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现在完成时
【现在完成时】
A. 表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。
【常用时间状语】recently, lately, since+时间点, for+数字+时间名词, in the past few months/years等
【构成】 肯定形式:have/has + done
否定形式:have/has + not +done
一般疑问句:have或has放于句首
B. 现在完成时的用法
1)现在完成时所表示的动作在说话之前已完成,而对现在有影响。
eg. The car has arrived. 车子来了。(结果:车子已在门口)
Someone has broken the window. 有人把窗户打破了。(结果:窗户仍破着)
区别:have been to, have gone to, have been in
have been to,表示去过某个地方,不过现在已经回来了
have gone to表示去了,但还没有回来,也许是在去的途中
have been in指的是在某个地方,从过去一直延续到现在
例如:你以前去过北京么?
例如:A: Is Mr.Wang at home?
B: No,he is not in, (他去香港了)
2)现在完成时所表示的动作开始于过去,持续到现在,也许还会持续下去。常用for和since表示一段时间的状语或so far,now,today,this week (month,year)等表示包括现在时间在内的状语。
eg. He has studied English for 5 years.
He has studied English since 2001.
Now I have finished the work.
注意:表示短暂时间动作的词,如:come,go,die,marry,buy等的完成时不能与for,since等表示一段时间的词连用。用来持续的动作或状态或表过去重复的动作,如live,study,be,wait等,常和since(自从)或for(经历)引导的词语连用。
如:I have lived here for more than thirty years.我已在此住了30多年。
由非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换:
1
arrive →be here
begin(start)→be on
die →be dead
come back →be back
leave →be away
fall ill(sick, asleep)
→be ill(sick, asleep)
get up →be up
go out →be out
finish →be over
put on →wear 或be on
open →be open
join →be in
或be a member of…
close →be closed
go to school →be a student
borrow →keep
buy →have
catch(a cold)→ have(a cold)
get to know →know
begin to study →study
come to work →work
例题
( )1.When he arrived at the bus stop, the bus _____ for 20 minutes.
A. has left B. had left C. has been away D. had been away
( )2. I ______ the League for 5 years so far.
A. joined B. have joined C. have been in
( )3.The factory ____ since the February of 1988.
A . has been open B. has opened C. was open D. opened
( )4.Mary and Rose ____friends since they met in 2000.
A. have made B. have been C. made D. have become
( )5.You mustn't_____ until he comes back.
A. be away B. leave C. be left
( )6.The meeting _____ for a week now.
A. has finished B. has ended C. has been over
( )7.Miss Gao ______ this school for nearly 5 years.
A. has been in B. has come to C. has taught
( )8.Ben ______ a teacher for 4 years.
A. has been B. has become C. was D. became
( )9. I ______ home for a week.
A. have returned B. have been back C. returned
( )10. How long _______ he ________ ?
A. died B. has, died C. has, been dead
( )11. He ______ at eight yesterday afternoon.
A. slept B. was sleeping C. has sleep D. had slept
( )12.He ________ the car for a week.
A. bought B. has bought C. has had
( )13.---How long _____ you _____ ill ?
---Two weeks.
A. did fall B. have, fell C. have, been
( )14.Since 2000, he _____ his hometown.
A. has left B. has moved away C. has been away from
( )15.I'll lend you the book , but you can only _____ it for 2 days.
A. borrow B. keep C. take
练习
[单项选择]
( )1、Both his parents look sad. Maybe they ______what's happened to him.
A. knew B. have known C. must know D. will know
( )2、He has _______ been to Shanghai, has he ?
A. already B. never C. ever D. still
( )3、Have you met Mr Li ______?
A. just B. ago C. before D. a moment ago
( )4、The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two year .
A. is writing B. was writing C. wrote D. has written
( )5、—Our country ______ a lot so far .
—Yes. I hope it will be even ______.
A. has changed; well B. changed; good C. has changed; better D. changed; better
( )6、Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years .
