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小学英语语法大全(含练习).doc

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目录 概述 ...............................................................................................................................1 第一讲 句子 ................................................................................................................ 2 第二讲 名词 ................................................................................................................ 4 第三讲 冠词 ................................................................................................................ 7 第四讲 代词 ................................................................................................................ 9 第五讲 形容词和数词 ................................................................................................ 11 第六讲 副词 ................................................................................................................ 14 第七讲 介词 ................................................................................................................ 15 第八讲 连词 ................................................................................................................ 17 第九讲 动词 ................................................................................................................ 18 第十讲 语法的基本概念 ............................................................................................ 20 第十一讲 一般现在时 ................................................................................................ 22 第十二讲 现在进行时 ................................................................................................ 24 第十三讲 一般过去时 ................................................................................................ 26 第十四讲 一般将来时 ................................................................................................ 28 第十五讲 句法 ............................................................................................................ 30 第十六讲 话题 ............................................................................................................ 32 概述 英语语法是什么:英语语法是针对英语语言进行研究后,英语语法系统地总结归纳出来的一系列语言规则。英语语法的精髓在于掌握语言的使用。 英语语法是分类的,分为词法和句法。小学英语语法和初高中相比较,只是在语法数量和难易程度上有差别。英语有些方面是有一些规律可循的,但是英语还有它另外一个显著的特点,那就是知识点的零碎、分散。万丈高楼从地起,想要学好英语,那就需要注重英语基础。基础打牢才会越学越轻松。 对于小学语法的讲解,将会从词法、句法、时态三个方面展开: 【词法】八大词法:名词 形容词 副词 代词  动词 数词 介词 冠词 【句法】七种句型:陈诉句、疑问句(一般疑问句、选择疑问句、特殊疑问句)祈使句 、被动句、There be句型 、 if条件句、感叹句 【时态】四种时态:一般现在时、现在进行时、一般过去时、一般将来时 第一讲:句子 第二讲:名词 名词的定义:名词是指表示人和事物名称的词,可以分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。 一:名词的种类: 专有名词 普通名词 国名地名人名,团体机构名称 可数名词 不可数名词 个体名词 集体名词 抽象名词 物质名词 1、专有名词:特定的人、地方、机构等专有的名称。第一个字母通常要大写。 e.g. Jim Green, New York, Bank of China,Peking University 星期、月份、节日、学科、报刊名也是专有名词。 e.g. Monday,May,Christmas,Spring Festival,Maths,China Daily 2、普通名词:表示一类人或物或抽象概念的名称。普通名词又可以分为四类: 个体名词—— 表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:student , desk 集体名词—— 表示若干个体组成的集合体,如:class , family 物质名词—— 表示无法分为个体的物质名称,如:water , rice , sand,hair 抽象名词—— 表示情感,状态,品质等抽象名称,如:love ,carelessness 个体名词和集体名词多数可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词,有单、复数形式; 物质名词和抽象名词通常无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词,一般只有一种形式。 注 意: ① 集体名词被看作一个整体时,表达单数概念。 e.g. His family was well known in the town. 他家在镇里是名门望族。 ② 集体名词被看作若干个体的集合时,表达复数概念。 e.g. His family are waiting for him. 她的家人正在等他。 ③ 集体名词表达多个集体时,也有复数形式。 e.g. Our village is made up of 300 families. 我们村有300户人家。 二: 名词的数: 1. 