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一．语法：
形容词副词的比较级和最高级:
一）形容词和副词的比较级
1.概念：形容词和副词的比较级用于两者（人或事物）之间的比较，意为“更......”,说明“前者比后者更......”.
2. 构成：
1）规则变化：
(1)单音节和部分双音节形容词和副词，在词尾加-er。
calm →calmer smart→smarter fast→faster
(2)以不发音的字母e结尾的形容词和副词，在词尾直接加-r。
nice→nicer fine→finer late→later
(3 )以单个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节的形容词和副词，双写该辅音字母，再加-er。
big→bigger thin→thinner hot→hotter
(4)以“辅音字母+y结尾的”，把“y”变为“i”，再加“-er”。
early→earlier happy→happier easy→easier
(5)多音节和部分双音节形容词和副词在原级前加more。
popular→more popular difficultly→more difficultly
(6)由“动词+后缀-ing/-ed”构成的形容词，在词尾前加more。
interesting→more interesting bored→more bored
(7)由“形容词+后缀-ly”构成的副词，在该副词前加more构成比较级。
slowly→more slowly happily→more happily
记忆口诀：
比较级，要变化，一般词尾加er。 词尾若有哑音e，直接加r就可以。
单辅重读闭音节，末尾字母要双写。 辅音字母若加y，记得把y变成i.
形副音节123，比较等级more在前。
2）不规则变化：
good/well→better bad/ill/badly→worse
many/much→more little→less
far→farther(更远的)/further（进一步）
old→older（作表语）/elder（作定语）
This is my elder brother.
He is older.
3.用法：
（1）用于两者之间的比较，表示两者之间的差异。
构成：主语+谓语+形容词或副词的比较级+than+比较对象
They have more apples than us.
（2)比较级+and+比较级
more and more+原级（多音节或者部分双音节形容词和副词）
意为“越来越......”
Our city is becoming cleaner and cleaner.
Tom is walking more and more slowly.
（3)the+比较级，the+比较级 意为“越......，就越......”.
The more you read, the more you know.
（4)as...as... 意为“与......一样......”,
否定形式not as/ so...as, 意为“不如......,与......不一样”
也是一种表示比较级的形式，但as与as之间用形容词或副词的原级。
This room is not as/so big as that one.=This room is smaller than that one.
（5)形容词的比较级用于...of the two...的结构中，比较级前要加定冠词the.
He is the more athletic of the two boys.
（6)比较级前可使用even, much, rather, far, a little, a bit, a lot等形容词或副词短语进行修饰，表示程度。（四个很多）
This trip is even more difficult.
I am a little heavier than Lucy.
二）形容词和副词的最高级：
1. 概念：形容词和副词的最高级用于三者或者三者以上的人或事之间的比较。在表示最高程度，即其中一个在某方面“最......”时使用。
2. 构成：
1)规则变化：
(1)单音节和部分双音节形容词和副词，在词尾加-est。
long→longest clever→cleverest fast→fastest
(2)以不发音的字母e结尾的形容词和副词，在词尾直接加-st。
nice→nicest cute→cutest late→latest
(3)以单个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节形容词和副词，双写该辅音字母，再加-est。
big→biggest thin→thinnest hot→hottest
(4)以“辅音字母+y结尾的”，把“y”变为“i”，再加“-est”。
early→earliest happy→happiest easy→easiest
(5)多音节和部分双音节形容词和副词在原级前加most。
popular→most popular difficultly→most difficultly
(6)由“动词+后缀-ing/-ed”构成的形容词，在词尾前加most。
interesting→most interesting bored→most bored
(7)由“形容词+后缀-ly”构成的副词，在该副词前加most构成比较级。
slowly→most slowly happily→most happily
2)不规则变化：
good/well→best bad/ill/badly→worst
many/much→most little→least
far→farthest/furthest old→oldest/eldest
3. 用法：
（1） 注意：A.最高级前一般要加定冠词the，副词最高级前的定冠词通常省略。
B．句子中常含有表示比较范围的介词of或in.
of+ 表示一群人或事物的名词或代词
in+表示单位或场所的名称
Bill is the tallest boy of us.
