就词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。I hope you werent ill.我想你没有生病吧。2）将seem,appear等后的从句的否定转移到前面。可修编-It doesnt seem that they know where to go.看来他们不知道往哪去。It doesnt appear that well have a sunny day tomorrow.看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。3）有时将现名词，介词短语或整个从何的否定转变为对谓话就词的否定。I dont remember having ever seen such a man.我记得从未见过这样一个大。（not否定动名词短语having-）Ifs not a place where anyone would expect to see strange characters on the street.在这里,人们不会想到在街上会碰上雨生的大。（anyone作主话，从句中的谓话就词不能用否定形式。）4）有时状语或状语从句中否定可以转移到谓话动词前。The ant is not gathering this for itself alone.（否定状语）蚂蚁不只是为自己采食。He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so.（否定 because状话）他并不因亚里斯多德说过如何如何，就轻信此事。She had not been married many weeks when that mans younger brother saw her and was struck by her beauty.（否定状语many weeks）她结婚还不到几个月,这个大 的弟弟就看见她了，并对她的美貌看了迷状语一句地点状话从旬地点状语从旬通常由where,wherever引导。可修编-Where I live there are plenty of trees.我住的地方树很多。Wherever I am,l will be thinking of you.不管我在哪里我都会想到你。方式状话从旬方式状语从旬通常由as,(just)asso,as if,as though引导。1)as,(just)asso引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just)asso结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是“正如就像 11,多用于正式文体，例如:Always do to the others as you would be done by.你希望大家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。As water is to fish,so air is to man.我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。Just as we sweep our rooms,so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.正如打打房屋一样，我们也要打除我们头腼中落后的东西。2)as if,as though两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状话从句谓话多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相 反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作”侑佛似的，好像似的”，例如:They pletely ignore these facts as if(as though)they never existed.可修编-他们完全忽略了这些事实，就侑佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚 救语气。）He looks as if（as though）he had been hit by lighting.他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓话用虚拟语气。）It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓话用陈述语气。）说明：as if/asthough也可以引导一个分词短话、不定式短话或无现词短话,例如:He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。He cleared his throat as if to say something.他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.潴涛冲击着岩石,好像很愤怒。原因状语从旬比较：because,since,as 和 for1）because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因,回答why提出的问题。当 原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知,就用as或sinceoI didnt go,because I was afraid.Since/As the weather is so bad,we have to delay our journey.2）由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来 代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用f。可修编-He is absent today,because/for he is ill.He must be ill,for he is absent today.目的状语从旬表示目的状语的从句可以由 that,so that,in order that,lest,for fear that,in case 等词引导，例如:You must speak louder so that/in order that you can be heard by all.He wrote the name down for fear that(lest)he should forget it.Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.结果状话从句结果状话从旬常由s。that或suchthat引导,掌握这两个句型,首先要 了解so和such与其后的词的搭配规律。比较：so和such其规律由so与such的不同同性决定。such是形容词，修饰名词或名词词 组，so是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。so还可与表示数量的形容词many,few,much,little连用，形成固定搭配。so foolish such a foolso nice a flower such a nice flowerso many/few flowers such nice flowersso much/little money.such rapid progress可修编-so many people such a lot of people（so many已成固定搭配，a lot of虽相当于many,f a lot of为名词性的,只能用such搭配。）sothat与suchthat之间的转换既为so与such之间的转换。The boy is so young that he cant go to school.He is such a young boy that he cant go to school条件状话从旬连接词 主要有 if,unless,as/so long as,on condition that 等 o.if引导的条件句有真实条件旬和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟 语气中阐述。unless=if not.Lets go out for a walk unless you are too tired.If you are not too tied,lets go out for a walk.典型例题You will be late_you leave immediately.A.unlessB.untilC.ifD.or答案A。句意：除非你立即走，否则你就回迟到的。可转化为If you dong leave immediately,you will be late.B、D 旬意不对，or 表转折，句子如为 You leave immediately or you will be late.