规则名词的复数形式:名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下: 规则 例词 1 一般情况在词尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days 2 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes 3 以-f或-fe结尾的词 变-f和-fe为v再加-es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves 加-s chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs 4 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加-es party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities 5 以元音字母加y结尾的名词,或专有名词以y结尾的,加-s toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys 6 以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词 一般加-es Negro-Negroes, hero-heroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes 不少外来词加-s piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos 两者皆可 zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos 7 以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos 8 以-th结尾的名词加-s truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths, 2. 不规则名词复数:英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,现归纳如下: 规则 例词 1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2 单复数相同 sheep, deer, means, works, fish, yuan, jin, 3 只有复数形式 trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, 4 一些集体名词总是用作复数 people, police 5 部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)也可以作复数(成员) class, family, crowd, couple, group, government, population, team, public, party 6 复数形式表示特别含义 customs(海关), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜) 7 表示“某国人” 加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans 单复数同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese 以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women Englishmen, Frenchwomen 8 合成名词 将主体名词变为复数 sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends 无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数 grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches 将两部分变为复数 women singers, men servants 三、 名词的所有格: 名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种: 一是名词词尾加’s构成,二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西,后者多表示无生命的东西。 1. ’s所有格的构成: 单数名词在末尾加’s the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo, 复数名词 一般在末尾加’ the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother, 不规则复数名词后加’s the children’s toys, women’s rights, 以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’ Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house 表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’s Japan’s and America’s problems, Jane’s and Mary’s bikes 表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’s Japan and America’s problems, Jane and Mary’s father 表示"某人家""店铺",所有格后名词省略 the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s 2. ’s所有格的用法: 1 表示时间 today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday 2 表示自然现象 the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches 3 表示国家城市等地方的名词 the country’s plan, the world’s population, China’s industry 4 表示工作群体 the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory 5 表示度量衡及价值 a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples 6 与人类活动有特殊关系的名词 the life’s time, the play’s plot 7 某些固定词组 a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措) 3. of所有格的用法: 用于无生命的东西:the legs of the chair, the cover of the book 用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时:the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词:the struggle of the oppressed 练习: bus- lunch- car- man- toy- family- potato- life- child- Chinese- fox- baby- 1. There some wine in the bottle. A. is B. are C. be D. being 2. Mice afraid of cats. A. is B. are C. was D. be 3. Mathematics my favourite subject. A. is B. are C. be D. were 4. My father has almost . A. two hundred sheep B. two hundred sheeps C. two hundreds sheep D. two hundreds sheeps 5. There are in the park. A. six child B. six childs C. six children D. six childrens 第三讲:冠词 冠词分为不定冠词(a, an),定冠词(the),和零冠词。 I. 不定冠词的用法: 不定冠词a,an用在单数可数名词前面,泛指一类人或物中的任何一个。 