Jane has the most friends in our class.
(2)在表达“第几（大，长，远......）”时，序数次后用形容词的最高级形式。
He is the first tallest boy in his class.
(3)在表达“最......的......之一”时，用最高级，
结构：one of the+形容词的最高级+可数名词复数
Beijing is one of the biggest cities in our country.
(4)在表达“某人的最......的......”时，最高级前省略定冠词the，
构成：某人的+形容词的最高级+名词
Linda is my younger sister’s best friend.
练习：
1.写出下列形容词与副词的比较级与最高级形式：
long_____________ _____________ wide_____________ _____________
fat______________ ____________ heavy_____________ _____________
slow__________________________ brightly______________ __________ far______________ ____________ few______________ ____________
quickly______________ ____________ well______________ ____________
exciting______________ ____________ old______________ ____________
interested______________ ____________ many/much____________ _________
2.用所给词的正确形式填空：
1. Bob is _________ (young) than Fred but ___________ (tall) than Fred.
2. Ying Tian is not as ___________ (tall) as Yong Xian.
3.Which is _________ (heavy),a hen or a chicken?
4.--- How _________ (tall) is Sally? -- She' s 1.55 meters ________ (tall).
What about Xiaoling?
---She' s only 1.40 meters _____(tall). She is much ___ (short) than Sally.
She is also the ___ (short) girl in the class.
5. He is _____ (bad) at learning maths. He is much _____ (bad) at Chinese and he is the _______ (bad) at English.
6. Annie says Sally is the ________ (kind) person in the world.
7. He is one of the_________(friendly) people in the class, I think.
8. An orange is a little ______ (big) than an apple, but much ________ (small) than a watermelon.
9. Saturday is my _________ (busy) day in a week.
10. Her mother is getting ____________(fat) and ________ (fat).
3.选择填空：
1.This box is________ that one.
A. heavy than B. so heavy than C. heavier as D. as heavy as
2. When we speak to people, we should be __________.
A. as polite as possible B. as polite as possibly
C. as politely as possible D. as politely as possibly
3. This book is______ that one, but______ than that one.
A. as difficult as; expensive B. as more difficult as; more expensive
C. as difficult as; more expensive D. more difficult as; as expensive
4. It was very hot yesterday, but it is____ today.
A. even hotter B. more hotter C. much more hot D. much hot
5. The jacket was so_______ that he decided to buy it.
A. much B. little C. expensive D. cheap
6. His father is________ than his mother. ;
A. older four years B. as four years older
C. four years older D. bigger four years
7. When spring comes, it gets_________.
A. warm and warm B. colder and colder
C. warmer and warmer D. shorter and shorter
8. At last he began to cry __________.
A. hard and hard B. more hard and more hard
C. harder and harder D. less hard and less harder
9. _______ I look at the picture, _________ I like it.
A. The best; the more B. The more; the less
C. The more; less D. More; the more
10. _______ you come back, _______ it will be.
A. The quicker; the best B. The sooner; the better
C. Faster; the better D. The sooner; better
11. I like_______ one of the two books.
A. the older B. oldest C. the oldest D. older
12. Which is________ country, China or Japan?
A. the large B. the larger C. larger D. largest
13. This work is _______ for me than for you.
A. difficult B. most difficult C. much difficult D. more difficult
14. The Changjiang River is one of _____ in the world.
A. the longest river B. longest rivers
C. the longest rivers D. longer rivers
15. My moon cake is nicer _____ his.
A. like B. with C. for D. than
16. He jumps the _____ of the three.
A. far B. further C. farthest D. furthest
17. My hair is longer than _____ .
A. my sister B. Kate C. my brother’s D. Lucys’
18.Tom speaks Chinese _____ better than Jimmy.
A. more B. very C. a lot of D. much
19.Mother is _____ in my family.
