计算机专业常用英语.ppt

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。,piler,编译器，编译程序,compile v.,编译,compiled language,编译语言,6.branch n.,分支；连接；转移,branch instruction,转移指令，分支指令,branchpoint,转移点，分支点,branch prediction,转移预测，分支预测,1,7.frequency,频率,Time,时间,Amplitude,振幅,sine wave,正弦波,period,周期,phase,相位,phase difference,相位差,2,比较,constant n.,常量,9.variable n.,变量,10.mode n.,方式，模式，状态,compatibility mode,兼容方式,3,比较,model,模型,module,模块,modulo,模,(,运算,),11.opcode,操作码,(operation code),12.decode v.,译码,decoder,译码器，解码器，翻译程序,4,2.2 Microprocessor And Microcomputer,1.integrated circuit,集成电路,integrated software,集成软件,比较,integration,集成；芯片封装；积分,integrator,积分电路，积分器,integrity,完整性,2.semiconductor,半导体,3.chip,芯片,5,4.package,软件包；,(,封装,),外壳,packaged software,套装软件,比较,packet n.(,信息,),包；,(,报文,),分组,pack v.,压缩,5.descending sort,降序排序,比较,ascending sort,升序排序,6,6.superscalar,超标量结构,superclass,超类,supercomputer,超级计算机,superconductor,超导体,superscript,上标,A microprocessor architecture that enables the microprocessor to execute multiple instructions per clock cycle.,遵循此结构的微处理器能在一个时钟周期内执行多条指令。,7,plex number,复数,比较,real number,实数,8.Multimedia Extensions,多媒体扩展,(,技术,),multimedia,多媒体,extension,扩展名,9.benckmark n.,基准,(,测试,),程序,v.,测量性能,A test used to measure hardware or software performance.,一种用于测量硬件或软件性能的测试程序。,8,10.decompression n.,解压缩,(uncompression),比较,compression n.,压缩,compress v.,压缩,compressor n.,压缩器,11.convention n.,规定，约定,conventional memory,常规内存,12.transistor,晶体管,(,tran,sfer re,sistor,),Emitter,发射极,Base,基极,Collector,集电极,9,13.odd,奇数,比较,even,偶数,patibility,兼容性,10,16.idle a.,空闲，等待,idle state,空闲状态,Operational but not in use.,用来说明处在可操作状态但不在使用。,11,18.launch v.,启动，激活,19.prototyping,原型法,20.project n.,投影运算,21.workstation,工作站,12,2.3 Multiprocessing,1.parallel a.,并联；并行,parallel access,并行存取,parallel computer,并行计算机,parallel interface,并行接口,parallel processing,并行处理,parallel transmission,并行传输,比较,serial a.,串行,13,2.fixed a.,固定,fixed-length field,定长字段,fixed-point arithmetic,定点运算,3.task,任务,4.traffic n.,通信,业务,量,The load carried by a communications link or channel.,通信链路或信道载送的负荷。,5.throughout n.,吞吐量,14,6.share v.,共享,shared resource,共享资源,shareware,共享软件,7.LAN,局域网,local area network,比较,WAN,广域网,wide area network,MAN,城域网,metropolitan area network,8.library (,程序,),库，库,15,9.single threading,单线程处理方式,single-precision,单精度,single-user computer,单用户计算机,thread,线程；线索,threaded tree,线索树,threading,线程技术,Within a program,the running of a single process at a time.,在程序中，一次运行一个进程的方式。,16,10.local a.,局部；本地,机,localhost,本,(,主,),机,比较,remote a.,远程,remote access,远程访问,remote communications,远程通信,remote terminal,远程终端,11.ring network,环形网络,ring topology,环形拓扑,17,12.master processor,主处理器,master file,主文件,master record,主记录,master arrangement,主配置,比较,slave n.,从设备,18,13.kernel n.,内核,核心,程序,The core of an operating systemthe portion of the system that manages memory,files,and peripheral devices;maintains the time and date;launches applications;and allocates system resources.,操作系统的内核，是管理内存、文件和外围设备，维持时间和日期，启动应用程序，以及分配系统资源的那部分操作系统。