可修编-让步状话从句though,although注意:当有though,although时，后面的从旬不能有but,但是though和 vet可连用Although its raining,they are still working in the field.虽然在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。He is very old,but he still works very hard.虽然他很老，但仍然翳力地工作。Though the sore be healed,yet a scar may remain.伤口虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。（谚话）典型例题1）_she is young,she knows quite a lot.A.WhenB.HoweverC.AlthoughD.Unless答案：Co意为虽然她很年轻，却知道许多。2）as,though引导的倒装句as/though引导的it步从句必须表话或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实 义动词提前）oChild as/though he was,he knew what was the right thing to do.=Though he was a small child,he knew what was the right thing to do.注意：a.句首名词不能带任何冠词。b.旬首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义研同一起放在主语之前。可修编-Try hard as he will,he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.=Though he tries hard,he never seems 虽然他尽了努力，但他的工作总做的不尽人意。3）ever if,even though.即使Well make a trip even though the weather is bad.4）whetheror-不管.都Whether you believe it or not,it is true.5）no matter+疑问词”或“疑问词+后缀everNo matter what happened,he would not mind.Whatever happened,he would not mind.替换：no matter what=whateverno matter who=whoeverno matter when=wheneverno matter where=whereverno matter which=whicheverno matter how=however注意：no matter不能引导主语从句和宾话从旬。（错）No matter what you say is of no use now.（对）Whatever you say is of no use now.你现在说什么也没用了。（Whatever you say是主语从句）（错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what theyre given,（对）Prisoners have to eat whatever theyre given.0 犯们只能给什么吃什么。可修编-比 较 while,when,as1）as,when引导短暂性动作的动词。Just as/Just when/When I stopped my car,a man came up to me.2）当从何的矶作发生于主句就作之前，只能用when引导这个从何，不可 用 as 或 whileoWhen you have finished your work,you may have a rest.3）从旬表示“随时间推移”连同能用as,不用when或while。As the day went on,the weather got worse.日子一天天过去，天气越变越坏。比较until和till此两个连同意义相同。肯定形式表示的意思是“做某事直至某时，就词必须 是延续性的。否定形式表达的意思是“直至某时才做某事”。动词为延续性或非延 续性都可以。正确使用这两个连同的关铤之一就在于判断句中的现河该用肯定 式还是否定式。肯定句：I slept until midnight,我一直睡到半夜时醒了。Wait till I call you.等着我叫你。（在肯定句中可用 before 代替 Lets get in the wheat before the sun sets.）否定句：She didnt arrive until 6 oclock.可修编-她直到6点才到oDoni get off the bus until it has stopped.公共汽车停稳后再下车。I didnt manage to do it until you had explained how,直到你教我后，我才会做。1)Until可用于旬首，而till通常不用于旬首。Until you told me,I had heard nothing of what happened.直到你告诉我以前，出了什么事我一点也不知道。2)Until when疑问句中，until要放在句首。一一Until when are you staying?你呆到什么时候？-Until next Monday.呆到下周一。注意：否定旬可用另外两种句式表示。(1)Not until在句首，主句用倒装。Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is.直到19世纪初，人类才知道热能是什么。Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted.直到我开始工作，我才认识到了我已蹉昵了几多岁月。(2)lt is not untilthat表示一就的结构hardly/scarcely-when/before,no soonerthan 和 as soon as 都可 以表 示“一 就”的意思，例：I had hardly/scarcely got home when it began to rain.可修编-I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.As soon as I got home,it began to rain.注意:如果hardly,scarcely或no sooner置于句首，句子必须用制装结构：Hardly/scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.No sooner had I got home than it began to rain定语从句定语从旬（Attributive Clauses）在旬中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词,被修 饰的名词，词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关 系代词或关系副词）引出。关系代系有:who,whom,whose,that,which 等 o关系副词有：when,where,why等。关系代词引导的定语从旬关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定话等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先 行同保持一致。1）who,whom,that这些词代替的先行词是大的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是你想见的人吗?（who/that在从句中作主话）He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday.可修编-他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)2)Whose用来指大或物，(只用作定语,若指枷，它还可以同of which互换),例如:They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那 大车 坏了，大家 都跑过去帮忙。Please pass me the book whose(of which)cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的 书。3)which,that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主话、宾话等，例 如：A prosperity which/that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which/that在句中作宾语)The package(which/that)you are carrying is about to e un