人体解剖学：anotomy english passage.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,#,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,#,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,#,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,#,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,#,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,#,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,Bones,The adult skeletal system(skeleton)consists of 206 bones that form the supporting framework of the body.Bones may be classified according to their shape.There are,long,bones,short,bones,flat,bones and,irregular,bones.All bones have an outer shell of,compact bone,around a central mass of,spongy bone,.In the adult there are two types of,bone marrow,red and yellow.The outer surface of a bone is covered by the,periosteum,a layer of fibrous tissue.,Human Anatomy,Human anatomy,comprises a consideration of the various structures which make up the human organism.,In a restricted sense,it deals merely with the parts which form the fully developed individual and which can be rendered evident to,the naked eye,by various methods of dissection.Regarded from such a standpoint it may be studied by two methods:(1)the various structures may be separately considered,systematic anatomy,;or(2)the organs and tissues may be studied in relation to one another,topographical or regional anatomy,.,Anterolateral group of abdominal muscles,The four sets of muscles,obliquus externus abdominis,obliquus internus abdominis,transverse abdominis,and rectus abdominis muscle,form the lateral and anterior walls of the abdominal cavity.,Contraction,of these muscles increases abdominl pressure and thus aids in expelling substances from the abdominal cavity as in urination,defecation,vomiting,and childbirth.These muscles also pull the trunk forward by flexing the vertebral column.,Muscles,Muscles enable the body to move from place to place and to move various parts of the body with respect other parts.Three general types of muscle are,skeletal muscle,cardiac muscle and smooth muscle,.,Most of the skeletal muscle is attached by least one end to some part of the,skeleton,.In some cases the muscle tapers into a long,tendon,of collagenous fibers.In certain regions the muscles are attached by some sheetlike tendons called aponeuroses.The fleshy part of a muscle,composed of muscular fibers,is often called its,belly,.,Intervertebral disc,The chief union between adjacent vertebral bodies is secured by the intervertebral discs.This union is reinforced by the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments.The intervertebral disc is a symphysis between vertebral bodies.Each intervertebral disc consists of a tough,peripheral fibrocartilaginous ring called the,annulus fibrosus,and a more pliable,inner,gelatinous mass,the,nucleus pulosus,.,Synovial joints,The most important synovial joints include temporomandibular joint,shoulder joint,elbow joint,wrist joint,hip joint,knee joint and ankle joint.The knee joint is a much more complex synovial joint.It may be described as three separate articulations,one femoropatellar and two tibiofemoral joints.The capsule is fairly sturdily one with certain named ligments,the tibial collateral ligament,the fibular collateral ligament,anterior cruciate ligament,posterior cruciate ligment and so on.The medial and lateral menisci are attached the top of the tibia,and are actually articular discs composed of fibrocartilage and are semilunar in shape.The main movements of the knee are flexion and extension but some rotation also occurs.,Splanchnology,Viscera,indicates the organs of,the alimentary system,respiratory system,urinary system,and,genital system,.,These systems consist of a series of hollow and parenchymatous organs,communicating with external circumstance through some openings on the surface of the body.Most viscera are situated in the thoracic cavity,abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity.,The main functions of the viscera are to fulfill the metabolism,maintain the life of the species.,The stomach,is situated,between the end of the esophagus and the beginning of the small intestine.It,lies,in the epigastric umbilical,and left hypochondriac regions of the abdomen.The stomach presents two curvatures,greater and lesser;two surfaces,anterior and posterior;and two openings,cardiac and pyloric.The stomach is usually divided into cardiac part,fundus of stomach,body of stomach and pyloric part.,The liver,occupies,mainly the right hypochondriac and epigastric regions of the abdominal cavity;and a small part extend to the left hypochondriac region.The liver consists of a very large right,a small left,caudate,and quadrate lobes.The porta hepatis is the point of entrance of the vessels into the liver and the emergence of the bile duct from the liver on the inferior surface of the liver.It,transmits,the branches of the portal,vein,hepatic arteries,hepatic ducts,nerves,and lymph vessels.,Digestive system,The organs of the digestive system may be divided into two groups.The,alimentary tract,(digestive tube)consists of the tubular organs including the mouth,pharynx,esophagus,stomach,small intestine(duodenum,jejunum,ileum)and large intestine(caecum,vermiform appendix,colon,rectum and the anal canal).The,digestive glands,consist of salivary glands,liver,and pancreas.,Digestive system,Respiratory system,The organs of the respiratory system may be divided into a conducting division and a respiratory division.The,conducting division,consists of the nose,pharynx,larynx,trachea,bronchi,bronchioles,and terminal bronchioles.The,respiratory division,is composed of the respiratory bronchiolis,alveolar ducts,and,alveolar sacs.,Respiratory system,The lungs,are situated,one on each side within the thorax,and separated from each other by the heart and other contents of the mediastinum.Each lung is conical and has an apex,a base,three surfaces and three borders.Near the center of the mediastinal surface,there is a depression called the hilum of lung.The structures entering and emerging the,hilum,is called the,root,of lung,which consists of the principal bronchi,pulmonary artery and veins,nerves,bronchial vessels,lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes.,The term visceral(pulmonary)pleura are given to the membrane on the lung surface itself.These membranes are serous membranes and produce a watery fluid that lubricates the lung and chest surfaces,allowing them to slide easily over one another as the lungs expand and deflate.,Urinary system,The urinary organs comprise the,kidneys,which secrete the urine,the,ureters,which convey urine to the,urinary bladder,where it is for a time retained;and the,urethra,through which it is discharged from the body.,Urinary system,The kidneys,lie on,the posterior abdominal wall,one on each,side of the vertebral column,and are surrounded by a mass of fat and loose areolar tissue(,fibrous capsule,fatty renal capsule and,renal fascia,).,The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped,reddish-brown organs.,Each kidney has a medial and a lateral border and an anterior and,a posterior surface,a superior extremity and an inferior extremity.,The lateral border is convex.On medial border of the kidney there,is a vertical slit,the,renal hilum,which transmits the renal vessels,nerves and a part of pelvis.,A coronal section of the kidney shows two distinct regions(,renal cortex and renal medulla,)and major cavity.The renal medulla is,composed of 15 to 20,renal pyramids,.,Female genital system,The female genital organs consist of an internal and an external group.The internal organs are situated within the pelvis,and consist of the,ovaries,the,uterine tubes,the,uterus,and the,vagina,.The external organs are placed below the urogenital diaphragm and below and in front of the pubic arch.They comprise the,mons pubis,the,labia majora,et,minora pudendi,the,clitoris,the,bulbus vestibuli,and the,greater vestibular glands,.,Female genital system,The,uterine tubes,convey the ova from the ovaries to the cavity of the uterus.Each tube is described as consisting of four portions:(1)the,uterine part,;(2)the,isthmus,or medial constricted third;(3)the,ampulla,or intermediate dilated portion;and(4)the,infundibulum,with its abdominal ostium,surrounded by fimbriae.,The,uterus,is located in the center of pelvic cavity,between the bladder and the rectum.,The uterus is about the size and shape of an inverted pear.,The ureter is subdivided into a fundus,a body,and a cervix.,Endocrine system,By definition,the endocrine glands are glandular organs producing secretions(,hormones,)that pass straight into blood stream,either directly by the veins or indirectly through the medium of the lymphatics.Because they have no ducts they are often,referred to as,ductless glands,.The endocrine glands consist of,pituitary gland,thyroid gland,parathyroid glands,suprarenal glands,pineal body,thymus,pancreatic islets,testes(ovaries),etc.,