,14.SMP,s,ymmetric,m,ulti,p,rocessing,对称多处理,(,技术、体系结构,),19,2.4 Measuring Computer Performance,1.interval n.,间隔，间歇,2.parameter n.,参数,3.initialize v.,初始化,initialization n.,初始化,4.derived class,派生类,In object-oriented programming,a class created from another class,called the base class.A derived class inherits all the features of its base class.,在面向对象程序设计中，从基类中产生的类。派生类继承基类所以的属性。,20,5.clock,时钟,(,电路,),The electronic circuit in a computer that generates a steady stream of timing pulsesthe digital signals that synchronize every operation.,计算机内的产生稳定的时序脉冲信号的电子电路，该数字信号同步每次操作。,clock rate,时钟频率,clock speed,时钟速度,clock pulse,时钟脉冲,21,6.MIPS,m,illions of,i,nstructions,p,er,s,econd,百万条指令每秒,A common measure of processor speed.,一种测量处理器运行速率的度量单位。,7.sort v.,排序；分类,bubble sort,冒泡排序,distributive sort,分布排序,insertion sort,插入排序,merge sort,合并排序,quick sort,快速排序,22,8.port n.,端口,v.,转出，移出,An interface through which data is transferred between a computer and other devices(such as a printer,keyboard or mouse),a network,or a direct connection to another computer.,一种接口，数据通过它可以在计算机和其他设备之间、网络之间或者其他直接相连的计算机之间进行传输。,To change a program in order to be able to run it on a different computer.,改变一个程序，使之能在不同的计算机上运行。,23,3.1 Boolean Algebra,1.Boolean algebra,布尔代数,Boolean expression,布尔表达式,Boolean operator,布尔运算符,plement,补码,Complementary operation,求反运算,24,3.union,并集,比较,intersect,交,difference,差,4.negation,非,5.vector,向量,25,3.2 Graph Theory,1.vertex,顶点,2.edge,边,3.graph,图,If any two nodes in a graph can be connected by a path along edges,the graph is said to be connected.,如果图中任意两个结点间都能够用一条路径沿着边线连接起来，那么该图则被称为连通的。,26,A subgraph is a subset of the nodes and edges within a graph.,子图是图中结点和边线的子集。,A graph is directed(a digraph)if each edge links two nodes together only in one direction.,如果每条边线仅在一个方向上将两个结点连接起来，则该图为有向图。,A graph is weighted if each edge has some value associated with it.,如果每条边线都有一些相关的值，则该图为加权图。,27,4.Loop n.v.,循环,loop check,循环检测,loop configuration,循环配置,loop structure,循环结构,5.circuit n.,电路,circuit board,电路板,28,6.tree,树,root,根,child,孩子,parent,双亲,leaf node,叶子结点,subtree,子树,29,3.3 Combinatorial Problems,binatorics,组合数学,A branch of mathematics related to probability and statistics,involves the study of counting,grouping,and arrangement of finite sets of elements.,有关概率和统计的一个数学分支，研究对元素的有限集合的计算、分组和排列。,2.counter,计数器,counting loop,计数循环,30,3.list,表,list box,列表框,比较,queue,队列,deque,双端队列,stack,堆栈,4.natural number,自然数,An integer that is equal to or greater than zero.,大于等于零的整数。