1 指一类人或事,相当于a kind of A plane is a machine that can fly. 2 第一次提及某人某物,非特指 A boy is waiting for you. 3 表示“每一”相当于every,one We study eight hours a day. 4 表示“相同”相当于the same We are nearly of an age. 5 用于人名前,表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事 A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out That boy is rather a Lei Feng. 6 用于固定词组中 A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time 7 用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后 This room is rather a big one. 8 用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后 She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet. II. 定冠词的用法: 定冠词the用在单数或复数可数名词前,也可用在不可数名词前。 1 表示某一类人或物 The horse is a useful animal. 2 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean 3 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事 Would you mind opening the door? 4 用于乐器前面 play the violin, play the guitar 5 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 the reach, the living, the wounded 6 表示“一家人”或“夫妇” the Greens, the Wangs 7 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前 He is the taller of the two children. 8 用于国家党派等以及江河湖海,山川群岛的名词前 the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French 9 用于表示发明物的单数名词前 The compass was invented in China. 10 在逢十的复数数词之前,指世纪的某个年代 in the 1990’s 11 用于表示单位的名词前 I hired the car by the hour. 12 用于方位名词,身体部位名词,及表示时间的词组前 He patted me on the shoulder. III. 零冠词的用法: 零冠词:名词前不用冠词的情况。 1 专有名词,物质名词,抽象名词,人名地名等名词前 Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air 2 名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制 I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this? 3 季节,月份,星期,节假日,一日三餐前 March, Sunday, National Day, spring 4 表示职位,身份,头衔的名词前 Lincoln was made President of America. 5 学科,语言,球类,棋类名词前 He likes playing football/chess. 6 与by连用表示交通工具的名词前 by train, by air, by land 7 以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时 husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night 8 表示泛指的复数名词前 Horses are useful animals. 练习: 1. There is _____notebook on my desk. I use _____ notebook to keep a diary. 2. There is ______bottle on the table. _____ water in it is sweet. 3. Wang's mother is ______English teacher. She teaches in _____ primary school. 4. China is ______ ancient country with _____ long history. 5. China has _____ population of 12 hundred million. _____ Chinese people are _____ great people. 6. Her mother is _____ university teacher. She is _____ honest woman. 7. None of _____books should be taken out of _____ room without _____ permission of _____ librarian. 8. _____Party always teaches us to work for _____ people heart and soul. 9. She studies at ____No. 3 Middle School. She goes to ____ school by ____ bus every day. 10. My elder sister is _____student of _____ English. She studies at _____ college. 11. ______ Monday before _____ Spring Festival was very cold. 12. Have you had ______dinner? 13. He lives in ______ Shanghai. 14. She is wearing ______ sunglasses. 15. Are you ______ busy? 16. I have ______ money. 17. Does Lisa want to be ______ actress? 18. Ori is ______ best student in our class. 19. Are those your ______ shoes? 20. My sister is playing ______ piano. 第四讲:代词 1、人称代词:表示“我、你、他、她、它、我们、你们、他们”的词。 我 你 他 她 它 我们 你们 他们 主格 I you he she it we you they 宾格 me you him her it us you them ①主格一般用在句子开头做主语,通常用在动词前。 e.g. I am a student. They are cleaning the classroom. ②宾格可以用来表示动作行为的对象,一般用在动词和介词后面。 e.g. Ask her, please. Listen to me carefully. 2、物主代词:表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。 我的 你的 他的 她的 它的 我们的 你们的 他们的 形容词性 my your his her its our your their 名 词 性 mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs ①形容词性物主代词后面一般要带上名词。如:my watch, his cousin, our school ②名词性物主代词本身就可以看作是名词,故其后不能再加名词,可单独使用。 e.g. —Is that your bike? —No. Mine is blue. 3、不定代词:没有明确指定代替某个(些)人或物的词叫不定代词。 (1)some和any 都表示“一些”,既可以修饰可数名词,也可以修饰不可数名词。 ① some多用在肯定句中,any多用在否定句和疑问句中。 