A. was; studying B. will; study C. has; studied D. are; studying
( )7、We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl .
A. know B. had known C. have known D. knew
( )8、Harry Potter is a very nice film. I ______ it twice.
A. will see B. have seen C. saw D. see
( )9、—These farmers have been to the United States .
—Really? When _____ there?
A. will they go B. did they go C. do they go D. have they gone
( )10、—______ you ___ your homework yet?
—Yes. I _____ it a moment ago.
A.Did; do; finished B.Have; done; finished
C.Have; done; have finished D.will; do; finish
( )11、His father ______ the club since 1988.
A. joined B. has joined C. was in D. has been in
( )12、—Do you know her well?
— Sure .We _________ friends since ten years ago.
A. were B. have been C. have become D. have made
( )13、—How long have you ____ here?
—About seven years.
A. been B. gone C. come D. arrived
( )14、Hurry up! The program __________ for five minutes .
A. has begun B. had begun C. has been on D. began
( )15、It _____ ten years since he came Chengdu.
A. is B. has C. will D. was
( )16、Miss Green isn't in the office. She _______ to the library.
A. has gone B. went C. will go D. has been
( )17、My parents ______ Shandong for ten years .
A. have been in B. have been to C. have gone to D. have been
( )18、He ________ for 2 hours.
A. got up B. has got up C. has been up
( )19、Tom is ill in hospital. He ______ a cold for several days.
A. is B. catches C. has caught D. has had
( )20、His grandparents ______ for more than 9 years.
A. has come here B. has started to work C. has lived there D. has left the university
[汉译英]
1、 吉姆已做完作业,他现在有空了。
2、 他昨天收到一封信。
3、 我父亲以前到过长城。
4、 她还没有看过那部新电影。
5、 她去过上海。
Keys:
1、现在完成时主要强调过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响,或过去发生的动作还未结束,一直持续到现在或将来,重点在于对现在的影响。这种考查难度较大,往往无时间状语,需要从上下文分析、推理才行。故上两侧根据上下文分析、推理,正确答案是B。
2、现在完成时常与already(已经),just(刚刚,正好),ever(曾经),never(从来,也不;从不),before(以前),yet(仍然)等连用。故2应选B。
3、C
4、现在完成时常与recently(近来),so far(到目前为止),in the past/“last + 一段时间”等时间状语连用。因为上述短语表示的是从现在起往前推算的一段时间,句中的动作是从过去某一时间或时刻开始持续到现在的。故4应选D。
5、C
6、现在完成时时常与“for +时间段或since +过去时间点”连用(含从句,从句过去时)。故6应选C。
7、C
8、现在完成时还与once(一次),twice(两次),three times(三次),several times(几次)等表示重复次数的词语连用。故8应选B。
9、现在完成时与一般过去时容易混淆,就是因为它们所表示的动作都发生在过去,但二者又有区别:一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作,说话的侧重点在于陈述一件过去的事情,与现在没有关系;现在完成时表示与现在有关系的发生在过去的动作,它不与表示过去的时间状语(如yesterday , last week , a moment ago等)连用。故9的正确答案为B。
10、B
11、现在完成时中,非延续性动词不能与for和since引导的表示一段时间的状语连用,通常是用相应的延续性动词来代替。故11的正确答案依次为:D。
12、B 13、A 14、C 15、A。
16、“have/has gone to + 地点”表示“某人去了某地(还未回来)”,指主语所指的人不在这儿。“have/has been in + 地点”表示“在某地呆了多长时间”,常与表示时间的状语连用。“have/has been to +地点”表示“曾经去过某地(但现在已不在那儿)。”故16的正确答案为A。
17、A 18、D 19、C 20、C
汉译英。
1、Jim has finished doing his homework already. He is free now.
2、He received a letter yesterday.
3、My father has been to the Great Wall before.
4、She hasn't seen the new film yet.
5、She has been to Shanghai.
6、Where has he been these days?
5
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