,31,natural language,自然语言,5.error,错误,critical error,严重错误,fatal error,致命错误,hard error,硬错误,inherent error,固有错误,intermittent error,间歇错误,logic error,逻辑错误,overflow error,溢出错,32,error analysis,错误分析,error checking,错误检测法,error-correcting code,纠错码,error detection and correction,检错纠错法,error rate,出错率,error trapping,错误捕获,比较,fault,故障；失效,33,6.object,目标码；对象；物体,object code,目标代码,object file,目标文件,object-oriented a.,面向对象,7.calculator,计算器,34,8.zero n.,零,v.,置零,Zero divide,除（以）零,Zero flag,零标志,Zero-length string,空,零长度,字符串,Zero out,置零,Zero suppression,消零,Nonreturn to zero,不归零,35,9.induction,感应,inductor,电感器,比较,inductance,电感，自感,10.recursion,递归,36,3.4 Algorithm And Its Measures,1.algorithm,算法,algorithm language,算法语言,ALGOL,语言,Algo,rithm,L,anguage,2.formula,公式,3.bound n.,界、限,v.,约束,upper bound,上限,lower bound,下限,37,4.procedure n.,过程,procedure call,过程调用,5.attribute n.,属性,6.linear a.,线性,linear list,线性表,7.matrix n.,矩阵,8.one-dimensional array,一维数组,38,9.poly-,前缀,多、复、聚,polygon,多边形,polyline,折线,polymorphism,多态性,39,5.,order n.,次序,v.,排序,6.,dot,点，点分符,dot-matrix n.a.,点阵,dot-matrix printer,点阵打印机,dot pitch,点距,7.,sheet n.,表单,8.,index n.v.,索引；下标,9.,assignment statement,赋值语句,assignment operator,赋值操作符,10.,update,更新；修改,4.2,Typical Data Structure Stacks And Queues,1.,array,数组,2.,record n.v.,记录,3.,stack,栈，堆栈,pop,出栈,push,入栈，压栈,4.,queue n.,队列,v.,排队,5.,routine,例程,Any section of code that can be invoked(executed)within a program.,程序内可以调用（执行）的任何代码段。,subroutine,子例程,4.physical a.,物理，实际,physical address,物理地址,physical layer,物理层,比较,logical a.,逻辑,5.design v.,设计,design cycle,设计周期,All the phases involved in developing and producing new hardware or software.,设计或开发新硬件或软件所涉及的所有阶段。,44,6.general-purpose computer,通用计算机,general-purpose,controller,通用控制器,general-purpose language,通用语言,general-purpose register,通用寄存器,7.special-purpose computer,专用计算机,special-purpose language,专用语言,special character,特殊字符,45,8.instruction,指令,Most programs consist of two types of statements:,declarations and instructions.,大部分程序由两种类型的语句组成：声明和指令。,instruction code,指令代码,instruction set,指令集,poment (,组成,),部分，部,构，组,件,A discrete part of a larger system or structure.,大系统或结构中的一种可以分立的部分。,46,10.memory,存储器，内存,main memory,主存,(primary storage),secondary memory,辅存,(secondary storage),memory bank,存储器插槽,memory cell,存储单元,memory chip,存储芯片,11.CPU-Central Processing Unit,中央处理器,CPU cache CPU,高速缓存,CPU fan CPU,风扇,47,12.block diagram,框图，方块图,bubble chart,泡形图,flawchart,流程图,13.bus,总线,data bus,数据总线,address bus,地址总线,control bus,控制总线,14.configuration,配置,In reference to a single microcomputer,the sum of a systems internal and external components.,对单个微机来讲，配置指一个系统内部和外部的全部组件的总和。,48,puter classification,supercomputer,巨型机,mainframe,大型机,superminicomputer,超级小型机,minicomputer,小型机,workstation,工作站,microcomputer,微机,PDA-Personal Digital Assistant,掌上计算机,16.cabinet,机箱,49,17.8 bits=1 byte(B),kilobyte 1KB=1024B,megabyte 1MB=1024KB,gigabyte 1GB=1024MB,18.transfer,传送,transform,变换,translate,翻译,transmit,发送,The movement of data from one location to another.,将数据从一个地点移动到另一个地点。,To change the appearance or format of data without altering its content.,改变数据的外部特性或格式，而不改变其内容。,To send information over a communications line or a circuit.,经过通信线路或电路发送信息。