e.g. There are some flowers in the garden. (肯定句) There isn’t any milk in the fridge. (否定句) Do you have any hobbies? (疑问句) ② 在表示邀请和希望对方给予肯定回答的疑问句中也要用some。 e.g. —Would you like some coffee? —Yes, please. (邀请) —Mum, can I have some peaches? —Sure.(希望对方给予肯定回答) (2)both和all ① both表示“两个都……”,只指代或修饰可数名词。 e.g. We are both policemen.(强调两人) ② all表示“三个或三个以上都……”,既可指代或修饰可数名词,也可指代或修饰不可数名词。 e.g. They are all in the room.(至少三人) (3)many和much都表示“许多”,many修饰可数名词,much修饰不可数名词。 e.g. My uncle has many stamps. There is much tea in the cup. (4)each和every each强调个人,指两个或两个以上的人或事物中的“每个”;every是指许多人或事物的“全体”,与all的意思相近。 e.g. I’ll buy a present for each of her parents. 我要为她的父母每人买一件礼物。 Every book in his study is interesting. 他书房里的每本书都很有趣。 (5)other 作形容词时意思是“其他的”,指尚未提到的部分,其后一般接复数名词。 e.g. We study Chinese, English, Maths and other subjects. (6)something和everything ① something 某事;某物 e.g. I want something to drink. ② everything 一切事物;每样事物 e.g. Tell me everything about you. (7) nobody 没有人 e.g. She likes nobody and nobody likes her. 4、疑问代词:用来表达疑问或构成疑问句的代词,一般放在疑问句的句首。 what 问什么 —What’s your name? —My name is Tom. What colour 问颜色 —What colour is your coat? —It’s red. what day 问星期 —What day is it today? —It’s Monday. what date 问日期 —What date is it today? —It’s the first of June. what shape 问形状 —What shape is the moon? —It’s round. what…job 问工作 —What’s your father’s job? —He’s a bus driver. what time 问时间 —What time is it? —It’s ten o’clock. when 问时候 —When is your birthday? —It’s on the first of May. which 问哪个 —Which is your watch, this one or that one? —That one. where 问地点 —Where is my pen? —It’s on the floor. who 问谁 —Who is the boy with big eyes? —He’s Liu Tao. whose 问谁的 —Whose bag is this? —It’s Helen’s. why 问原因 —Why are you absent today? —I’m ill. how 问方式 —How do you go to school? —By bus. how many 问数量 —How many books are there? —There are five. how much 问价钱 —How much is it? —Twenty yuan. how old 问年龄 —How old are you? —I’m twelve. how far 问距离 —How far is it from here? —It’s about one kilometer. how about 问情况 —I’m thirsty. How about you? —Me, too. 5、指示代词 ① this(这个)、these(这些)表示在时间上或空间上较近的人或物。 ② that(那个)、those(那些)表示在时间上或空间上较远的人或物。 选择题: 1. Ori and Mari are good friends. ______ study together. A. They B. She C. He D. Them 2. Mari and I are from England. ______ are English. A. They B. We C. She D. It 3. I am going to play tennis with ______. A. She B. her C. he D. his 4. Mari: Where is my pencil? Ori: ______ is on the sofa. A. It B. One C. They D. Its 5. Ori: Do you have a computer? Mari: Yes, I have ______ . A. it B. them C. one D. ones 第五讲:形容词和数词 形容词用来修饰名词或代词,表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征。它的位置通常放在被修饰的名词前,也可以放在be动词和look、feel、taste、sound、get之后。 一、形容词的种类 1. 用来表示性质或状态的描述形容词 Love is blue. (爱情是忧郁的。) 2. 指代事物的指示形容词 That student is smart. (那个学生很聪明) 3. 属于数量形容词的不定量形容词 (1) 表示“数”的形容词用来修饰可数名词 many(很多的) There are many dogs in the park. a few (几个,一些) I have a few tickets. few(几乎没有的) I have few friends. (2) 表示“量”的形容词用来修饰不可数名词 much(很多的) There is much milk in the bottle. a little(一点的) There is a little soup in the bowl. Little(几乎没有的) There is little soup in the bowl. (3) 可数与不可数名词均可修饰 some, any, a lot of (=lots of), no She has some friends. She has some money. 4. 属于数量形容词的数词 (1) 基数词:1,2,3......这些表示基本数字的词 one, two, three, four, five...... 基数词:表示数目多少。 基数词变序数词记忆口诀: 一、二、三,需要记,八去t,九省e,ve结尾时,f来代替, ty结尾时,y变ie,再加th,若是几十几,前基后序别忘记。 1 one 11 eleven 21 twenty-one 2 two 12 twelve 22 twenty-two 3 three 13 thirteen 30 thirty 4 four 14 fourteen 40 forty 5 five 15 fifteen 50 fifty 6 six 16 sixteen 60 sixty 7 seven 17 seventeen 70 seventy 8 eight 18 eighteen 80 eighty 9 nine 19 nineteen 90 ninety 10 ten 20 twenty 100 hundred 注意:数字“0”可以读作“zero”,也可以读作字母“o”。 (2)序数词:第一、第二、第三......这些表示顺序的词 first(1st), second(2nd), third(3rd), fourth(4th)...... 序数词:表示顺序先后。 1st first 11th eleventh
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