critical-thinking阅读时的批判性思维.pptx

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,#,Critical Thinking,Unit 2,Book II,Text 1 Critical Thinking,Part I:(Paras.1,4)What is critical thinking?(definition),Para.1:It,s a system for opening every existing system.,Para.2:,Or,critical thinking is thinking that analyzes thought,that assesses thought,and that transforms thought for the better.,Para.2:(There is,a third way,to talk about critical thinking)It,s thinking about thinking while thinking in order to think better.,Para.4:,In other words,critical thinking,transforms thinking in two directions:more systematically and more comprehensively.,Part II:(Paras.5,6)Critical thinking is important.,Para.5:It,s important because we,as creatures,are deeply determined,by our thinking.,Para.6:Our future as a species is dependent on whether we can develop the wherewithal to raise our collective thinking so as to produce positive changes in societies across the world.,Part III:(Paras.7,10):The task of developing critical societies is a Herculean one.,Para.7:topic sentence and background information.,Paras.8-10:There are many barriers to critical thought.,-Para.8:human egocentricity,sociocentricity,self-delusion,narrow-mindedness,-Para.9:fear,human insecurity,human habits,bureaucracy,-Para.10:Then for us who are teaching,student resistance to critical thinking is an obstacle.mistaken notions,ignorance,our limited knowledge,stubbornness,our activated ignorance,(finally)our resistance to doing the intellectual work.,Part IV(Paras.11,15):How do we cultivate critical thinking?,Paras.11 and 12:This can be done only person-by-person through a process,which we call intellectual work.Think of the,“,Elements of Thought,”,.Are we in the habit of asking questions?,Paras.13,15:What standards do you use to assess your thinking and the thinking of others?,“,I use the standards of clarity,accuracy,precision,relevance,depth,breadth,logic and fairness.,”,The last two paras.:conclusion,Our students should learn to think critically so as to know how to change their thinking in keeping with the changes of the world.,What is critical thinking?,Why is it important for us?,Why is it so difficult?,How can we cultivate it?,What is,“,being critical,”,?,Critic,comes from the Ancient Greek,meaning a person who offers reasoned judgment or analysis,and,criticism,is the activity of judgment or informed interpretation,which can be synonymous with analysis.,Being critical,in academic terms refers to two broad characteristics of a researchers way of thinking.,A critical researcher is always questioning.,asking question/expressing doubts:nothing is taken for granted.,scrutinizing evidence:Where there is a claim made,clarify the evidence that supports.,drawing a conclusion:check if the claims in question are credible-or not!,A critical researcher is open-minded,respectful of others(even while perhaps challenging their work),and constructive.,The objective of critical research is to advance knowledge,not to build ones own reputation or damage someone elses.,So,how do you understand,“,being critical,”,in reading?,What do we mean by,critical,in reading?,read between lines,be inquisitive,judge credibility,comment rationally,reflect on oneself for improvement,read between lines:,thinking carefully about what you read and why:not just looking for and reading the obvious,be inquisitive:,questioning and testing what you read,e.g.,“,do the author,s viewpoints and ideas appear justified?Why-or why not?,”,asking good questions of others and of yourself,exploring further what is not adequately discussed in what you read,judge credibility:,judging what is believable and what is not,spotting and challenging potential bias,distorted views,prejudice,and self-interest-in the work of others,and in your own thinking,challenging ideas-where appropriate,and based on credible evidence,comment rationally:,not just repeating the ideas of others,but looking for connections(or disparities),and constructing your own arguments supported by a range carefully considered viewpoints,reflect for improvement:,looking for gaps,and putting forward new or different solutions;,adapting your plan,your goal,your way of reading and learning based on your developing insights,What is the,“,critical thinking,”,stairway,?,What do people do when they think critically?,Discussion(I),When you have a problem,or simply when you want to do sth.,or achieve a certain goal,what do you do to arrive at the final destination?,Discussion(II),Sherlock Holmes and John Watson have never met each other but they are going to share a flat.When they meet for the first time,they must wonder:,Who is the guy and what is he like?,How did Holmes get the answers?,How did Watson get the answers?,Holmes,way to get the answer,Question,observation,processing,information(analyzing what is seen and recognizing logical relationship between the visible and the invisible),assumption,putting the assumption to,test,reconstructing,belief,arriving at,accurate conclusion,Watson,s way to get the answer,puzzled,waiting to be told the answer,Critical Thinking,“,Stairway,”,Questions,/problems/plan/goal,etc.,observation,:gathering relevant information,processing,information:analyzing,comparing,synthesizing,recognizing logical relationship between the visible and the invisible,assumption,:Recognizing the existence(or non-existence)of logical relationships between information;drawing warranted conclusions and generalizations,test,:putting the assumption to test,verifying if it is accurate,Reconstruction,:reconstructing your patterns of beliefs on the basis of wider experience if previous assumption proves to be inaccurate,Conclusion,/judgment:rendering an accurate judgment,Critical reading,Logical thinking,Creative thinking,Logic,Great thinkers/philosophers and their thought,Here may be where you begin to explore about,“,critical thinking,”,:,en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_thinking,Further Reading,