A. busy B. busier C. the busiest D. more busy
20.Who listens______, Tom, Jack or Bill?
A. the most carefully B. more carefully
C. the most careful D. more careful
二.句型：
1）用于提问对人或事物的看法。
（1）句型：
What...think of...?
How...like...? 均翻译为“......认为......怎么样？”
How...feel about...?
(2)eg. What do you think of the weather in Beijing?
How do you like the weather in Beijing?
How do you feel about the weather in Beijing?
(3)回答：
肯定： I love it . / I like it.
否定：I don’t like it. / I can’t stand it.
练习：
1.---What do you _______ your hometown?
--- I love it very much.
A. look at B. talk about C. think of D. like
2.--- How do you like the movie?
---__________.
A. I love it B. What about you C. No, I don’t like it D. Yes, I like it
3. What do you think of the game show?( 改为同义句)
_____________________________________________.
_____________________________________________.
4． 你认为我们的校规和班规怎么样？ （兰州中考）
_______ do you_______ ________ our school rules and class rules?
2)用来提问对方某动作或话语的意图:
(1)句型：
What do/does...mean...by...?
What does...mean?
What is the meaning of...?
(2)Eg. What does the word “fast” mean?
What do you mean by the word “fast”?
What’s the meaning of “fast”?
(3)注：by后面加名词，代词或动名词。
练习：
1. What do you mean_____ shaking your head?
A. in B. by C. of D. from
2. What’s the ______ of “OK”?
A. meaning B. mean C. idea D. view
3. What does the sentence “No Smoking” mean?(改为同义句)
———————————————————.
———————————————————.
3)so+连系动词be/助动词/情态动词+主语 意为“......也是......”
(1) 肯定的倒装句,前后两个句子的主语指不同的人或物， 表示主语所做的动作与前面句子的动作一致。
Peter is interested in English. So am I.
(2)否定的倒装句。
Neither+连系动词be/助动词/情态动词+主语 意为“......也不......”
---Peter can’t speak English. Neither can I.
(3)so+主语+连系动词be/助动词/情态动词 意为“......的确/确实......”
表肯定的结构，用于对前句的主语和动作进行重复强调。
---He is good at English.
---So he is.
练习：
1. He went abroad, so____ I.
A. did B. do C. am D. does
2. ---it’s burning hot today, isn’t it?
---Yes.______ yesterday.
A. So was it B. So it was C. So it is D. So is it
3. ---I told you not to forget the homework.
---_____.
A. So you did B. So I do not C. So did you D. So do I
4.He doesn’t like eating apple, _____ do I.
A .so B. but C. neither D. nor
4)用来提问天气的句型：
What’s the weather like？= How is the weather?
回答：It is +表示天气状况的形容词。
---What’s the weather like?
---It’s sunny.
练习：
What’s the weather like?(改成同义句)
__________________________________.
三．词类辨析：
1.large, big 与great的区别：
(1)large侧重于面积，体积，容积和数量等，比较正式，不常用来指人。表示物时，可与big通用。
Shanghai is one of the largest cities in China.
(2) big可以指范围，面积，体积，重量等。 使用广泛，常用于口语。 反义词为small.
There is a big tree in front of the house.
(3)great 侧重形容抽象化的东西，常带有主观色彩，可以修饰人或物。指人时，意为“伟大的；杰出的”。
China is a great country with a long history.
练习：
1.The coat doesn’t fit me. It’s too _____ .
A. large B. big C. huge D. great
2. He is _____ enough to go out without his parents.
A. large B. big C. huge D. great
3.He is one of the ______ poets today.
A. large B. big C. huge D. great
pare...to与compare...with的区别:
(1)compare...to 把......比作...... (常表示异类相比，比喻)
We often compare the children to flowers.
(2)compare...with... 把......同......作比较 （常表示同类相比，比较）
He compared his camera with mine.
练习：
用to或with 填空：
1.We compare books______ friends.
2. If your compare British football______ American football, you’ll find many differences.
3.Compared _____ many women, she was really very lucky.