,50,significant figure,有效数字,(,同,significant digits),51,1.2 Computer Codes,1.capacity,容量,2.binary a.,二进制,binary conversion,二进制转换,binary digit,二进制数字,binary number,二进制数,binary search,二分搜索,binary tree,二叉树,Either of the two digits in the binary number system,0 and 1.,在二进制数系统中,0,和,1,两个数字中的任何一个。,A number expressed in binary form.,一种以二进制形式表示的数。,比较,decimal a.,十进制,hexadecimal a.,十六进制,octal a.,八进制,52,3.BCD-binary coded decimal,二进制编码的十进制,4.ASCII-Amercian Standard Code for Information Interchange,美国国家信息交换标准代码,5.Internal a.,内部,internal command,内部命令,internal interrupt,内部中断,internal modem,内置调制解调器,比较,external a.,外部,6.format n.,格式,v.,格式化,53,7.EBCDIC-Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code,十进制交换码,8.parity,奇偶性,(,检验,),even parity,偶检验,odd parity,奇检验,parity bit,奇偶,(,检验,),位,parity check,奇偶检验,54,9.monitor,监视器,(,同,CRT cathode-ray tube,阴极射线管,),比较,display,显示器,The visual output device of a computer,which is commonly a CRT-based video display.With portable and notebook computers,the display is usually an LCD-based or a gas plasma-based flat-panel display.,计算机的可视输出设备，通常是基于阴极射线的视频显示。便携式和笔记本计算机的显示器通常是基于液晶显示器或基于等离子体的平板显示器。,LCD liquid crystal display,液晶显示器,The term monitor usually refers to a display and its housing.,监视器一词通常包括显示器及其外壳。,55,1.3 What is a processor,1.interpret v.,解释,interpreted language,解释语言,interpreter,解释程序,比较,compile v.,编译,2.operation,操作，运算,operation code,操作码,operand,操作数,operator,运算符,To translate a statement or instruction into executable form and then execute it.,将一条语句或指令翻译成可执行的形式，然后执行。,To translate all the source code of a program from a high-level language into object code prior to execution of the program.,在程序运行前，把用高级语言编写的程序源代码翻译成目标代码。,56,operating system,操作系统,operator associativity,运算符结合性,operator precedence,运算符优先级,3.high-level language,高级语言,low-level language,低级语言,assembly language,汇编语言,4.retrieve,检索,57,5.timer,定时器,time bomb,定时炸弹,time-division multiplexing,时分多路复用,time out(timeout time-out),超时,timesharing,分时技术,6.release,释放；发布,To relinquish control of a block of memory,a device,or another system resource to the operating system.,放弃一块内存、一台设备或另一个系统资源控制权，交予操作系统。,To formally make a product available to the marketplace.,正式将某一产品投放到市场。,A feature often built into evaluation versions of software that renders the software unusable after a certain period of time.,一种通常放在测试版的软件中的功能部件，经过一段是指定的时间后，它使该软件就不可用了。,58,7.pulse,脉冲,PAM pulse amplitude modulation,脉冲幅度调制,PCM pulse code modulation,脉冲编码调制,PDM pulse duration modulation,脉冲宽度调制,8.control unit,控制器，控制单元,A transient signal,usually brief and with a discrete onset and offset.,一种暂态信号，通常持续时间很短，且具有陡峭的上升边和下降边。,9.register,寄存器,比较,registry,注册表,59,12.current,电流,current directory,当前目录,60,1.4 Memory system,1.latency,等待时间,The time required for a signal to travel from one point on a network to another.,信号从网络中一点传播到另一点所需的时间。,2.semiconductor,半导体,conductor,导体,nonconductor,绝缘体,(,同,insulator),61,3.magnetic a.,磁,magnetic disk,磁盘,magnetic field,磁场,magnetic head,磁头,magnetic tape,磁带,4.hierarchical a.,分层，分级，层次,hierarchical database,层次,(,型,),数据库,比较,hierarchy n.,分层,分级,结构,62,5.cache,高速缓冲区,cache memory,高速缓冲存储器,A special memory subsystem in which frequently used data values are duplicated for quick access.,一种专用的内存子系统，其中存放着那些被频繁使用的数据以便于快速访问。,6.bandwidth,带宽,The difference between the highest and lowest frequencies that an analog communications system can pass.,模拟通信系统可以通过的最高频率和最低频率之差。,63,7.virtual a.,虚拟,VM virtual memory,虚拟存储器,virtual address,虚地址,virtual hosting,虚拟主机,virtual reality,虚拟现实,8.reference n.,引用,To access a variable,such as an element in an array or a field in a record.,访问一个变量，诸如数组中的一个元素或记录中的一个字段。,64,9.interface,接口,interface adapter,接口适配器,比较,interference,干扰,10.page,页,page frame,页帧,page setup,页面设置,A fixed-size block of memory.,内存中的一种固定长度的块。,65,11.DRAM,动态,RAM,dynamic RAM,比较,static RAM,静态,RAM,12.allocation (,资源,),分配,比较,location,存储单元,In operating systems,the process of reserving memory for use by a program.,在操作系统中，为某个程序保留内存以供使用的做法。,66,13.equation,等式,expansion slot,扩展槽,A mathematical statement that indicates equality with the use of an equal sign(=)between two expressions.,一种用等号,(=),连接两个表达式以表示它们相等的数学语句。,14.block,块；内存块,15.slot,槽,67,16.delay,延迟,比较,ROM-read only memory,只读存储器,EEPROM-electrically erasable programmable,ROM,电可擦可编程,ROM,EPROM-erasable programmable ROM,可,擦可编程,ROM,PROM-programmable ROM,可编程,ROM,17.RAM-random access memory,随机,(,存取,),存储器,68,Types of integrated circuit,SSI:small-scale intrgration,小规模集成,MSI:medium-scale intrgration,中规模集成,LSI:large-scale intrgration,大规模集成,VLSI:very-large-scale intrgration,极大规模集成,ULSI:ultra-large-scale intrgration,超大规模集成,18.chip,芯片,比较,integrated circuit,集成电路,69,19.sequence,序列,sequential access,顺序存取法,sequential execution,顺序执行,sequential search,顺序查找,20.hardwired,硬连线,Built into a system using hardware such as logic circuits,rather than accomplished through programming.,指使用像逻辑电路这样的硬件而不是通过软件编程的方式建立一个系统的特性。,70,Hard disk,硬盘,Hard return,硬回车,Hardware,硬件,比较,soft,软,21.ROM BIOS,存于,ROM,的基本输入输出系统,On PC-compatible computers,the set of essential software routines that tests hardware at startup,starts the operating system,and supports the transfer of data among hardware devices.,在,PC,兼容计算机上的一组基本软件例程，这些程序在计算机开机时测试硬件，启动操作系统，支持硬件设备之间的数据传输。,71,22.boot n.v.,引导，启动,(=boot up),bootable disk,引导盘,boot failure,引导失败,23.optical disk,光碟,盘,(,同,compact disk),optical drive,光驱,optical fiber,光纤,optical scanner,光学扫描仪,72,24.laser,激光器,(,light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation),Laser printer,激光打印机,Laser storage,激光存储,25.WORM,一些多读光碟,盘,(write once read many),比较,worm,蠕虫,(,病毒程序,),26.erase,擦除,To remove data permanently from a storage medium.,从存储介质中将数据永久消除。,73,1.5 input/output system,1.source,信息源,source code,源代码,source program,源程序,source statement,源代码语句,2.destination,目的,3.volume,卷；音量,A disk or tape that stores computer data.,存储计算机数据的一张磁盘或一卷磁带。,The loudness of an audio signal.,声音信号的响度。,74,4.intermediate language,中间语言,A computer language used as an intermediate step betw