3.voice, sound与noise的区别：
(1)voice “嗓音，说话声” 指口中发出的声音或人的噪音
“I don’t think so,” she said in a low voice.
(2)sound “声音，响声” 指自然界的各种声音(人和物)
All she could hear was the sound of the waves.
(3)noise “噪音，响声” 指不和谐的声音
Try not to make so much noise.
练习：
用voice, sound 和 noise填空：
1.At midnight he heard a strange _________.
2.Don’t make any______.
3. Light travels much faster than _______.
4.She said “no”in a low ______.
5. The girl has a beautiful _______.
4.带有end的短语区别：
(1)at the end of “在......尽头”
反义词：at the beginning of “在......开头”
At the end of the road, you will find the restaurant.
(2)by the end of “到......末为止” 常用于一般将来时和过去完成时
By the end of last century, the population of our city had reached one million.
(3)in the end “最后” 常用于一般过去时
in the end=at last= finally
In the end, he decided to send the sick children to hospital.
练习：in the end, at the end of, by the end of填空：
1.There is a book store ______________ the street.
2. Tom passed the exam_____________.
3.There will be 500 students in our school ______________ 2015.
5.spend, pay, take 与cost区别：
(1)spend 主语是人 花费对象为时间/金钱
spend time/money doing sth. 花费时间/金钱做某事
spend time/money on sth. 在某事/某物上花费时间/金钱
spend time with sb. 同某人一起度过时间
My mother spent the whole morning doing housework.
(2)pay 主语是人 花费对象为金钱 pay money for sth.
How much did you pay for this dictionary?
(3)take 主语是it 花费对象为时间 it takes sb. some time to so sth.
It took me half an hour to work home just now.
(4)cost 主语是物 cost sb. some money
I didn’t get it because it cost too much.
练习：
1.---Do you often get online?
---Yes. I _______ lots of time on it. It’s a good way to kill time.
A .cost B. spend C. take D. use
2.It ______ me 15minutes to do to school by bike.
A. cost B. spend C. takes D. pay
3.My brother spent five hours _________ his homework.
A. doing B. to do C. did D.do
4. The sweater_______ my mother 100 yuan.
A .cost B. spent C. took D. used
5.How much did you _______ the shoes?
A. pay for B. cost C. spend D. take
6. a few, few, a little 与little的区别：
意义 功能
修身可数名词复数
修饰不可数名词
否定（有些；有几个）
a few
a little
否定（几乎没有）
few
little
There are a few eggs in the fridge, so I needn’t buy any at once.
There are few eggs in the fridge, so I must buy some.
I can only speak a little French.
There’s little rice in the bowl.
口诀：few, little 有异同，可数或不可数要记清，
其前有“a”表肯定，其前无“a”表否定。
练习：用a few, few, a little 与little填空：
1.I like_______ in my sugar.
2.There are ________ students eating lunch now.
3.A______ people were waiting for the bus.
4.You have to hurry to school. There is ________ time left.
5.He wanted to drink _______ orange juice.
7.arrive, get与reach的区别：
(1)arrive 不及物动词 之后通常接介词in(较大的地方)或at(较小的地方)。
We arrived at the station five minute late.
They will arrive in Paris next week.
(2)get 不及物动词 之后通常接介词to.
When we got to the park, it began to rain.
(3)reach 及物动词 之后直接加地点作宾语。
He reached Shanghai yesterday.
(4)注：arrive，get不可直接加宾语，但是可以接here, there, home等副词。
练习：
1.When he arrived________ the station, the train had left.
A. at B. to C. in D./
2.Last night he ______ home at ______ 12.
A. got, behind B. got, around C. got to, behind D. arrived at, nearly
3.Jim and Kate are________ their hometown tomorrow.
A. getting to B. getting C. arriving D. reaching to
4.He will arrive ______ New York tomorrow.
8.so与much的区别：
(1)so 副词
修饰形容词和副词原级 I am so happy to hear from you.
与many, much, few或little连用修饰名词。So
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